Richard Rogers - Methods in Media

METHODS IN MEDIA

RICHARD ROGERS

WHERE ARE WE NOW?
FROM VIRTUAL TO DIGITAL METHODS

3 VIRTUALS, OR 3 WAYS OF SEEING THE WEB
1. Web as Cyberspace (1994-2000) Virtual as distinct from the real. Virtual studies

2. Web as Virtual Society? (2000-2007) Virtual is part of the real. Offline as baseline

3. Web as Virtual? Society (2007- ) 'Virtual' as indication of the real. Online as baseline

Now: Use online data about society & culture, and make 'online grounded' claims

CLAIMS GROUNDED ONLINE

UNDERSTANDING SOCIETAL CONDITIONS WITH THE WEB AS THE BASELINE

quot;This newspaper made an inventory of right-wing and extreme
right-wing sites.... The newspaper found 150 of such sites that
came and went over the past 10 years. The internet archive's
wayback machine was used. We found that the number of
right-wing and extreme right-wing sites grew after 11 September
2001, the rise of Pim Fortuyn...The growth was explosive... The
difference in language use became smaller.... The internet is
revealing a hardening of the Netherlands.quot;

- NRC Handelsblad, 25 August 2007

On 20 September 2007, it fell out of the top 1,000 results.

CLAIMS GROUNDED ONLINE

UNDERSTANDING SOCIETAL CONDITIONS WITH THE WEB AS THE BASELINE

quot;Deze krant inventariseerde en vergeleek rechtse en in taalgebruik
radicalere extreemrechtse sites... De krant spoorde 150 sites op
die de afgelopen tien jaar kwamen en gingen. Daarvoor werd het
internetarchief gebruikt... De inventarisatie laat zien dat zowel het
aantal rechtse als extreemrechtse sites groeide na de aanslagen
van 11 september 2001, de opkomst van Pim Fortuyn...
Het maakt ook duidelijk dat de verschillen tussen rechtse en
extreemrechtse sites kleiner zijn geworden... Internet lijkt daarmee
de weerslag van de maatschappelijke verharding in Nederland.quot;

- NRC Handelsblad, 25 August 2007

DIGITIZED VS. DIGITAL
METHODS
Digitized methods

Online surveys - Finding the list to mail them to.

Online interviews - Become written exchanges by email.

(Online) observation - Watching users over the shoulder.

Online samples - Become difficult. Also issue of exhaustiveness.

Online investigative reporting - Fact-checking by phoning/surfing?

DIGITIZED VS. DIGITAL
METHODS
Distinction between methods that migrate to the medium and those ‘native’ to it

General Digital Methods Protocol - Follow the Medium

Which objects are available? (Links, tags, threads, timestamp...)

How do dominant devices and platforms handle them?

How to learn from and repurpose medium methods? (Mash-up...)

Are findings grounded in the online? Is the online the baseline?

DIGITAL METHODS
OBJECTS &
APPROACHES

1. The Link - As reputation marker and indicator of a politics of association

2. The Website - As an archived object, awaiting use

3. The Engines - As ordering devices, providing hierarchies of credibility

4. The Spheres - As bounded, engine-demarcations, with distinctive qualities

5. The Webs - As national Webs, with characteristics that may used for diagnoses

DIGITAL METHODS
OBJECTS &
APPROACHES

6. Social Networking Sites - As friends' tastes for 'post-demographic' profiling

7. Wikipedia - As networked content, held together and 'co-authored' by bots

1. THE LINK

How is it often studied? Hypertext, small worlds, paths and social networks

Hypertext Theory - from reading texts to authoring stories by
clicking links.

Small Worlds and Path Theory - concerned with distance
between people, and the route to take to reach someone.

Social Network Analysis - people's positioning in a network, e.g.,
centrality and betweenness.

1. THE LINK

How else to study the link? Follow and repurpose medium methods

Follow Google, which grants sites status from their links.

Capture inlinks and outlinks from sites, using link ripper, Yahoo
inlink ripper, or Issue Crawler and actor profiler.

Profile actors. Show politics of association, and reputation.

LINKING AS POLITICS OF
ASSOCIATION

.
GM Food Network - Highlighted Actor Inter-linkings,
Govcom.org, 1999.

LINKS AS STATUS MARKERS

GM Food Network, Actor Link Profiles, Govcom.org, 1999.

E-Culture in the Netherlands: Network and Actors
Ranked Actor Profile 1 of 10 9
Ranked Actor Profile 1 of 10
Ranked Actor Profile 1 of 22-Nov-2006
25-Aug-2008
25-Aug-2008 Ranked Actor Profile 2 of of 9
Ranked Actor Profile 2 10 22-Nov-2006
25-Aug-2008 Ranked Actor Profile 3 of 10 9
Ranked Actor Profile 3 of 22-Nov-2006
25-Aug-2008 Ranked Actor Profile 4 of of 9
Ranked Actor Profile 4 10 22-Nov-2006
25-Aug-2008

Criminal Justice Reform
e-cultuur
e-cultuur Criminal Justice Reform
e-cultuur

thomas.loc.gov
picnicnetwork.org usdoj.gov
vsbfonds.nl ncjrs.org
minocw.nl aclu.org
mondriaanfoundation.nl

(14) inlinks and (0) (8) outlinks
(10) inlinks and outlinks (8)(10) inlinks andoutlinks
inlinks and (4) (0) outlinks (7) (9) inlinks and (10) outlinks
inlinks and (1) outlinks (8) (9) inlinks and (3) outlinks
inlinks and (1) outlinks

Google actor pagerank for issue
Google actor pagerank for issue Google actor pagerank for issue
Google actor pagerank for issue

thomas.loc.gov is not returned in
E cultuur , beeld, fotografie, vsbfonds.nlis not returned in the
usdoj.gov is not returned in ncjrs.org is not returned in the
Speech van Staatssecretaris Van eCultuur Denot returned in the
aclu.org is Mondriaan Stichting
the top 1000 results for
educatie. Ronnie Stevens, top 1000 results for quot;Criminal
the top 1000 results for der Laan Symposiumquot;Criminal in
top 1000 results for eCultuur hecht groot belang aan
top 1000 results for quot;Criminal
-
134 -- -
31 41
-
Oleksandr Justice Reformquot;.
quot;Criminal Demchenko, Eileen e-cultuurReformquot;.
Justice Justice Reformquot;.
Beweging, ... Van mijn korte cultuureducatie, zowel voor
Justice Reformquot;.
Bell, Erik Driessen, Hanneke aanwezigheid moet de volgende jongeren als voor volwassenen.
Vos, Frans Nauta ... boodschap uitgaan: eCultuur ... Uit onderzoeken van Ineke ...

Ranked Actor Profile 5 of 9 25-Aug-2008 Ranked Actor Profile 7 of 9 25-Aug-2008 Ranked Actor Profile 8 of 9 25-Aug-2008
Ranked Actor Profile 5 of 10 22-Nov-2006 Ranked Actor Profile 6 of 10 9
Ranked Actor Profile 6 of 25-Aug-2008
22-Nov-2006 Ranked Actor Profile 7 of 10 22-Nov-2006 Ranked Actor Profile 8 of 10 22-Nov-2006
e-cultuur e-cultuur e-cultuur e-cultuur
Criminal Justice Reform Criminal Justice Reform Criminal Justice Reform Criminal Justice Reform

doen.nl fondsbkvb.nl creativecommons.org waag.org
sentencingproject.org ojp.usdoj.gov ojjdp.ncjrs.org state.ny.us

(8) inlinks and (2) outlinks (7) inlinks and (11) outlinks (7) inlinks and (7) outlinks (7) inlinks and (12) outlinks
(5) inlinks and (0) outlinks (7) inlinks and (5) outlinks (7) inlinks and (2) outlinks (6) inlinks and (0) outlinks

Google actor pagerank for issue Google actor pagerank for issue Google actor pagerank for issue Google actor pagerank for issue
creativecommons.org is not waag.org is not returned in the
doen.nl is not returned in the File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -
Information about crime, courts, Now let's look at the ojjdp.ncjrs.org is not returned
returned in the top 1000 results Governor Pataki Introduces
top 1000 results for e-cultuur
top 1000 results for e-cultuur View as HTML Het Virtueel -
- sentencing, criminal justice 159 imprisonment movement, the second for the top 1000 results for
in e-cultuur - Criminal Justice Reform
10 358 Platform, sectorinstituut voor - 73
policy analysis, punishment, great criminal justice reform of quot;Criminal Justice Reformquot;. Initatives. Police and Public
e-cultuur , stelt zich als. doel
alternatives to incarceration and the past two decades. The Protection Act, Criminal
om e-cultuur in Nederland te ...
reform. expanded use of prison ... Procedural Law Reform to ...

Ranked Actor Profile 9 of 9 25-Aug-2008
Issue Crawler-discovered actors, Ranked Actor Profile 9 of 10 22-Nov-2006 Ranked Actor Profile 10 of 10 22-Nov-2006
signi cant to the e-culture sector e-cultuur
Criminal Justice Reform Criminal Justice Reform
in the Netherlands.*
flickr.com
afk.nl Legend followthemoney.org albany.edu
aimsterdam.nl
(6) inlinks and (2) outlinks
amsterdam.nl (5) inlinks and (3) outlinks (5) inlinks and (3) outlinks
anymeta.net
beeldengeluid.nl
creativecommons.nl
creativecommons.org
cultuurfonds.nl
del.icio.us
doen.nl
emaf.de Google actor pagerank for issue
fabchannel.com
feedreader.com
Method Flickr is almost certainly the
followthemoney.org is not bestis the author of Explaining and
He online photo management
lmfestivalrotterdam.com returned in the top 1000 results 18 Criminal Justice: Community
Insert the organisations in the Virtual Platform database
- 592
sharing application in the world.
lmfund.nl for quot;Criminal Justice Reformquot;. Show offand Criminal photos and
Theory your favorite Justice
as the starting points for an Issue Crawler map.
lmmuseum.nl videos to.the view Dr. Duffee's
Reform To world, ...
ickr.com Perform this over time and make a ranked list of persistent actors. Vitae - click here. [Photo ...

fondsbkvb.nl Rank and profile actors in the shown issue network (August 08),
frankwatching.com and show their ranking according to Google PageRank per issue.
hku.nl
hollandfestival.nl
hyves.nl
idfa.nl
kunstenaarsenco.nl
last.fm
marketingfacts.nl
mediamatic.nl E-Culture in the Netherlands: Network and Actors _______________________
-
minocw.nl
mondriaanfoundation.nl
mondriaanstichting.nl

08
prinsbernhardcultuurfonds.nl September
November
Analysis_ Richard Rogers and Sabine Niederer.
syntens.nl
transartists.nl Design _Marieke van Dijk.
uva.nl
vsbfonds.nl
Data_from Virtual Platform. Analysis and visualization from issuecrawler.net
youtube.com
and tools.issuecrawler.net by govcom.org.

*Each actor was present in the e-culture
networks in April, June and August 2008.
© 2008 Govcom.org

DYNAMIC URL SAMPLING

A METHOD FOR THE DISCOVERY OF CENSORED WEBSITES

Using lists of sensitive sites for Iran, researchers, using the
Issue Crawler, perform hyperlink analysis, discovering further
URLs, and run them through a proxy in Iran for code 403’s
(forbidden).


Method & Findings:
A Censored Network: Iranian Social, Political and Religious Sites
Using Issuecrawler.net, crawl URLs (on 30 March
A hyperlink analysis method for censored Website discovery. 2006) from the OpenNet Initiative's list of Iranian
social, political and religious sites. Find network of
sites through one iteration of co-link analysis
(pictured). Fetch each site through a proxy in Iran
(on 18 May 2006). Discover sites previously
rdki.com
unknown to be blocked. Compare newly discovered
voanews.com
blocked sites with entire list of Iranian Websites

sh-shafa.com checked by the OpenNet Initiative. The finding is
i-w-o.org the discovery of 30 blocked sites in Iran.
medusa2000.com

rowzane.com iranazad.com tehrantimes.com

zagros.info
marzeporgohar.org womeniniran.com
siasate-kargari.com shamlou.org
kasravi.info avairan.com
radio-international.org
Newly discovered blocked sites: didgah.com sharareha.com
ihrwg.org
sarbedaran.org bbc.co.uk/persian jebhemelli.net
http://home.bip.net/radiohambastegi/ jebhe.org
http://ir.mondediplo.com/ azadi-iran.org peykeiran.com nashrieh-nameh.com
http://www.alahwaz.com/ radiokomaleh.com
wpiran.org etehadchap.com
http://www.ashoob.com/ fadaian.org
http://www.asre-nou.net/ irandokht.com jebhemelli.org komalah.org
http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/ iran-emrooz.de alahwaz.com
un.org iran.mojahedin.org radiofarda.com
http://www.channelonetv.com/ golshan.com home.bip.net/radiohambastegi
http://www.didgah.com/ peiknet.com
http://www.didgah.net/ hayateno.org kargar.org payvand.com/news panahjoo.com roshangari.com
http://www.fadaee.org/ zan.org
jonge-khabar.com mani-poesie.de
http://www.fedayi.org/ etehadefedaian.org
radis.org iran-e-sabz.org cpiran.org
http://www.fwhi.org/ rahekargar.net fadaee.org fedayi.org
http://www.geocities.com/~fedaian/ hamshahri.net ranjbaran.org komala.org
http://www.gozareshgar.com/ kanoon-zendanian.org
http://www.iran-jommelli.com/ amnesty.org gooya.com radiobarabari.net
http://www.iranazad.com/ baztab.com shahrvand.com
http://www.irandokht.com/ forughfarrokhzad.org isnagency.com fadai.org negah1.com siahkal.com
http://www.komalah.org/ asre-nou.net ashoob.com
http://www.kvinnonet.org/ ettelaat.com iran-newspaper.com tudehpartyiran.org mihan.net
http://www.mani-poesie.de/ news.gooya.com avayeashena.com fwhi.org
http://www.medusa2000.com/ nehzateazadi.org pdk-iran.org
http://www.mihan.net/ rfi.fr/fichiers/Langues/rfi_persan_main.asp
http://www.negah1.com/ golshirifoundation.org gozareshgar.com irna.com
http://www.peykeiran.com/ ilna.ir wsu-iran.org
channelonetv.com iran-chabar.de
http://www.radio-international.org/ iran-jommelli.com
http://www.radiobarabari.net/ shamlu.com kvinnonet.org
toufan.org avayezan.com marxists.org A co-production between the Govcom.org Foundation, Amsterdam, and the
http://www.rdki.com/ geocities.com/~fedaian OpenNet Initiative, a partnership between the Citizen Lab at the Munk
http://www.roozonline.com/ sharghnewspaper.com hadisara.com ir.mondediplo.com
Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto, the Berkman Center
http://www.shahrvand.com/ for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School, the Advanced Network
http://www.zagros.info/ Research Group at the Cambridge Security Programme at Cambridge
University, and the Oxford Internet Institute, Oxford University.
iransocialforum.org rooydad.com
Legend didgah.net
Internet Censorship Visualizations________________________2006
A Censored Network: Iranian Social, Political and Religious Sites
Blocked sites roozonline.com

Newly discovered blocked sites 06
Accessible sites Data_by OpenNet Initiative and map by Issuecrawler.net.
alefbe.com Analysis_by Richard Rogers, Nart Villeneuve and Erik IRAN
Inaccessible site (owing to DNS issue) Borra, and design_by Marieke van Dijk.

Size of node indicates inlink count from network.
© 2006 Govcom.org and ONI

A Censor’s Network - Iranian Political, Social and
Religious sites

A method for censored Website discovery

Using lists of sensitive sites for Iran, researchers, using the
Issue Crawler, perform hyperlink analysis, discovering further URLs,
and run them through a proxy in Iran for code 403’s (forbidden).

2. THE WEBSITE

How is it often studied? User and Eyeball Studies

Usability - quot;Don't make me think.quot; Also: The Web is blue.

Eye-tracking - Heat maps tell stories, and help redesign sites.

Site optimization - quot;Grabbing more eyeballsquot;

Site features - types of interactivity ergo participation

2. THE WEBSITE

How else to study it? As an archived object, awaiting use.

Internet Archive literature review - articles about it, but
not how it's used. (Exception: Wayback machine articles.)

Follow Wayback Machine's interface. It privileges single-site
histories.

Capture a site's history. What does it tell?

A METHOD FOR DEMARCATING AND DIAGNOSING NATIONAL WEBS

1. Demarcate National Web
Domain name, language, IP range, Whois

2. Diagnose Condition of National Web
a. 'Youthfulness' (freshness through datestamps)
b. 'Brokenness' (link validators)
c. 'Cohesiveness' (linking to other national sites - example)
d. 'Datedness' (software versions running)
e. 'Dated users' (browser versions of users)


3. THE ENGINE

How is it often studied? As a dark web-maker, as attention deficit, as 'googlization'

Engines include and exclude by not indexing orphans; by burying
sites.

Engines encourage attention deficits. Users rarely look past
result 10. 'Contemplative man' replaced by 'flickering man.'

Googlization turns the engine into an object of mass media
critique. Google as monolith.

Surveillance studies. One’s search history becomes new databody.

3. THE ENGINE

How else to study it? As a (temporal) ordering device and epistemological machine

Capture and reinterpret the engine's results.

Inquire into the new orders of things, and hierarchies of credibility.

Inquire into stability / volatility of site rankings with the
Issue Dramaturg.

Query individual sites for partisanship and commitments with the
Lippmannian Device.

ON TOP OF THE ENGINE:
THE LIPPMANNIAN DEVICE
How else to study it? As a data source to be built upon to study source partisanship

Capture engine's results.

Query each of the first hundred result for terms.

How far are terms from the 'top of the Web'? (Source distance.)

Inquire also into sources' partisanship and commitments.

Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Sallie Baliunas)
Research Question_To what extent are climate change 'skeptics' present
in the climate change spaces on the Web?
Findings_There is distance between the skeptics and the top of the
search engine returns.

epa.gov (0) bbc.co.uk (0) defra.gov.uk (0) unep.org (0) bom.gov.au (0) ipcc.ch (0) pewclimate.org (0)
davidsuzuki.org (0) panda.org (0) mfe.govt.nz (0) ec.gc.ca (0) exploratorium.edu (0) climatechange.com.au (0)
greenpeace.org (0) climatechallenge.gov.uk (0) guardian.co.uk (0) iisd.org (0) g8.gov.uk (0) campaigncc.org (0)
foe.co.uk (0) state.gov (0) scidev.net (0) eea.europa.eu (0) whoi.edu (0) cbc.ca (0) energy.gov (0)
marshall.org (6) climateark.org (2) un.org (0) dar.csiro.au (0) theglobeandmail.com (0)

acfonline.org.au (0) gcrio.org (0) nature.com (0) grida.no (0) nature.org (0) ecokids.ca (0) royalsoc.ac.uk (0)

climatechangecentral.com (0) iea.org (0) ecn.ac.uk (0) ecy.wa.gov (0) worldwildlife.org (0)

realclimate.org (55)
faqs.org (0) metoffice.gov.uk (0) open2.net (0) scienceagogo.com (0) eldis.org (0) ft.com (0) who.int (0)
climatecrisis.net (0) ltscotland.org.uk (0) abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0) envirolink.org (0) mofa.go.jp (0)
sourcewatch.org (0) iucn.org (0) dfat.gov.au (0) ncdc.noaa.gov (0) climatescience.gov (0)
climatechangecollege.org (0) ciel.org (0) ucar.edu (0)

Source_google.com Product_of the Digital Methods Initiative,
Query_“Sallie Baliunas” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Sallie Baliunas” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
Tools_Google Scraper and Tag Cloud Generator Vlies. Design_Anne Helmond.
Date_30 July 2007 CLIMATE CHANGE
SCEPTICS

CC_BY:NC:SA

Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Timothy Ball)

greenpeace.org (0) climatechallenge.gov.uk (0) guardian.co.uk (0) iisd.org (0) g8.gov.uk (0)
campaigncc.org (6) foe.co.uk (0) state.gov (0) scidev.net (0) eea.europa.eu (0) whoi.edu (0) cbc.ca (0)
energy.gov (0) marshall.org (2) climateark.org (0) un.org (0) dar.csiro.au (0) theglobeandmail.com (0)


climatechangecentral.com (0) iea.org (0) ecn.ac.uk (0) ecy.wa.gov (0) worldwildlife.org (0) realclimate.org (0)

climatecrisis.net (0) ltscotland.org.uk (0) abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0) envirolink.org (0) mofa.go.jp (0)

Query_“Timothy Ball” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Timothy Ball” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

CC_BY:NC:SA

Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Robert Balling)

marshall.org (2) climateark.org (2) un.org (0) dar.csiro.au (0) theglobeandmail.com (0) acfonline.org.au (0)
gcrio.org (0) nature.com (0) grida.no (0) nature.org (0) ecokids.ca (0) royalsoc.ac.uk (0)

realclimate.org (11) faqs.org (0) metoffice.gov.uk (0) open2.net (0) scienceagogo.com (0)
eldis.org (0) ft.com (0) who.int (0) climatecrisis.net (0) ltscotland.org.uk (0) abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0)
envirolink.org (0) mofa.go.jp (0) sourcewatch.org (4) iucn.org (0) dfat.gov.au (0) ncdc.noaa.gov (0)

climatescience.gov (11) climatechangecollege.org (0) ciel.org (0) ucar.edu (0)

Query_“Robert Balling” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Robert Balling” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

CC_BY:NC:SA

Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Paul Driessen)

gcrio.org (0) nature.com (0) grida.no (0) nature.org (0) ecokids.ca (0) royalsoc.ac.uk (0) climatechangecentral.com (0)
iea.org (0) ecn.ac.uk (0) ecy.wa.gov (0) worldwildlife.org (0) realclimate.org (0) faqs.org (0) metoffice.gov.uk (0)
open2.net (0) scienceagogo.com (0) eldis.org (0) ft.com (0) who.int (0) climatecrisis.net (0) ltscotland.org.uk (0)
abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0) envirolink.org (0) mofa.go.jp (0)

sourcewatch.org (28) iucn.org (0) dfat.gov.au (0)

ncdc.noaa.gov (0) climatescience.gov (0) climatechangecollege.org (0) ciel.org (0) ucar.edu (0)

Query_“Paul Driessen” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Paul Driessen” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

CC_BY:NC:SA

Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Sherwood Idso)


realclimate.org (42) faqs.org (0)

metoffice.gov.uk (0) open2.net (0) scienceagogo.com (0) eldis.org (0) ft.com (0) who.int (0) climatecrisis.net (0)

ltscotland.org.uk (0) abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0) envirolink.org (0) mofa.go.jp (0)



Query_“Sherwood Idso” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Sherwood Idso” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

CC_BY:NC:SA

Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Richard Linzen)

gcrio.org (0) nature.com (0) grida.no (0) nature.org (0) ecokids.ca (0) royalsoc.ac.uk (0) climatechangecentral.com (0)

iea.org (0) ecn.ac.uk (0) ecy.wa.gov (0) worldwildlife.org (0) realclimate.org (13)
climatecrisis.net (0) ltscotland.org.uk (0) abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0) envirolink.org (0)
mofa.go.jp (0) sourcewatch.org (0) iucn.org (0) dfat.gov.au (0) ncdc.noaa.gov (0) climatescience.gov (0)

Query_“Richard Linzen” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Richard Linzen” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

CC_BY:NC:SA

Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Patrick Michaels)

epa.gov (0) bbc.co.uk (0) defra.gov.uk (0) bom.gov.au (0) ipcc.ch (4) pewclimate.org (2)

campaigncc.org (3) foe.co.uk (0) eea.europa.eu (0) cbc.ca (0)
energy.gov (0) marshall.org (2) climateark.org (1) dar.csiro.au (0)

acfonline.org.au (0) gcrio.org (0) nature.com (0) grida.no (0) nature.org (0) ecokids.ca (0)

climatechangecentral.com (0) iea.org (0) ecn.ac.uk (0) ecy.wa.gov (0)

metoffice.gov.uk (0) open2.net (0) eldis.org (0) ft.com (0)
faqs.org (0)
climatecrisis.net (1) ltscotland.org.uk (0) abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0) envirolink.org (0)
mofa.go.jp (0) iucn.org (0) dfat.gov.au (0) ncdc.noaa.gov (0)

climatescience.gov (7) climatechangecollege.org (0) ciel.org (0)

Query_“Patrick Michaels” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Patrick Michaels” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

CC_BY:NC:SA

Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Steven Milloy)

campaigncc.org (0) foe.co.uk (0) state.gov (1) eea.europa.eu (1) whoi.edu (1) cbc.ca (0) energy.gov (1)
gcrio.org (0) nature.com (0) grida.no (0) nature.org (1) ecokids.ca (0) climatechangecentral.com (0)
iea.org (0) ecn.ac.uk (1) ecy.wa.gov (1) worldwildlife.org (0)

open2.net (0) eldis.org (0) ft.com (0) who.int (1) climatecrisis.net (1)
faqs.org (0) metoffice.gov.uk (1)

ltscotland.org.uk (1) abc.net.au (0)
climatechange.ca.gov (1) envirolink.org (1) mofa.go.jp (1)

sourcewatch.org (27) iucn.org (0) dfat.gov.au (0)

ncdc.noaa.gov (1) climatescience.gov (0) climatechangecollege.org (1) ciel.org (0) ucar.edu (0)

Query_“Stephen Milloy” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Stephen Milloy” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

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Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Frederick Seitz)

marshall.org (8) climateark.org (4) un.org (0) dar.csiro.au (0) theglobeandmail.com (0)

metoffice.gov.uk (0) open2.net (0) scienceagogo.com (0) eldis.org (0) ft.com (0) who.int (0) climatecrisis.net (0)
faqs.org (0)

ltscotland.org.uk (0) abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0) envirolink.org (0) mofa.go.jp (0)

sourcewatch.org (21) iucn.org (0) dfat.gov.au (0) ncdc.noaa.gov (0)

climatescience.gov (0) climatechangecollege.org (0) ciel.org (0) ucar.edu (0)

Query_“Frederick Seitz” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Frederick Seitz” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

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Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (S. Fred Singer)


realclimate.org (14) faqs.org (0) metoffice.gov.uk (0) open2.net (0) scienceagogo.com (0)

eldis.org (0) ft.com (0) who.int (0) climatecrisis.net (0) ltscotland.org.uk (0) abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0)

sourcewatch.org (64)
envirolink.org (0) mofa.go.jp (0)

iucn.org (0) dfat.gov.au (0) ncdc.noaa.gov (0) climatescience.gov (11)

Query_“Fred Singer” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Fred Singer” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

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Climate Change Sceptics on the Web (Willie Soon)





realclimate.org (27) faqs.org (0) metoffice.gov.uk (0)

open2.net (0) scienceagogo.com (0) eldis.org (0) ft.com (0) who.int (0) climatecrisis.net (0) ltscotland.org.uk (0)

abc.net.au (0) climatechange.ca.gov (0) envirolink.org (0) mofa.go.jp (0) sourcewatch.org (0) iucn.org (0)

dfat.gov.au (0) ncdc.noaa.gov (0) climatescience.gov (0) climatechangecollege.org (0) ciel.org (0) ucar.edu (0)

Query_“Willie Soon” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Bram
Method_Search for query “Willie Soon” in top 100. Organized in order. Nijhof, Richard Rogers and Laura van der
SCEPTICS

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4. THE SPHERES

How are they often studied? Blogs as new genre, as news and as empowering voice.

Blogs as 'genre' (recognizable with reverse chronology), and
constructed / reified as genre by software.

Blogosphere as parasitic on news, and obsessed with MSM.

Blogs and blogosphere as organizers of voice (Sony DRM) and
authenticator of voice (Iraqi bloggers).

'Web sphere' as a 'special collection' of archived sites made by
editors around events, e.g. 9/11 collection, Tsunami collection.

4. THE SPHERES

How else to study them? As engine-demarcated spaces with qualities.

Capture engine results.

Approached in terms of comparative media studies, or
cross-spherical analysis. Compare engine results across spheres.

Inquire into qualities of the results per sphere: blogosphere,
Websphere, newssphere, tagosphere, etc.

Issue Animals Hierarchy in the News (Google News)
Research Question_For the issue of climate change, how prominent is
each animal (in text and image)? Are there significant differences per
'sphere' (web, news, blogosphere) in the frequency with which each
animal is referenced?
Findings_In the news, for a text query, the polar bear is the animal most
associated with climate change, followed by the cow.

puffin pika sea turtle

eagle cow whale crane

dolphin polar bear frog
walrus tiger elephant panda

penguin orangutan

marmot red fox

Source_news.google.com Product_of the Digital Methods Initiative,
Query_“climate change” + “animal x” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Esther
Tools_Google News Scraper and Tag Cloud Generator Weltevrede and Sabine Niederer. Design_by
Date_15 July 2007 Esther Weltevrede, Sabine Niederer and Anne
Helmond.
ISSUE ANIMALS

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Issue Animals Hierarchy in the Blogosphere
Findings_In the blogosphere, for a text query, the polar bear is the animal
most associated with climate change, followed by the cow.

cow

eagle whale crane

dolphin polar bear walrus tiger elephant panda
frog

penguin orangutan

marmot red fox

Source_search.technorati.com Product_of the Digital Methods Initiative,
Query_“climate change” + “animal x” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Esther
Authority_a little Weltevrede and Sabine Niederer. Design_by
Tools_Technorati Scraper and Tag Cloud Generator Esther Weltevrede, Sabine Niederer and Anne
Date_17 July 2007 Helmond.
ISSUE ANIMALS

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Issue Animals Hierarchy on the Web (Google)
Findings_On the web, for a text query, results are distributed across all
the animals not particularly favoring one issue animal.


eagle cow whale crane
dolphin polar bear frog
walrus tiger elephant panda
penguin orangutan
marmot red fox
Source_www.google.com Product_of the Digital Methods Initiative,
Query_“climate change” + scrape top 100 results for “animal x” dmi.mediastudies.nl. Analysis_by Esther
Tools_Google Scraper, Compare Lists and Tag Cloud Generator Weltevrede and Sabine Niederer. Design_by
Date_15 July 2007 Esther Weltevrede, Sabine Niederer and Anne
Helmond.
ISSUE ANIMALS

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5. THE WEBS

How is the Web often studied? Without the plural.

In the singular.

As cyberspace, as a technical infrastructure which gives rise
to place-less-ness.

As a separate space.

5. THE WEBS

How else may they be studied? As national Webs that are telling

Through a recognition of IP address location technology.

The emergence of national Webs, also being archived as such.

Diagnose the condition of a country through its Web.

THE WEB IS GROUNDED

Content is served according to one's IP address

DIAGNOSING THE CONDITION
OF A NATIONAL WEB
METHODS FOR DEMARCATING NATIONAL WEBS

1. Demarcate national Web
By domain name, language, IP range, Whois

For domain-level demarcation of a national web,
see http://generatenational.net

DIAGNOSING THE CONDITION
OF A NATIONAL WEB
METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING NATIONAL WEBS

2. Diagnose condition of a national Web

a. 'Youthfulness' (freshness through datestamps)
b. 'Brokenness' (link validators)
c. 'Cohesiveness' (linking to other national sites)
d. 'Datedness' (software versions running)
e. 'Dated users' (browser versions of users)

Query: Number of results available per TLD served by Google Region Search
Method: Query all quot;site:ccTLDquot; and all quot;site:gTLDquot; in United States Google
The World according to Google III Region search with GoogleScraper

United States Domain Topology Digital Methods Initiative
09 August
08

Map generated by tools.digitalmethods.net

.COM (6730000000) .ORG (1630000000) .NET (1330000000)
.EDU (270000000) .GOV (171000000) .US (166000000) .INFO (93500000) .BIZ (37700000) .TV (36100000) .WS (20300000) .CC (19400000) .NU (7310000) .MIL (4530000)

.EU (3010000) .FM (2800000) .INT (2760000) .TRAVEL (1750000) .MOBI (1750000) .LA (1730000) .TK (1390000) .NAME (1310000) .CAT (1030000) .BZ (804000) .SU (528000) .MS (425000)

.CD (415000) .COOP (334000) .AD (284000) .PRO (261000) .ASIA (214000) .SC (214000) .AS (188000) .IM (167000) .AERO (129000) .AC (114000) .JE (59600) .DJ (48400)

.MUSEUM (47300) .GG (42900) .SR (42600) .JOBS (20800) .TP (7180) .AX (4950) .TEL (5) .CA (3) .HU (2) .UK (2) .ID (1) .NL (1) .IN (1) .BR (1) .DE (1) .TO (1)

The World according to Google V

Richard Rogers - Methods in Media

Richard Rogers - Methods in Media

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