CIIC 5995-100 / ICOM 5995-100
Human Perspective in Artificial Intelligence
(HPAI)
Professor José Meléndez, PhD
“We find it particularly hard to use our language skills to talk about the parts of the
mind that learned such skills as balancing, seeing, and remembering, before we
started to learn to speak.” - Prof. Marvin Minsky (Society of Mind, p. 67).

Next Up
• Language
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Required Reading – More Pages
An electronic version of the book is available online at:
http://www.acad.bg/ebook/ml/Society%20of%20Mind.pdf
New: LANGUAGE
p. 61: Momentary Mental Time
p. 67: Internal Communication
p. 109: Seeing Red
p. 113: Sensing Similarities
p. 120: Learning Meaning
p. 130: Meaning and Definition
p. 196: The Roots of Intention
p. 197: The Language-Agency
p. 198: Words and Ideas

Required Reading – More Pages
An electronic version of the book is available online at:
http://www.acad.bg/ebook/ml/Society%20of%20Mind.pdf
LEARNING
p. 18: The Agents of the Mind
p. 19: The Mind and the Brain
p. 20: The Society of Mind
p. 21: The World of Blocks
p. 22: Common Sense
p. 23: Agents and Agencies
p. 59: B-Brains
p. 75: Learning and Memory
p. 76: Reinforcement and Reward
p. 80: Genius
MENTAL MODELS
p. 20: The Society of Mind
p. 40: One Self or Many?
p. 44: Self-Control
p. 288: Minds and Machines
Chapter 30: Mental Models (pp. 300-308)

Exam, Report, and Homework
• Homework #7 (online and available on Moodle)
• Due on Monday, April 20, 2020, as previously scheduled.
• Exam #2 (unchanged)
• Scheduled as Planned for Wednesday, April 22, 2020
• Online as before, but this time no physically-in-class portion.
• Homework #6
• This is your Project Report Brief due Monday, April 13, 2020
by 11:59PM (Extended until April 17, 2020).

Next Up
• Language
• Early Language Development (Video)
• Building Blocks of Language
• Human Language is Inherently Ambiguous
• Word Association

What is a language?
Class Chat Discussion

What are languages used for?
Class Chat Discussion
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Language - Definition
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/language

What are languages used for?
• Inter Human Communication
• Intra Human Communication (Self Communication)
• Thinking
• Remembering
• Inter Species Communication
• Human – Computer Communication
• Computer – Computer Communication

Common Forms of Communication
Verbal – written or oral
language
• Lectures
• Conversations or Dialog
• Emails or Chats
• Speeches
• Text messages
• Debates
• Words in radio, TV, or film
• Internet articles
• Books
Nonverbal – behaviors and
expressions
• Slides
• Homework
• Artifacts
• Facial expressions
• Gestures
• Haptics (touch)
• Proxemics (space)
• Smells
• Flavors
• Hygiene
• Clothing or Accessories

Communications Media
• Sounds
• Heard: Ears
• Generated: Mouth, humming, taps
• Light
• Read: Sight
• Modulate: Lips, Signing, writing, typing, touching
• Touch / Touch
• Smells / Smell
• Flavors / Taste

The Society of Mind, Marvin Minsky, p. 59. (Adapted)
Our Native Language – Into the A-Brain
Español
Mini Modules

Next Up
• Early Language Development (Video)
• Building Blocks of Language
• Human Language is Inherently Ambiguous
• Word Association

Stages of Speech & Language Development
• 0.5 – 0.75 years
• 1.0 – 1.25 years
• 1.5 – 2.0 years
• 3 years
• 4 years
• 5 years
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSK2OhEFx0M
A Parent’s Guide to the Language Journey
Prof. Carole Wymer, TalkingMatters, University of Arizona
PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO IF YOU HAVE NOT ALREADY

0.5 – 0.75 Years
• Baby begins making “sounds”
• Babbling (balbuceos):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02RSB8UpiCY
• dada, mama, baba
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSK2OhEFx0M
A Parent’s Guide to the Language Journey
Prof. Carole Wymer, TalkingMatters, University of Arizona
PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO IF YOU HAVE NOT ALREADY

1.0 – 1.25 Years
• Baby says first real word
• Vocabulary grows to > X words (10)
• Plays “peek-a-boo”
• Understands simple requests
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSK2OhEFx0M
A Parent’s Guide to the Language Journey
Prof. Carole Wymer, TalkingMatters, University of Arizona
PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO IF YOU HAVE NOT ALREADY

1.5 – 2.0 Years
• Spoken vocabulary grows quickly
• Two-word combinations
• Using words during pretend play
• Producing questions & statements
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSK2OhEFx0M
A Parent’s Guide to the Language Journey
Prof. Carole Wymer, TalkingMatters, University of Arizona
PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO IF YOU HAVE NOT ALREADY

3 Years
• Play acting – every day routines
• How & why questions
• Interacting with other children
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSK2OhEFx0M
A Parent’s Guide to the Language Journey
Prof. Carole Wymer, TalkingMatters, University of Arizona
PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO IF YOU HAVE NOT ALREADY

4 Years
• More complex sentences
• Understanding complex instructions
• Combining 4 words and more
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSK2OhEFx0M
A Parent’s Guide to the Language Journey
Prof. Carole Wymer, TalkingMatters, University of Arizona
PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO IF YOU HAVE NOT ALREADY

5 Years
• Can say > MM words (2,000)
• Speaking first & last names
• Understands > !X words (10,000)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSK2OhEFx0M
A Parent’s Guide to the Language Journey
Prof. Carole Wymer, TalkingMatters, University of Arizona
PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO IF YOU HAVE NOT ALREADY

Next Up
• Building Blocks of Language
• Human Language is Inherently Ambiguous
• Word Association

Building Blocks of Written Language
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/language
• Letters
• Marks

Building Blocks of Written Language
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/language
• Letters
• Marks
• !

Building Blocks of Written Language
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/language
• Letters
• Marks
• Emoticons
• GIFs

Infinite Monkey Theorem
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/language
• Given enough time, monkeys hitting keys at random,
could type the complete works of William
Shakespeare?
• Assume 30 characters on a key.
• To type: artificial intelligence
• Not enough monkeys in the world (< 1,000,000)
• Not enough time at 1 attempt per second (> 3x1020 years)
(1/30)23
1: 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Language is Recursive
Era una tarde ventosa y lluviosa cuando se fue la luz.
Le pedimos a un amigo que nos contara una historia,
y esta es la historia que el amigo nos contó:

Language is Recursive
Era una tarde ventosa y lluviosa cuando se fue la luz.
Le pedimos a un amigo que nos contara una historia,
y esta es la historia que el amigo nos contó:
Era una tarde ventosa y lluviosa cuando se fue la luz.
Le pedimos a un amigo que nos contara una historia,
y esta es la historia que el amigo nos contó:

Language is Recursive
Era una tarde ventosa y lluviosa cuando se fue la luz.
Le pedimos a un amigo que nos contara una historia,
y esta es la historia que el amigo nos contó:
Era una tarde ventosa y lluviosa cuando se fue la luz.
Le pedimos a un amigo que nos contara una historia,
y esta es la historia que el amigo nos contó:
Era una tarde ventosa y lluviosa cuando se fue la luz.
Le pedimos a un amigo que nos contara una historia,
y esta es la historia que el amigo nos contó:

Language is Recursive

Next Up
• Human Language is Inherently Ambiguous
• Word Association

Human Language is Ambiguous
One morning I saw an elephant in my pajamas.

Human Language is Ambiguous
One morning I saw an elephant in my pajamas.
How he got into my pajamas. I'll never know.

Human language can be confusing
http://mentalfloss.com/article/49238/7-sentences-sound-crazy-are-still-grammatical
The mouse the cat the dog chased killed ate the cheese.

Human language can be confusing
http://mentalfloss.com/article/49238/7-sentences-sound-crazy-are-still-grammatical
The mouse the cat the dog chased killed ate the cheese.
• Grammatically correct.
• Stylistically challenged.

Human language can be confusing
http://mentalfloss.com/article/49238/7-sentences-sound-crazy-are-still-grammatical
The mouse the cat the dog chased killed ate the cheese.
• The mouse ate the cheese.
• The cat killed the mouse.
• The dog chased the cat.

Human language can be confusing
http://mentalfloss.com/article/49238/7-sentences-sound-crazy-are-still-grammatical
The mouse … ate the cheese.
The mouse (the cat killed) ate the cheese.
The mouse (the cat (the dog chased) killed) ate the cheese.
The mouse the cat the dog chased killed ate the cheese.

Characteristics of Computer Languages
Class Discussion

Next Up
• Word Association

Word Association
• Association is one of the basic mechanisms of memory.
• Associations are classifiers of the conceptual content of the
vocabulary of the language.
• Ideas and concepts available in memory may be related.
• Under certain conditions, a revival of one idea or concept is
accompanied by a revival of others ideas correlated with it.
• A given word may fall into many classification “categories”
and classifications are “fluid”.
https://wordassociations.net/en/

Words Associate
Language builds things in our minds. Yet words themselves
can't be the substance of our thoughts. They have no meanings
by themselves; they’re only special sorts of marks or sounds.
If we're to understand how language works, we must discard
the usual view that words denote, or represent, or designate;
instead, their function is control: each word makes various
agents change what various other agents do.
If we want to understand how language works, we must never
forget that our thinking-in-words reveals only a fragment of the
mind's activity.
The Society of Mind, Marvin Minsky, p. 196. (emphasis added)

Word Association Test
• Analytical Psychology - Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)
• Used for psychological understanding
• The Test
• A long list of stimulus words read out singly
• Answer with another word as quickly as possible
• Measure Response Time
• Verbal Response Given
• Test Behavior (e.g. electrically)
• Analysis focused on
• Unusual responses

Word Association Test
All Students are Volunteers!
Anonymous
Words in English
https://forms.gle/VFisTN6jFKAvzbep7

Word Association Test
• Piano
• Box
• Money
• Child
• Family
https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=avLEcBvXqf0&feature=youtu.be

Word Association Experiment
• Piano - Woods
• Box - Bed
• Money - Bank
• Child - Soon
• Family – Unit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=avLEcBvXqf0&feature=youtu.be

Word Association Test
Voluntarios todos!
https://forms.gle/BoEJyV9Ag1R1XHsA6

Word Association
https://wordassociations.net/en/

Word Association - API
https://wordassociations.net/en/api
• All requests are transferred through secure HTTPS channel.
• Support for JSON and XML data formats.
• Search for associations to a given word.
• Ability to search not only by one word but by a phrase as well.
• English, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese and Russian.
• Search for associations in one of the two directions:
• An input data is considered as a stimulus word. Word Association REST API
returns a list of response words, which come to mind for a given stimulus
word. A stimulus word is a word used in association tests to evoke a
response.
• An input data is considered as a response word. Word Association REST API
returns a list of stimuli words, which evoke a given response word.
A response word is a word answered in association tests to a given stimulus
word.
• Associations are sorted by weight, that shows how close and strong the link
between two words is.

Word Association Test
• Piano - Sonata
• Box - Barrel
• Money - Lender
• Child - Householder
• Family - Cerambycidae
https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=avLEcBvXqf0&feature=youtu.be
https://wordassociations.net/en/associations

Next Up
• Inner Voice
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