Calibrating a sound synthesizer to replicate or approximate a given target sound is a complex and time consuming task for musicians and sound designers. In the case of the OP1, a commercial synthesizer developed by Teenage Engineering, the difficulty is multiple. The OP-1 contains several synthesis engines, effects and low frequency oscillators, which make the parameters search space very large and discontinuous. Furthermore, interactions between parameters are common and the OP-1 is not fully deterministic. We address the problem of automatically calibrating the parameters of the OP-1 to approximate a given target sound. We propose and evaluate a solution to this problem using a multi-objective Non-dominated-Sorting-Genetic-Algorithm-II. We show that our approach makes it possible to handle the problem complexity, and returns a small set of presets that best approximate the target sound while covering the Pareto front of this multi-objective optimization problem.

1. E N G A G I N G T H E W O R L D
Automatic Tuning of The OP-1 Synthesizer
Using a Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
Matthieu Macret
M.Sc. candidate

2. OP-1
2

3. OP-1
2
Keys

4. OP-1
2
Type
parameters

5. OP-1
2
Knob
parameters

6. OP-1
2

7. OP-1 - Control
3

8. OP-1 - Control
3
Type Key Knob
parameters

9. 4

10. 4

11. 4
Engine

12. 5
Engine

13. 5
Engine

14. 6
Engine

15. 6
Engine

16. 6
Engine
FX

17. 6
Engine
FX

18. 6
Engine
FX
ADSR

19. 6
Engine
FX
ADSR
Sound
output

20. 6
Engine
FX
ADSR
LFO
Sound
output

21. 6
Engine
FX
ADSR
LFO
Sound
output
OP-­‐1
preset

22. OP-1 - Complexity
Nb.
of
Engines
Nb.
of
LFOs Nb.
of
FXs Nb.
of
keys Knob
range
7 3 4 120 [0,32767]

23. OP-1 - Complexity
Nb.
of
Engines
Nb.
of
LFOs Nb.
of
FXs Nb.
of
keys Knob
range
7 3 4 120 [0,32767]
Nb.
disJnct
presets:

24. OP-1 - Complexity
Nb.
of
Engines
Nb.
of
LFOs Nb.
of
FXs Nb.
of
keys Knob
range
7 3 4 120 [0,32767]
Nb.
disJnct
presets:

25. OP-1 - Complexity
Nb.
of
Engines
Nb.
of
LFOs Nb.
of
FXs Nb.
of
keys Knob
range
7 3 4 120 [0,32767]
Nb.
disJnct
presets:

26. Problem
• Difficult to control for a practitioner without
expert knowledge about the synthesis
techniques used.
• Musician or composer have to tune
parameters instead of making music.
• Time-consuming and unproductive.
8

27. Scope of this research
• Make the OP-1 control more accessible and
natural for the user.
• “Give me a sound, I would give you OP-1
presets to replicate/approximate it!”
9

28. Research question
• Can evolutionary algorithms be created
and employed to locate multiple distinct
OP-1 presets to replicate a given target
sound?
10

29. Problem difficulties
• Large search space
• Discontinuities
• Non-determinism
11

30. Methodology
12
Pb.
Id
EngineEngine FXFX Key LFOLFO ADSR
Pb.
Id
Type Knobs Type Knobs Type Knobs Knobs
1 X
2 X X
3 X X X
4 X X X X
5 X X X X X X X X

31. Project History
13
Canonical
GeneJc
Algorithm
Crowding
GeneJc
Algorithm
MulJ-­‐objecJve
GeneJc
Algorithm

32. Project History
13
Canonical
GeneJc
Algorithm
Crowding
GeneJc
Algorithm
MulJ-­‐objecJve
GeneJc
Algorithm

33. Representation
14
111000101001010101000011001010011010010011010110110110

34. Representation
14
111000101001010101000011001010011010010011010110110110
Gray
code
encoding/decoding
EngineEngine FXFX
Key
Octave
LFOLFO ADSR
Type Knobs Type Knobs Type Knobs Knobs

35. Evaluation
• Three objectives:
– Temporal envelope
– Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
– Short Term Fourier Transform (STFT)
15
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

36. Envelope
16

37. Envelope
16

38. FFT
17

39. STFT
18

40. NSGA-II
• Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II
• Standard approach to solve multi-objective
problems
• Embeds:
– Non-dominated sorting
– Diversity preservation
– Elitism
19

41. Pareto Dominance
20
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

42. Pareto Dominance
20
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

43. Pareto Dominance
20
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

44. Pareto Dominance
21
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

45. Pareto Dominance
21
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

46. Pareto Dominance
21
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

47. Pareto Dominance
21
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

48. Crowding distance
22
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

49. Crowding distance
22
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

50. Crowding distance
22
Obj.
1
Obj.
2
Obj.
1

51. Initialization
23
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

52. Initialization
24
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env

53. Pareto dominance
25
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
1
3
22
1

54. Crowding distance
26
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
1
3
22
1
1
2
4
8
5

55. Binary tournament Selection - Case 1
27
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
1
2
23
1
1
2
4
8
5

56. Binary tournament Selection - Case 1
27
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
1
2
23
1
1
2
4
8
5

57. Binary tournament Selection - Case 2
28
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
1
2
23
1
1
2
4
8
5

58. Binary tournament Selection - Case 2
28
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
1
2
23
1
1
2
4
8
5

59. Crossover + mutation
29
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

60. 2-points Crossover - Case 1
30
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Parent 1
Parent 2
Offspring 1
Offspring 2

61. 2-points Crossover - Case 2
31
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
Parent 1
Parent 2
Offspring 1
Offspring 2

62. 2-points Crossover - Case 2
31
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
Parent 1
Parent 2
Offspring 1
Offspring 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

63. Bitflip mutation
32
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
Offspring 1
Offspring 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

64. Bitflip mutation
32
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
Offspring 1
Offspring 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0
0

65. Bitflip mutation
32
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
Offspring 1
Offspring 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
01
01

66. Crossover + mutation
33
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

67. Crossover + mutation
34
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

68. Crossover + mutation
35
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

69. Evaluation
36
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env

70. Pareto dominance
37
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
1
1
2
1
4
3
3
4
3
4

71. Crowding distance
38
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
STFTFFT Env
1
1
2
1
4
3
3
4
3
4
5
8
2
4
2
3 1
6
3
9

72. Sorting
39

73. Sorting
39
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 5
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 8
FFT
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTEnv
1
4

74. Sorting
39
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 5
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 8
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
2 2
FFT
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTEnv
1
4

75. Sorting
39
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 5
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 8
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
2 2
FFT
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTEnv
1
4
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
3
6
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
3
3
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
3
9

76. Sorting
39
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 5
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 8
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
2 2
FFT
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTEnv
1
4
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
3
6
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
3
3
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
3
9

77. Sorting
39
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 5
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
1 8
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
2 2
FFT
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTEnv
1
4
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
STFTFFT Env
3
9

78. New generation
40
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

79. Stopping criteria
41

80. Stopping criteria
41

81. Implementation
• Algorithm bottlenecks:
– Sorting
– Evaluation
42

82. Distribution of the Evaluation
43
Master
Slave Slave Slave Slave...

83. Distribution - Speedup
44

84. Post processing
45

85. Evaluation
1. Contrived sounds
2. Non-contrived sounds
46

86. 47
Contrived sounds - Types

87. 48
Contrived sounds - Knobs

88. Contrived sound - Example
49

89. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0

90. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0

91. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster Punch InacJve 0 1

92. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster Punch InacJve 0 1

93. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster Punch InacJve 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1

94. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster Punch InacJve 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1

95. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster Punch InacJve 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1

96. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster Punch InacJve 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1

97. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster Punch InacJve 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1

98. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster Punch InacJve 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1

99. Contrived sound - Example
49
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster InacJve InacJve 12 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Cluster Punch InacJve 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Grid Element 0 1
Eng.
1 Eng.
2 Eng.
3 Eng.
4 FX
1
FX
2 FX
3 FX
4 LFO
1 LFO
2 LFO
3 LFO
4
2463 29131 17408 1636 8267 9206 8099 13372 7168 24410 5739 15360
Eng.
1 Eng.
2 Eng.
3 Eng.
4 FX
1
FX
2 FX
3 FX
4 LFO
1 LFO
2 LFO
3 LFO
4
2463 29131 17408 1735 8267 9206 8099 14140 7168 16551 7168 15360

100. Non-contrived sounds
• Instruments
• Synthesized sounds (dx-7, moog, etc)
• Sounds with effect (Delay, distortion)
• Voice
• Misc. (explosions, cat meow etc)
50

101. Instruments - Clarinet
51

102. Instruments - Clarinet
51

103. Instruments - Clarinet
51
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1

104. Instruments - Clarinet
51
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1

105. Instruments - Clarinet
51
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1

106. Instruments - Clarinet
51
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1

107. Instruments - Clarinet
51
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1

108. Instruments - Clarinet
51
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1

109. Instruments - Clarinet
51
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1

110. Instruments - Clarinet
51
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1

111. Instruments - Clarinet
51
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Digital Delay Tremolo 9 1
ADSR
1 ADSR
2 ADSR
3 ADSR
4
8533 14940 21515 16320
ADSR
1 ADSR
2 ADSR
3 ADSR
4
8533 14940 21515 4471

112. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52

113. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52

114. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1

115. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1

116. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0

117. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0

118. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0

119. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1

120. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1

121. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1

122. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0

123. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0

124. Synthesized sound - Moog 1
52
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0

125. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53

126. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53

127. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0

128. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0

129. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1

130. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1

131. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1

132. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 0 1

133. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 0 1

134. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 0 1

135. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Tremolo 11 0

136. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Tremolo 11 0

137. Synthesized sound - Moog 2
53
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Spring Tremolo 11 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 0 1
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay Tremolo 11 0

138. 54
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

139. 54
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

140. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

141. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

142. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

143. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

144. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

145. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

146. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

147. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

148. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

149. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

150. 54
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 1

151. 55
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

152. 55
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

153. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

154. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

155. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

156. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

157. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

158. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay InacJve 7 0
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

159. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay InacJve 7 0
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

160. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay InacJve 7 0
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

161. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay InacJve 7 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

162. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay InacJve 7 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

163. 55
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Delay InacJve 7 0
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 2

164. 56
Sounds with effects - Delay 3

165. 56
Sounds with effects - Delay 3

166. 56
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 3

167. 56
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 3

168. 56
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 3

169. 56
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 3

170. 56
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
Pulse Grid Tremolo 9 -­‐2
Sounds with effects - Delay 3

171. 57
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

172. 57
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

173. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

174. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

175. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

176. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

177. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

178. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

179. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

180. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

181. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

182. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

183. 57
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 1

184. 58
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

185. 58
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

186. 58
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

187. 58
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

188. 58
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

189. 58
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

190. 58
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

191. 58
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

192. 58
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

193. 58
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Element 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Engine FX LFO Key Octave
FM Punch Tremolo 8 3
Misc. - Cat Meow 2

194. Conclusions
• NSGA-II with multi-objective fitness function, Gray
encoding and a modified crossover operator to preserve
population diversity.
• 3-objectives fitness function (FFT, Envelope, STFT) to
address the difficulties associated with the OP-1 search
space.
• A clustering method to better analyze and explore the
final set of solutions.
• An evaluation using contrived and non-contrived sounds.
59

195. Future works
• Improvements to the system
• Improvements to the evaluation
• Potential applications
60

196. Potential application
61

197. Future works
• Move to more complex problems...
62