Gemeinschaft (pronounced [ɡəˈmaɪnʃaft]  ( listen)) and Gesellschaft [ɡəˈzɛlʃaft] (lit. community and society) are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association.\n Tönnies' concepts of both terms “Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft” were published first 1887.[2] Seven more German editions came out during his life time, the last 1935.[3] The second edition of 1912 turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success,[4] and the antagonism of these two terms belonged to the general stock of concepts German pre-1933 intellectuals were quite familiar with and quite often misunderstood.\n
Gemeinschaft (pronounced [ɡəˈmaɪnʃaft]  ( listen)) and Gesellschaft [ɡəˈzɛlʃaft] (lit. community and society) are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association.\n Tönnies' concepts of both terms “Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft” were published first 1887.[2] Seven more German editions came out during his life time, the last 1935.[3] The second edition of 1912 turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success,[4] and the antagonism of these two terms belonged to the general stock of concepts German pre-1933 intellectuals were quite familiar with and quite often misunderstood.\n
Gemeinschaft (pronounced [ɡəˈmaɪnʃaft]  ( listen)) and Gesellschaft [ɡəˈzɛlʃaft] (lit. community and society) are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association.\n Tönnies' concepts of both terms “Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft” were published first 1887.[2] Seven more German editions came out during his life time, the last 1935.[3] The second edition of 1912 turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success,[4] and the antagonism of these two terms belonged to the general stock of concepts German pre-1933 intellectuals were quite familiar with and quite often misunderstood.\n