This document discusses non-projected teaching aids. It begins by defining non-projected aids as those that do not require a projector, projection screen, or electricity. They can simply be shown, hung on a wall, or handled by students. The document then describes various types of non-projected aids including graphical aids like graphs, diagrams, charts, posters, flash cards, maps, cartoons, pictures, and timelines. It also discusses display boards such as blackboards, pegboards, hook and loop boards, flannelboards, magnetic boards, and plastigraph boards. Non-projected aids provide basic visual tools that do not require technology but can effectively support teaching.

1. INTRODUCTION
Audio-visual aids help in holding the attention of the receiver. Audio visual
materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of
educational programs. It helps the process oflearning that is motivation,
classification and stimulation. A.V. aids are multi-sensory materials which
motivate and stimulate the individual. It makes dynamic learning experience
more concrete realistic and clarity. Non- projected displays are those aids which
are used without any projection. Let us learn about non projected teaching aids
and its effectiveness in teaching.Those aids which do not require projector
,projection screen or electricity. Such materials can be simply shown ,hung on
the wall , touched and handled by any student.
NON- PROJECTED AIDS
Non projected aids are the tools of a teacher which are a bare minimum
requirement that are to be present in any class. Non-projected learning
materials are not very technological but are the very basic stuff that has been
used in classrooms for years.
Non projected aids are divided into four .
Graphical aids
Displayboards
Three dimensionalaids
Audioaids
Chalks, black board and duster.
.
I. GRAPHIC AIDS
It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material
designed for the orderly and logical visualizing of relationships between key
facts and ideas ex: comparisons, relative amounts developments, processes,
classification or organization. It includes the following

2. 1. GRAPHS
Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data and
contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes.
Types :
Line graph: A line graph, also known as a line chart, is a type of chart used to
visualize the value of something over time. Forexample, a finance department
may plot the change in the amount of cash the company has on hand over time.
The line graph consists of a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis. Most line
graphs only deal with positive number values, so these axes typically intersect
near the bottom of the y-axis and the left end of the x-axis. The point at which
the axes intersect is always (0, 0).
Pie graph: These are called as circle diagram. The data are presented thorough
the sections of portions of a circle.
 In determining the circumference of a circle we have to take in to
consideration a quantity known as pie.
 The surface area of a circle is to cover 360 degree.
 The total frequencies or value us equated to 360 degree and then
the angles correspondingto componentparts are calculated.
 After determining their angle, the required sectors in the circle are
drawn.
Bar graph:
The graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along the length of bars.
Each bar must be of the same width, height of the bar over a period represents
the corresponding time of the variable. Graphs are available in 2 forms that is
vertical and horizontal
Line graph:
To show the trends and relationships ex: single line shows the relation and the
variation in the quantity. Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is
continuous. The concepts are represented with the help of lines drawn either
horizontally or vertically. The plotted points are connected to one another,
instead of the base thus producing the curve.
Pictorialgraph:
It is an out standing method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for the
expression of ideal; they are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid

3. pictures will be used to create rapid association with the graphic message; each
visual symbol may be used to indicate quantity.
2. DIAGRAMS
A diagram is a condensed drawing consisting primarily of lines and symbols
designed to represent the outline , inter relationships, or key features of a
process , object or idea.Although graphics in general are condensed visual
summaries.It depends almost entirely upon lines and symbols meant to covey
information and hence these may be highly abstract .In science , a diagram can
be effectively used to give a total mental picture of an electric circuit, a cross
section of a stem etc after the salient points have already been discussed.
3. CHARTS
Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key
information in systematic way to summarize, compare, ex: anatomical charts
and figure, diagrams etc.
Types of charts:
 Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the
events in the process ordevelopment of a significant issue to its point of
resolution or we can show an improvement over a period of years.
 The cause and effective chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas
for expressing the relationship between rights and responsibilities or
between a complex of conditions and change or conflict.
 The chain chart: arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing
transitions or cycles.
 The evolution chart: facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific
items from beginning data and its projections in to future.
 Strip tease chart: it enables speaker to present the information step by. It
increases the interest and imagination of the audience.The information on
the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been applied either by
wax, tape or sticky substance or pins.As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce
a point with words or symbols, he removes the appropriate strip or paper. It
produces interest. It increases learning and aids recall.
 Pull chart: it consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of
thick paper. The message can be shown to the viewer, one after another
by6 pulling out the concealing strips.

4.  Flow chart: diagrams used to show organizational elements or
administrative or functional relationships. In this chart lines, rectangles,
circles, are connected by lines showing the directional flow.
 Tabulation chart: it shows the schedule of an activity or of an
individual ex: time-table of a class. These are very valuable aid in the
teaching situation where breakdown of a fact or a statement is to be listed.
Also it is a useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinction, and
contrasts between two or more things. While making the table charts the
following points must be kept in the mind.
The chart should be 50 X 75 cm or more in size.
The chart should be captioned in bold letters.
The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases rather than
complete sentences.
 Flip chart: a set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged
together and hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry
a series of related materials or messages in sequence. The silent points of
specific topic will be presented.
 Pie chart: a circle will be drawn and divisions will be made into
different sections, each section will be coded differently and codekey
will be given at right corner of the chart as legend. The circumference is
divided into suitable sections. It is relevant for showing the component
part.
 Tree chart:this is an effective way of showing development or growth
of a process.Theorigin is represented by of the trunk, and the various
developments are shown as branches. Botanical or biological charts
tracing the origin of many contemporary forms of plant or animal from
a single source , products ofpetroleum are examples.
Advantages
 can help ensure the significance of the information is conveyed to
the audience
 makes information visually interesting to the audience.
 it can directly emphasize the key findings of the data for the
audience
4. POSTERS
A posteris any piece of printed paper designed to be atttached to a wall or
vertical surface .Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements,
although a postermay be either wholly graphical or wholly text.Posters are
designed to be botheye catching and informative . Posters may be used for
many purposes . They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of vents,

5. musicians , and films), propagandists , protestors and other groups trying to
communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork ,
particularly famous works , and are generally low costcompared to original art
work “Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with
attention capturing paintings.”
5. FLASH CARDS
“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed
one by one in a logical sequence.”
‘’Flash cards can be self made or commercially prepared and are made up of
chart or drawing paper, plane paper using colors or ink on them for drawings.’’
Principles:
 The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons
and the content will be written in few lines at the back of the each card.
 10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.
 10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and
more than 20.
 Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea.
 The height of writing on the flash card is to be approximately 5cm for
better visualization.
Using the flashcards:
For class room instruction, the flash card s is to be
properly used. The following steps are used while displaying flash cards.
1. Give brief introduction about the lesson to students.
2. Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash the cards.
3. Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with both your hands
so that all the students can see it.
4. Let the student respond as per instructions already given.
5. Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.
6. MAPS
A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionately as a diagram, the
surface of the earth, world or parts there of. It conveys the message by lines,
symbols, words and colors.
Types of maps:
1. Political maps: these maps show political divisions of the world, a continent,
a nation.
2. Physical maps: shows the physical contourof a place, area, and region.
3. Relief maps: it shows the actual elevations and depressions in a place, area,
and region.

6. 4. Weathermaps: shows the amount of rains, temperature extremes, humidity
in an area, region country.
5. Population maps: shows the distribution of population in various parts of
region, country.
6. Picture or tourist maps: shows historical spots monumental sites.etc..
7. Road maps: shows the roads of a region connecting various parts and points
together.
8. Railwaymaps: shows the railway links between various points.
9. Air maps:shows the air routes between various points.
10. Sea root maps: shows the sea routes between various sea ports
7. CARTOONS
The word cartoonhas various meanings, based on several very different forms
of visual art and illustration. The term has evolved over time.
The original meaning was in fine art, and there cartoonmeant a preparatory
drawing for a piece of art such as a painting.
A cartoonis humorous caricature which gives a subtle message.
In a cartoon the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with
generally recognized symbols.
Principles:
 The quality of the drawing should be high primarily for visual
effectiveness.
 The symbols used should be familiar and represent a conceptor idea to
which students can react intellectually.
8. NEWS PAPERS
It can furnish health messages in local languages which
cancan reach to the public easily. The information will be available in low cost,
easy to read and understand simple language .the people may learn to read and
interpret the contents along with pictures to enhance easy grasping.
9.COMIC STRIPS
A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or sketches of some
character and events full of action.
This medium of communication is found very interesting and exciting by
children.
Uses:
· Comic strips fire the imagination of children
· It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of adventure.
· It communication detailed and vivid.
· It stimulates reality and involvement.

7. 10.PICTURES
Picture can translate abstract ideas into more realistic forms pictures are easily
obtained, e.g. from schoolbooks,newspapers and magazines.They are usable in
different kinds of academic levels. Picture can save the teacher's time and
energy. A picture sequence, such as a comic strip, provides the subject matter
for writing narrative and for speculating about the story beyond the pictures in
the strip.Pictures of gas works, steamships, locomotives and portraits of great
men of science will be of great help in teaching of science provided a reference
in made to them.
11. TIMELINE
Timelines help studentsunderstand thechronology of historic eventsand
help studentssituate newly encountered eventsand figuresin relation to
those they’ve already studied .They providea visualaid for identifying
cause and effect relationships between events, and a visual promptto
activate studentprior knowledge. They allow studentsto recognize how
historic events, eras and topics overlap in time. Use them to categorize
similar or related eventsinto themes, eras, and topics, and to help students
compareelements in differenttime periods.
II . DISPLAY BOARDS
The stereotyped atmosphere of the traditional classrooms, libraries and corridors
of schools is recently giving way to attractive and educative surroundings with a
wealth of display materials.Displays that attract and appeal pupils and stimulate
their curosity are called motivational displays. Displays that add information
and ensure active involvement of pupils in the development of a lessson are
termed developmentaldisplays. Displays that are used for review and
consolidation of a lesson are called summarydisplays. In science education
there is great scopefor all these types of displays.
1.BLACK BOARD
Inspite of all technological developments the black board or chalk board still
continues to be the most effective and indispensable visual aid for the class
room teacher.If used properly it becomes the most valuable device for making
instruction concreteand comprehensive.
Advantagesofblackboard

8.  Readily available in most of the lecture rooms
 Electricity is not necessary for its usage.
 Sequential development of a concept can be done effectively
 Initial and recurring expenditure is minimal .
 Easy to use, economical.
 Effective for group.
Suggestionsfor the proper use of chalk board
The teacher should keep the following points in mind to use the chalk board
effectively.
(i) Write in a clear and legible handwriting the important points on the chalk
board but avoid overcrowding of information on the chalk board.
(ii) The size of the words written on black board should be such that they can be
seen even by the back-benchers. The letters should not be less than one inch in
height. The recommended height of letters on a chalk board is between 6 cm to
8 cm. For this the teacher should frequently inspect his own chalk board writing
from the view point of the back-bench on a corner seat.
(iii) There should be proper arrangement of light in the class room so that the
chalk board remains glare free.
(iv) To emphasize some points or parts of a sketch or a diagram colored
chalks be used.
(v) Rub off the information already discussed in the class and noted down by
the students.
(vi) Draw a difficult illustration before hand to save the class time.
(vii) Stand on one side of the chalk board while explaining some points to the
students.
(viii) Make use of a pointer for drawing attention to the written material on the
chalk board.
(ix) Students may be allowed to express their ideas on chalk board, or to make
alterations or corrections. Sometimes teacher may intentionally draw some
incorrect diagram and ask the students to make necessary correction, alteration
etc.

9. (x) For maintenance of proper discipline in the class the teacher should always
keep an eye on his class while writing on the black board.
(xi) Forproper writing on chalk board the chalk stick is broken into two pieces
and the broken end of the piece be used to start writing.
(xii) While writing on a chalk board keeps your fingers and wrist stiff and move
your arm freely.
Different types of black boards
i. Fixed Blackboard:These are fixed in the wall facing the class and normally
made of wood or concrete cement.
ii. Blackboardon Easel:It is a portable and adjustable blackboard put on a
wooden easel; which can be taken out of the classroomwhile taking classes in
the open.
iii. RollerBlackboard:It is made of thick canvas wrapped on a roller, mostly
used for teaching higher classes
iv. Graphic board:It has graphic lines and used for teaching mathematics ,
science and statistics.
v. Magna Board:It is a board which enables teachers to make three
dimensional demonstrations with objects on a vertical surface.Small magnets
are used to hold suitable objects fixed wherever they are put on this vertical
surface.
2. Pegboard
Peg board can be used for compiling flat and even three dimensional materials,
the latter being supported by specially made hooks and clips .displays can also
be positioned at desired points by pegs.peg board are made of tempered
amazonite having about ½cm holes punched in regular pattern of 2.5cms apart
over the entire surface.
3. Hook and loop board
These are intended to suspend heavy three-dimensional objects or flat materials.
The surface of the board is made up of a special nylon fabric that consists of
thousands of tiny but strong loops. An adhesive black patch is affixed to the
object to be displayed.

10. 4. Flannelboard
Flannel boards have a fiber surface to which similar materials will adhere. This
can be prepared by stretching a suitable size of flannel cloth on a heavy
cardboard. Only flat, light weight teaching materials can be used on flannel
boards.
5. Magnetic board
A magnetic display will be useful to show the relative movement of elements of
a visual. A sheet of iron together with a piece of magnet can be used for the
magnetic board.
6. Plastigraphboard
Any smooth polished surface like a glass plate or rigid plastic sheet may serve
as a plastigraph board.
7. Bulletin board
As the name as indicates, it is aboard for exhibiting bulletins, new items,
announcements, and multifarious items of visual displays to be communicated
to the students. It is an information-giving device.
8. Markerboard
This is a large sheet of white plastic board with a surface texture suitable for
writing or drawing with felt- tip pens, marker or crayons. This can be used in a
same way as chalk borders.
III. THREE – DIMENSIONAL AIDS
1. Models
Models are concrete representations of objects, their size being adjusted to make
it handy & conveniently observable. These are mostly three dimensional or
sectional & can clearly exhibit the structure of functions of the original. Most
often models prove to be more effective than the real ones.
2. Objects
Objects may be defined as the real things collected from their natural settings.
3. Specimen

11. A specimen may be defined as a typical object or a part of an object, which has
been removed for convenient observation. It may a representative of class or
group of similar objects.
4. Mock-ups
When direct firsthand experience is either impractical or impossible, mock-ups
can be used. A mock-up is an operating model usually of a process, designed to
be worked out directly the learner foe specific training or analyses. Mock –up is
an imitation of the real process.
5. Diorama
A diorama is a three dimensional scene in depth, incorporating a group of model
objects & figures in a natural settings. Diorama scene is set up on a small stage
with a group of modeled objects that are kept on the foreground and blended
into a painted realistic background. Diorama is very effective in the teaching of
all subjects’ especially social & biological science.
6. Puppets
Four thousands of year’s puppets have been used to stimulate reality, to
entertain and to pass on knowledge. The most commonly used puppets are hand
puppets, glove and finger puppets, rod puppets, and string & shadow puppets.
IV AUDIO AIDS
Radio & tape recorder are the most important teaching aids used for teaching &
learning.
1. Radio
Radio adds variety experiences. It is a powerful medium for mass
communication. It also plays a major role in imparting instructions to school
children’s through educational broadcast provided on specific days at specific
school hours. Talks and classes based on prescribed syllabi of the various
objects are given.
2. Tape recorder
A tape recorder is used to record sound on magnetic tape which can be
reproduced at will as many times as required. It is a very effective aid for
classroom instruction. The recorded tapes consisting of lessons handled by
eminent teachers on any subjects can be played in class.

12. 3. Public address system
Public address systems consists of a microphone or input source, a mixer amplifier
and one or more loudspeakers to convert electrical signals into sound. Simple
PA systems of this type often provide 50 to 200 watts of power and are often
used in small venues such as college auditoriums,lecture theatre and big
classrooms to make teacher’s voice audible to the students . A sound source
such as a computer, may be connected to a PA system so that audio or video can
be played through the system.
CONCLUSION
It is clear that audio visual aids are important tools for teaching learning
process. Ithelps the teacher to present the lesson effectively and students learn
and retain the concepts better and for longer duration. Use of audio visual aids
improves students’ critical and analytical thinking. It helps to remove abstract
concepts through visual presentation. Non-projected learning materials are not
very technological but are the very basic stuff that has been used in classrooms
for years. Like printed and duplicated materials, non- projected displays can be
used in a wide range of teaching/ learning situations, covering all three of the
basic classes (mass instruction, individualized learning, and group learning)
REFERENCE
Science education,methodology of teaching and pedagogic analysis
-Dr. K.Sivarajan& Prof. A . Faziluddin
Innovative science teaching - Radha Mohan
http://www.tetsuccesskey.com/2015/01/audio-visual-aids-instructional-media
CTET.html
https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=1354&chapterid=1103