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Stillwater Stargazers
March 2016
By
Mark Casazza
Agenda
 Basic concepts
 Cost from $5 to $50,000+
 Planning
 Capturing
 Processing
 Stacking
 Developing
 Printing
Introdution to astro photography
Basic Concepts
 Taking a picture of the dark
 High ISO (gain) – adds noise
 Long exposures – adds noise
 Very dim objects – signal strength ~ noise level
 This is a battle against noise
 Lots of pictures – coax the signal from the noise
 Cool the electronics – minimize the noise
 Calibration frames – subtract the noise
Why Raw and not JPG
 Compression
 Small deviations are lost in compression
 This is your data being destroyed!
 14 bits vs. 8 bits
 16384 shades vs. 256 shades
 Your data: 800 to 1600 vs. 12 to 25 shades
 64x more data!
Introdution to astro photography
This doesn’t have to be
expensive
 The $3.95 budget
 Modern Android 5 (Lollipop) cell phone
○ http://www.camerafv5.com/pages/manual-
camera-controls-table.php
 FV-5 software – $3.95
 Deep Sky Stacker – Free
 Computer to process – Okay so you need
one of these too.
FV-5 cell shot
 Camera: LG-H815
 Exposure: 30 sec
 F/1.8
 ISO-2700
 http://a.disquscdn.com/uploads/mediaem
bed/images/2914/3911/original.jpg
But you can go nuts
http://downthewormhole.blogspot.com/2011/05/das-planewave.html
What Serious Investment
Buys
What was that?
 Planewave 12.5” CDK: $12,500
 Apogee U16: $17,500
 Paramount Me: $15,000
 Optec 3” focuser: $900
 Filter wheel & filters: $1,000
 Pick off mirror
 Guide scope
 Motorized focus
My Rig
 Mount: Orion EQ-G
 Primary Scope: Explore Scientific ES ED 127
 Primary Camera: Full Spectrum Canon Ti1
 Guide Scope: Orion “Short Tube 80”
 Guide Camera: Meade DSI Pro
 Focuser: Rigel n-step with USB and temp
 Image Capture: Backyard EOS
 Test driving Sequence Generator Pro
 Computer: eBay Dell Laptop
My Rig
My Dark Sky Setup
Introdution to astro photography
Planning – What to shoot
 What is your field of view?
 Sensor size (Canon T1i is 22.3mm X 14.9mm)
 Focal Length of lens or scope (952mm)
 FOV = sensor/focal length * 57.3
○ 22.3/952*57.3=1.3 X 14.9/952*57.3=0.9
 Look for objects that fill up at least 40% of the field
 What is up tonight?
 How late do you plan to stay up?
 Where are you?
Software Tools
 Spreadsheet with NGC/IC
 My creation - I can provide
 Sky Tools 3 ($100 or $125)
 TonightsSky.com (shameless plug)
Sky Tools 3
Other Planning to Consider
 Object surface brightness and your SQM
 Weather
 http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?w0=t&w1=td&w2=wc&w3=sfcwind&w3u=1&w4=sk
y&w5=pop&w6=rh&w7=rain&w8=thunder&w9=snow&w10=fzg&w11=sleet&w12=fog&w13u=
0&w16u=1&w17u=1&AheadHour=48&FcstType=graphical&textField1=40.437&textField2=-
84.3797&site=all&unit=0&dd=&bw=&BackDay.x=72&BackDay.y=11&BackDay=0
 http://clearoutside.com/forecast/40.44/-84.38?view=current
 http://www.cleardarksky.com/c/NwBrmnOHkey.html?1
 http://www.accuweather.com/en/us/coudersport-pa/16915/astronomy-weather/335322
 Local Obstructions & Lights
 Guide star
 For advanced folks who use a pick off mirror
○ Sky X helps with this
○ CDC to a much lesser extent
NWS Hourly Forecast
ClearOutside.com
ClearOutside.com
ClearDarkSky.com
 Get email alerts from
 ClearSkyAlarmClock.com
AccuWeather.com
 They provide an Astronomy summary
Introdution to astro photography
Basic Steps
 Normal Scope Setup
 For equatorial mounts
 Rough Polar Align with polar scope
 Drift align – This is essential for longer exposures
 Sync Scope to Computer
 I use plate solving
 Focus on bright star
 Bahitnov Mask
 Frame Target
 Fine Focus
 Start guiding (if you are auto guiding)
Bahtinov Mask Usage
 Place mask over
primary
 Take picture
 Adjust focus
 Repeat until all lines
meet in center
Calculating exposure
 Take a sample shot
 Inspect histogram
 You want the left side to be away from the left
wall, but not too much
 If you have a tool to do spot histograms check
galaxy & nebula core for over exposure
○ Backyard EOS has this
 You may have to shoot several exposures (M42)
 Check focus & remove Bahitnov mask
Take pictures
 Take as many pictures as you can
 30 to 50 exposures is where you start to have limited
returns
 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024
○ You half the noise with every doubling
 To Dither or not to Dither
 Dithering is jogging the scope a small bit between shots
 Causes hot pixels to move around relative to the stars
 Dither!
They Don’t Look Great at
First
Software
 Came with the camera – Free
 Backyard EOS - $50
 Astro Photography Tool - ~$21 **
 Sequence Generator pro - $100 **
 Images Plus - $240 **
 Nebulosity - $95
 CCD Auto Pilot - $100 to $300 **
** Provides auto focus capabilities
Special Hardware
 Bahitnov mask
 Guide scope and camera
 Or pick off mirror and camera
 Guide-able mount
 Computer control
 ST4 port (with ST4 guide camera)
 (Modified) DSLR camera or CCD camera
 DLSR camera adapter
 Filter wheel (if using a monochrome camera)
 Specialty Camera
 Reducer/Corrector/Field Flattener
 Laptop
Flats – take at least 30
 Before you move the camera, you need
to take flats
 Flats are pictures of an evenly
illuminated scene
 Dawn sky
 T-shirt
 Light box
 This captures any vignetting and dust in
your system
Darks – take at least 30
 If it gets cloudy or your object sets and
you can keep your equipment out take
darks
 Darks are equal length exposures at the
same temperature with the lens cap on
 You can also build a dark library
 This captures the “exposure noise”
Bias frames – take at least 30
 You can take these any time
 Take the shortest possible exposure with
the lens cap on
 This captures the “read noise” of the
chip
Introdution to astro photography
Stacking
 The goal of stacking is to take every frame, line up
the stars and combine them into a single shot. This
will:
 Drive out noise
 Create more “bits” of dynamic range
 DSLR’s start with 14 bits, after ~10 sub-frames you can have
a true 32-bit floating point intensity value.
 Inspect all frames for exceptional frames that will
mess things up
 Some programs auto score shots for focus
○ Nebulosity
○ FITS Image Grader (by Main Sequence)
 Combine all the lights, darks, bias, and flat frames
 Each program has a different process, learn yours,
try the options
Theory
 Bias represents the read noise
 Subtract from the flat or light frame
 Darks represent the exposure noise
 Subtract from the light frame
 Flats show vingetting and dust motes
 Apply to light frame
Software
 Deep Sky Stacker – Free
 Nebulosity - $95
 Images Plus - $240
 CCD Stack - $200
 Pix Insight - $230 Euros ($250)
Introdution to astro photography
What is non-linear
stretching
 90% of your data occupies
10% or less of the “data space”
 The goal is to get this to cover
25% or more of the “data
space” without blowing out the
bright areas
 Each image needs different
treatment
Orig Targ
0 0
10 10
15 23
20 36
25 49
30 62
35 75
40 80
50 87
60 93
70 99
80 105
90 110
125 130
150 150
250 250
Digital Development
 This is an astro-photo specific process to
bring out dynamic range into a visible space
 Software
 Nebulosity – $95
 Images Plus - $20
 Pix Insight - $250
 Star Tools – 60 AUD ($45)
 CCD Stack - $200
Other special issues
 Gradients & Vignetting
 Amp glow
 Lens/Scope vignetting
 Sky glow (even and uneven)
 Noise
 The whole process is a battle against noise
 Exaggerated colors / saturation
 Real colors are not as saturated as we like to see in
our pictures
○ Stars broadcast every wave length (blackbody)
○ Nebula radiate specific frequencies or reflect blackbody
 Color alignment
 Each color focuses slightly differently
Simulators
 Black Body
 http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/blackbody-
spectrum/blackbody-spectrum_en.html
 How eye sees color
 http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/color-
vision/latest/color-vision_en.html
General Purpose tools
 Photoshop / Lightroom
 Expensive!
 Very powerful
 Full 16 bit support
 Limited 32 bit support
 Gimp
 Free
 Similar features to Photoshop
 Full 8 bit support
 Limited 16 and 32 bit support
 More options on the Mac
My Generic Workflow
 Pre-process in Nebulosity
 Initial stretch and enhance in Star Tools
 Stretch
 Crop
 Bin
 HRD, Contrast, etc.
 Color
 De-noise
 Final tweaking in Photoshop
 Final stretch
 Final color saturation
Software to consider
 Sky Tools 3 - ($100 or $125)
 Backyard EOS - $50
 Astro Photography Tool - ~$21
 Sequence Generator pro - $100
 Images Plus - $240
 Nebulosity - $95
 CCD Auto Pilot - $100 to $300
 Deep Sky Stacker – Free
 CCD Stack - $200
 Pix Insight - $230 Euros ($250)
 Nebulosity – $95
 Star Tools – 60 AUD ($45)
 Photoshop or Lightroom – Expensive!
 Gimp - Free
Future topic
 Image Acquisition
 Camera selection
 Telescope/lens selection
 Guiding
 Frame, focus & exposure
 Capture software
Future topic
 Basics of Image processing
 Calibration frames (darks, flats, & bias)
 Stretching
 Color correction
 Color saturation
 Software suggestions
 Live demo using tools costing under $50
Future topic
 Free and Inexpensive AP software
 Deep Sky Stacker
 Astro Photo Tool (free version)
 Sequence Generator (free version)
 Gimp
 CDC
 Backyard EOS
Future topic
 Photoshop tricks & tips
 Works with Gimp too
 Levels & Curves
 Layers & Masks
 Screen Mask Invert to pull out dim detail
 Block Method for more color saturation
 Lab color by channel curve for color
saturation

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Introdution to astro photography

  • 2. Agenda  Basic concepts  Cost from $5 to $50,000+  Planning  Capturing  Processing  Stacking  Developing  Printing
  • 4. Basic Concepts  Taking a picture of the dark  High ISO (gain) – adds noise  Long exposures – adds noise  Very dim objects – signal strength ~ noise level  This is a battle against noise  Lots of pictures – coax the signal from the noise  Cool the electronics – minimize the noise  Calibration frames – subtract the noise
  • 5. Why Raw and not JPG  Compression  Small deviations are lost in compression  This is your data being destroyed!  14 bits vs. 8 bits  16384 shades vs. 256 shades  Your data: 800 to 1600 vs. 12 to 25 shades  64x more data!
  • 7. This doesn’t have to be expensive  The $3.95 budget  Modern Android 5 (Lollipop) cell phone ○ http://www.camerafv5.com/pages/manual- camera-controls-table.php  FV-5 software – $3.95  Deep Sky Stacker – Free  Computer to process – Okay so you need one of these too.
  • 8. FV-5 cell shot  Camera: LG-H815  Exposure: 30 sec  F/1.8  ISO-2700  http://a.disquscdn.com/uploads/mediaem bed/images/2914/3911/original.jpg
  • 9. But you can go nuts http://downthewormhole.blogspot.com/2011/05/das-planewave.html
  • 11. What was that?  Planewave 12.5” CDK: $12,500  Apogee U16: $17,500  Paramount Me: $15,000  Optec 3” focuser: $900  Filter wheel & filters: $1,000  Pick off mirror  Guide scope  Motorized focus
  • 12. My Rig  Mount: Orion EQ-G  Primary Scope: Explore Scientific ES ED 127  Primary Camera: Full Spectrum Canon Ti1  Guide Scope: Orion “Short Tube 80”  Guide Camera: Meade DSI Pro  Focuser: Rigel n-step with USB and temp  Image Capture: Backyard EOS  Test driving Sequence Generator Pro  Computer: eBay Dell Laptop
  • 14. My Dark Sky Setup
  • 16. Planning – What to shoot  What is your field of view?  Sensor size (Canon T1i is 22.3mm X 14.9mm)  Focal Length of lens or scope (952mm)  FOV = sensor/focal length * 57.3 ○ 22.3/952*57.3=1.3 X 14.9/952*57.3=0.9  Look for objects that fill up at least 40% of the field  What is up tonight?  How late do you plan to stay up?  Where are you?
  • 17. Software Tools  Spreadsheet with NGC/IC  My creation - I can provide  Sky Tools 3 ($100 or $125)  TonightsSky.com (shameless plug)
  • 19. Other Planning to Consider  Object surface brightness and your SQM  Weather  http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?w0=t&w1=td&w2=wc&w3=sfcwind&w3u=1&w4=sk y&w5=pop&w6=rh&w7=rain&w8=thunder&w9=snow&w10=fzg&w11=sleet&w12=fog&w13u= 0&w16u=1&w17u=1&AheadHour=48&FcstType=graphical&textField1=40.437&textField2=- 84.3797&site=all&unit=0&dd=&bw=&BackDay.x=72&BackDay.y=11&BackDay=0  http://clearoutside.com/forecast/40.44/-84.38?view=current  http://www.cleardarksky.com/c/NwBrmnOHkey.html?1  http://www.accuweather.com/en/us/coudersport-pa/16915/astronomy-weather/335322  Local Obstructions & Lights  Guide star  For advanced folks who use a pick off mirror ○ Sky X helps with this ○ CDC to a much lesser extent
  • 23. ClearDarkSky.com  Get email alerts from  ClearSkyAlarmClock.com
  • 24. AccuWeather.com  They provide an Astronomy summary
  • 26. Basic Steps  Normal Scope Setup  For equatorial mounts  Rough Polar Align with polar scope  Drift align – This is essential for longer exposures  Sync Scope to Computer  I use plate solving  Focus on bright star  Bahitnov Mask  Frame Target  Fine Focus  Start guiding (if you are auto guiding)
  • 27. Bahtinov Mask Usage  Place mask over primary  Take picture  Adjust focus  Repeat until all lines meet in center
  • 28. Calculating exposure  Take a sample shot  Inspect histogram  You want the left side to be away from the left wall, but not too much  If you have a tool to do spot histograms check galaxy & nebula core for over exposure ○ Backyard EOS has this  You may have to shoot several exposures (M42)  Check focus & remove Bahitnov mask
  • 29. Take pictures  Take as many pictures as you can  30 to 50 exposures is where you start to have limited returns  1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 ○ You half the noise with every doubling  To Dither or not to Dither  Dithering is jogging the scope a small bit between shots  Causes hot pixels to move around relative to the stars  Dither!
  • 30. They Don’t Look Great at First
  • 31. Software  Came with the camera – Free  Backyard EOS - $50  Astro Photography Tool - ~$21 **  Sequence Generator pro - $100 **  Images Plus - $240 **  Nebulosity - $95  CCD Auto Pilot - $100 to $300 ** ** Provides auto focus capabilities
  • 32. Special Hardware  Bahitnov mask  Guide scope and camera  Or pick off mirror and camera  Guide-able mount  Computer control  ST4 port (with ST4 guide camera)  (Modified) DSLR camera or CCD camera  DLSR camera adapter  Filter wheel (if using a monochrome camera)  Specialty Camera  Reducer/Corrector/Field Flattener  Laptop
  • 33. Flats – take at least 30  Before you move the camera, you need to take flats  Flats are pictures of an evenly illuminated scene  Dawn sky  T-shirt  Light box  This captures any vignetting and dust in your system
  • 34. Darks – take at least 30  If it gets cloudy or your object sets and you can keep your equipment out take darks  Darks are equal length exposures at the same temperature with the lens cap on  You can also build a dark library  This captures the “exposure noise”
  • 35. Bias frames – take at least 30  You can take these any time  Take the shortest possible exposure with the lens cap on  This captures the “read noise” of the chip
  • 37. Stacking  The goal of stacking is to take every frame, line up the stars and combine them into a single shot. This will:  Drive out noise  Create more “bits” of dynamic range  DSLR’s start with 14 bits, after ~10 sub-frames you can have a true 32-bit floating point intensity value.  Inspect all frames for exceptional frames that will mess things up  Some programs auto score shots for focus ○ Nebulosity ○ FITS Image Grader (by Main Sequence)  Combine all the lights, darks, bias, and flat frames  Each program has a different process, learn yours, try the options
  • 38. Theory  Bias represents the read noise  Subtract from the flat or light frame  Darks represent the exposure noise  Subtract from the light frame  Flats show vingetting and dust motes  Apply to light frame
  • 39. Software  Deep Sky Stacker – Free  Nebulosity - $95  Images Plus - $240  CCD Stack - $200  Pix Insight - $230 Euros ($250)
  • 41. What is non-linear stretching  90% of your data occupies 10% or less of the “data space”  The goal is to get this to cover 25% or more of the “data space” without blowing out the bright areas  Each image needs different treatment Orig Targ 0 0 10 10 15 23 20 36 25 49 30 62 35 75 40 80 50 87 60 93 70 99 80 105 90 110 125 130 150 150 250 250
  • 42. Digital Development  This is an astro-photo specific process to bring out dynamic range into a visible space  Software  Nebulosity – $95  Images Plus - $20  Pix Insight - $250  Star Tools – 60 AUD ($45)  CCD Stack - $200
  • 43. Other special issues  Gradients & Vignetting  Amp glow  Lens/Scope vignetting  Sky glow (even and uneven)  Noise  The whole process is a battle against noise  Exaggerated colors / saturation  Real colors are not as saturated as we like to see in our pictures ○ Stars broadcast every wave length (blackbody) ○ Nebula radiate specific frequencies or reflect blackbody  Color alignment  Each color focuses slightly differently
  • 44. Simulators  Black Body  http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/blackbody- spectrum/blackbody-spectrum_en.html  How eye sees color  http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/color- vision/latest/color-vision_en.html
  • 45. General Purpose tools  Photoshop / Lightroom  Expensive!  Very powerful  Full 16 bit support  Limited 32 bit support  Gimp  Free  Similar features to Photoshop  Full 8 bit support  Limited 16 and 32 bit support  More options on the Mac
  • 46. My Generic Workflow  Pre-process in Nebulosity  Initial stretch and enhance in Star Tools  Stretch  Crop  Bin  HRD, Contrast, etc.  Color  De-noise  Final tweaking in Photoshop  Final stretch  Final color saturation
  • 47. Software to consider  Sky Tools 3 - ($100 or $125)  Backyard EOS - $50  Astro Photography Tool - ~$21  Sequence Generator pro - $100  Images Plus - $240  Nebulosity - $95  CCD Auto Pilot - $100 to $300  Deep Sky Stacker – Free  CCD Stack - $200  Pix Insight - $230 Euros ($250)  Nebulosity – $95  Star Tools – 60 AUD ($45)  Photoshop or Lightroom – Expensive!  Gimp - Free
  • 48. Future topic  Image Acquisition  Camera selection  Telescope/lens selection  Guiding  Frame, focus & exposure  Capture software
  • 49. Future topic  Basics of Image processing  Calibration frames (darks, flats, & bias)  Stretching  Color correction  Color saturation  Software suggestions  Live demo using tools costing under $50
  • 50. Future topic  Free and Inexpensive AP software  Deep Sky Stacker  Astro Photo Tool (free version)  Sequence Generator (free version)  Gimp  CDC  Backyard EOS
  • 51. Future topic  Photoshop tricks & tips  Works with Gimp too  Levels & Curves  Layers & Masks  Screen Mask Invert to pull out dim detail  Block Method for more color saturation  Lab color by channel curve for color saturation

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Let the battle against noise begin! Each frame is full of noise, so much noise you could never use it.
  2. Never, never, never shoot JPGs and expect good results. Even with a cell phone invest in a program like FV-5 that captures “Raw” data
  3. Assuming you have a modern cell phone and reasonable laptop, you can get some nice pictures for no investment You can also process Hubble images to get good at processing without even owning a telescope.
  4. With a modern cell phone and software that avoids compressing the image you can do real astro-photography
  5. Or you can invest a small fortune
  6. Probably spent $50,000 on that rig
  7. Other things to consider if you are using filters is the filter to use as the objects climbs. Shoot Red, Green, then Blue as an object rises.
  8. I use my spreadsheet and Sky Tools
  9. Polar alignment is criticle Focus is critical and changes with temperature. Recheck focus during the night
  10. Focus is critical and changes with temperature. Recheck focus during the night