The BBC was formed in 1922 in London with a royal charter that still governs it today. Its purpose is to inform, educate, and entertain the public. John Reith became the BBC's first general manager and helped establish its operations. The BBC began as a radio broadcaster in the 1930s and launched television in 1936. It has since expanded to include additional radio stations, online content, and more. The BBC is publicly owned and regulated by the BBC Board and Ofcom to ensure it serves the public interest.

1. BBC
By Suela Elezi

2. The history of BBC
BBC was formed on 18 October 1922 in London, established with royal charter, which is still used today. The royal charter makes sure that
BBC informs, educates and entertains the public viewers. John Reith became General Manager of the BBC on 14 December 1922. There
were no rules, standards or established purpose to guide him. He immediately began innovating, experimenting and organising, also with
the help of an engineer, Peter Eckersley.
BBC firstly began as a radio station during the 1930s, in which people would gather together in order to listen to the national and sporting
events. The BBC Television Service arrived on 2 November 1936, but was suspended for a moment during the outbreak of war in 1939;
however once the war ended, the service was running again. The BBC was the first broadcaster in the world to provide a regular high
definition television service. Programmes were shown such as sports, outside broadcasters and cartoons. A new radio was launched in
1990, becoming the news and sport network, Radio 5 Live in 1994. The late 1990s saw the BBC invest in new internet services such as,
BBC News Online.
BBC was created in order to provide the public with a service in which different types of programmes would be developed and then
presented to the audiences. BBC continues to exist, proving that the company has been successful in providing programmes and services,
as the company leaders have made sure that the content shown to the public are not biased. Meaning that all side of the story are shown
and being neutral through the media content. The BBC is the United Kingdom international public service broadcaster which is the world's
oldest national broadcasting organisation.

3. Ownership
Ownership refers to the right of the possession of something.
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) is a British public service broadcaster because
the company is not primarily run by the state, as running the company on the public's
behalf in which the government has set out the royal charter that BBC follows, but
rather by the public due to people paying a TV license. This allows people to watch live
television on any of their devices such as computers, laptops, mobile phones, tablets
and game consoles. In addition, the government runs the company at some point, on
behalf of the people who pay the TV license because the government sets rules to
make sure the company BBC suits and meets the public’s needs.
The TV license is the main successful platform that allows BBC to exist and grow.
Although, due to the TV licence playing a huge role to the company, leaders and the
chairmen also contribute largely to the company. This is because the people working
inside the company, will make sure that there are no faults and that the BBC services
and programmes are running smoothly and if the public have any complaints, they will
make decisions in order to improve the complaints, to satisfy the public.

4. Regulatory bodies
The two main regulatory bodies of BBC are BBC Board and Ofcom. BBC Trust was before the governing body of BBC but
recently was closed down as it was seen as not performing its role effectively. However, then the BBC Board came into place.
The BBC Trust was changed to the BBC Board, with a new name, BBC Board, but seen to have the same structure as the
BBC Trust was previously comprised of. The BBC Board is led by a chairman, David Clementi, alongside with the
direct-general, Tony Hall. The BBC Board is accountable for the content BBC produced.
Furthermore, Ofcom has recently become in charge of BBC, regulating BBC’s performance and making sure that the
company meets with the consent standards. Ofcom exists to supervise the content of specific media industries, which mainly
oversees BBC. Ofcom makes sure that BBC are producing and publishing suitable material to the public. Ofcom works under
a law, the Communication Act 2003, in which the Parliament states, the company must make sure that the programmes and
services shown to the public are fair, not racist and not targeting people through the media materials. Ofcom is funded from
the fees from the television industry, with some aid from the government. If other media companies would want the help and
control from Ofcom, they would need to pay Ofcom a certain amount in order to regulate their company.
BBC must make sure that the programmes and services designed deliver quality programming and make sure that these
programmes are not biased. The content shown must be neutral, showing all sides of the story, not just from one side, but
including both perspectives.

5. Regulatory bodies - Part 2
Tony Hall is the Director-General of BBC. He is the editorial, operational and creative leader of the BBC.
Tony Hall is given the most responsibility as he is at the top of the hierarchy in the company. His responsibility is to make
sure that BBC is a global workforce running services across television, radio and online. Also, he has to make sure
programmes shown follow the royal charter; informing, educating and entertaining the public viewers. In addition, due to
being the editorial leader, he has to decide and come to a conclusion what programmes and services, made by other
creators who want to publish their work to the company, are unique and good enough to be presented by the company
(BBC). The operational role oversees the production of programmes and services, making sure that the content are
presented appropriately and satisfying the needs of the public viewers. The creative role requires the leader to innovate and
use creativity into the programmes and services created. This role will allow Tony Hall to generate new ideas and do critical
analysis in what the company can create to make it different and more interesting from the other competing companies in
the media industry such as ITV, Channel 4, Sky and may more.
Tony Hall’s salary is £450,000 per year. His salary shows that the role that he undertakes is paid at a large amount as the
job roles requires working hard and he has the major responsibility covering the company.

6. Regulatory bodies - Part 3
The Chairman of BBC is David Clementi which leads the BBC Trust. David Clementi makes sure that BBC follows the three
Royal Charter which is to inform, educate and entertain the public viewers. Also, he makes sure the audience are pleased
with the services and programmes shown by BBC.
David Clementi is responsible for upholding and protecting the independence of the BBC. He also ensures that the BBC
Board’s decision making is in the public interest, informed by the best interests of the audience and with appropriate regard
to the impact of decisions on the wider media market in the UK. The BBC Board is under the control of David Clementi,
establishing that the BBC maintains the highest standards in quality presented through the programmes and services
created. David Clementi receives fees of £100,000 per annum.
David Clementi’s role is not as supreme as Tony Hall’s role as Hall is at the top of the hierarchy in the company (BBC), as
Hall is mainly in charge of what type of programmes are developed and then presented through the company. Whereas,
Clementi is mainly in charge of making sure that the programmes presented, which have been chosen by Tony Hall, are
presented in the highest quality and meeting the needs of the public.

7. Regulatory bodies - Royal Charter
The royal charter is a formal document which states that the company must follow the basis rules that have been set out in
order to please the public viewers. The BBC is established by Royal Charter as the British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC
must follow the royal charter as it sets out for the public purposes to inform, educate and entertain the public.
The inform factor will provide accurate and neutral news, current affairs and factual programming so that all audiences can
engage fully with issues across the UK and the world. For instance, programmes such as the news presented on BBC
News is under the inform factor. Education content will help support learning for the public audiences in the UK, whilst
audiences will be encouraged to explore inspiring and challenging new subjects and activities through programmes
presented by different channels. For example, programmes such as, Horrible Histories shown on CBBC and Master Chef
shown on BBC One, in which teaches the audience from the content shown. Finally, the entertainment factor presents
content covering many different genres that will be provided across a range of services, programmes and platforms.
Programmes such as, Eastenders, Strictly Come Dancing and The Graham Norton Show are designed to amuse and
engage the public whilst watching the programmes.

8. Regulatory bodies - Ofcom
OFcom is the Office of Communication. OFcom is a government approved company that has legitimate rules in which the
television and film industry must abide from to make sure that the programmes shown to the public are suitable and approved
otherwise it would be taken down from not applying to the rules. Ofcom’s number one priority is to promote competition. This
means that programmes and services which are shown to the public, has to have a balance, with no use of monopoly. By
providing balance, this will show that there are different owners which promote different content, showing no use of monopoly. But
if there was only one main leader, who was in charge of all the programmes and services shown to the public, then it would
present monopoly through the programs and services as that one person would just show the same content. Therefore, Ofcom
uses a range of different organisations to make sure that there is diversity presented through the media contents.
Ofcom developed the ‘Operating Licence’ in which Ofcom is to make sure that BBC follows the Charter and Agreement, to fulfil its
mission by promoting neutral programmes and services to the public viewers. Ofcom oversees the man platforms such as, TV,
radio, video on-demand and mobile. These platforms present the programmes and services, therefore Ofcom having the
responsibility to make sure that the media materials shown are appropriate and approved. However, Ofcom has no power over
BBC’s online material, the BBC websites and apps. Ofcom only deals with the programmes and services in which are presented
on television to the public audience, making sure that the programmes and services are following the rules set out by Ofcom.

9. Ofcom - Part 2
Ofcom has mainly developed and promoted the ‘Watershed’. This means that programmes that are not suitable for the younger audiences,
programs that may consist of inappropriate language and sexual reference that are primarily viewed by adults, must be shown after 9:00 pm
and ends at 5:30 am.
For example, if movies, which may be target for the adult audiences, are shown at 8 pm but end at 10 pm, then the scenes that are
inappropriate will have been edited out because it would have been shown during the hours in which the younger audiences are still awake,
watching other programmes. Although, if the movie, that is targeted for the adult audiences, does not want to edit out any of the scenes that
are only suitable for adult audiences to view, then it will have to been shown at 9pm as it cannot be shown before 9pm as children will still
be watching TV during those times, therefore cause harm towards the younger audiences as they are not targeted or given permission to
watch the content suitable for older audiences.
The OFcom Broadcasting Code outlines the rules which programmes broadcasted on television in the UK must obey. There are numerous
of codes that the television service must abide from the OFcom Broadcasting Code Guidance such as, protecting the under eighteens
through observing the watershed on television, offensive language, harm and offence, crime and alcohol or drug abuse, fairness, and
commercial references in television programming. Ofcom has certain powers to regulate the BBC's licence fee funded television and radio
services aimed at audiences in the UK. In addition, Ofcom has made it their priority to make sure that programs that are designed for
different age groups are to be shown to the public at different times when they perceive that the public are awake at certain times.
Therefore, presenting the programs at the times in which the specific audiences are still awake which are suitable for them to watch.

10. Experiment by Bandura et al (1961)
An example of a psychological experiment carried out by Bandura et al (1961), devised an experiment in which participants, young
children, would observe an adult behaving in a violent manner towards a Bobo doll toy. The children would be placed in a room in
which they witnessed an adult hitting a Bobo doll in an aggressive way. Later, the opportunity would be given to the children to
investigate how they would act with the same doll. From analysing the experiment, it showed that once the children had watched
how the adults interacted with the Bobo doll, the children would imitate the aggressive behaviour as seen done by an adult.
Therefore, the experiment suggests that children are easily influenced, so the programmes that are shown have to be managed in
presenting them at different times for the different aged audiences. This is because if a programme is targeted for the older
audiences, then it would not be suitable for the younger audience to watch it as well. Thus, watershed makes sure that media
companies present and publish suitable material at the right times for different target audiences in order to make sure that the
younger audiences do not watch programmes or services which consists of inappropriate material which could influence and affect
young people in a negative way.
The image on the right, shows that an adult is behaving in a
violent manner which then is shown to be replicated by the
young child in the next image. The image clearly shows that the
child even copied the same exact actions as the adult performed
towards the Bobo doll. Therefore, this image shows that young
children are more likely to imitate and easily influenced by older
people from watching their actions.

11. Ofcom - Part 3
TV guides have been developed in order to allow the public to see
what time a certain programme will start and allow specific programs
to be shown at certain times for the required target audiences. In
addition, specific programmes will only be presented at times which
are suitable for the audience that require to watch it.
For instance, services such as CBBC will present the programme,
Horrible Histories, at 7:00 pm and Millie in Between at 8:00 pm. The
programmes are shown to be presented at these times as it is seen
suitable for the younger audiences and the leaders of the company
are aware that children are awake during these hours, therefore they
will provide the content that is appropriate for young audiences to
watch. Whereas, programmes such as, Born Every Minute is shown at
10:00 pm on Channel 4. This programme consists of profanity and
nudity scenes, therefore it is shown after 9pm as the young audience
are not awake and the older audience will be able to watch the content
as their age is targeted and suitable to view the show.

12. Case study example
This case study is about Radio 4 given a warning from Ofcom. This is because a number of people, who were listening into
the radio, were not pleased with what was said on the service. The complaints were about an interview with Lord Lawson,
head of the Global Warming Policy Foundation. One of the complaints was regarding Lord Lawson, as the public already did
not favour him and did not want him to be on the radio as people did not agree with the arguments stated. Another complaint
was about the comments made by Lord Lawson, the inaccuracy assertions, in which BBC had allowed the inaccurate
statements to be made not challenged. In addition, people who had complained about the service were not satisfied with
BBC’s response and then took their complaints to Ofcom.
Ofcom investigate the complainant made and found out that BBC had not challenged Lord Lawson during the interview, not
promoting neutrality and fairness. Therefore this lead to Ofcom giving BBC a warning to let this situation happen again and
make sure that BBC takes the complaints made by the audiences more seriously.
https://radiotoday.co.uk/2018/04/bbc-radio-4-gets-first-bbc-ofcom-code-breach/
Ofcom will make to deal with complaints, if there are only a few amounts of complaints made then Ofcom will not really
bother to invest the situation. However, Ofcom will investigate the situation once there is a large number in complaints about
the certain content.

13. Funding
Funding is the money provided for a particular purpose. BBC is funded predominantly by the general public as people who watch the
programmes and services will pay a fee in order to have access to them. Also, BBC is funded through different platforms too, for
instance, merchandise, product placement, DVD sales from BBC Shop, purchase of programmes from the BBC Store, DVDs and CDs,
selling books and magazines.
The TV license benefits BBC the most because it generates the revenue. The general public are required to pay the fee of £150.50
yearly for the access of the programmes and services, a colour TV licence now costs £145, while a black and white one costs £50. The
public must be covered by a TV Licence to download or watch BBC programmes on iPlayer, live, catch up or on demand. This applies
to any device used to watch. The total income from licence fees was around £3.7 million in 2016 to 2017.
People, who watch live television, are required to pay a television license. This is because by paying for a service, it will allow people to
watch programmes on any of their devices, at anytime and anywhere. Also, it will help support the creation of the BBC services and
programmes that are presented due to the money going straight to the company, allowing it to improve and innovate. The licence
makes sure that people, who pay the fee of the licence, will be paying for a service in which BBC will provide to them through live
television as it is broadcasted. However, if people watch programmes on-demand then they do not need the requirement of the licence.
Overall, the public is somewhat seen as shareholders, as the public invests into BBC, by paying the TV licence in order to receive
programmes.

14. Funding - Part 2
Even though, the TV license is seen as the main financial provider
towards BBC, other platforms such as merchandise, selling books, CDs
and DVDs have also help contribute to the income of the company. For
instance, services such as the BBC Store and BBC Shop has allowed
people to go online and buy items, relating to programmes that they may
be fans of, buy the objects, generating the income.
Also, BBC has made it possible for the public to buy and download
programmes, that would be shown already on the iPlayer, allowing
people to then watch the purchased programmes anywhere and at any
time, even if they have no internet access. Furthermore, the purchase of
programmes has enabled people to keep the programmes that they
would also watch because some programmes that are shown on
television and on BBC iPlayer, are naturally removed after a certain
amount of day, available only for 30 days, because the episodes of a
programme that have already been shown would cost money as the
company would need to pay the people who made the programme and
need to allow other new episodes to be uploaded.

15. Funding - Part 3
In addition to the other information regarding about BBC’s funding, BBC is also funded through selling formats. Selling formats means that
the company has decided to sell channels which have been already designed already by the company (BBC). For instance, selling
formats allows the ideas of a show, which is already presented by a company, sell the similar structure of the product to other companies
who find an interest in it. Therefore, the format of a show is sold to other countries in which they will create a similar programme that will
then be presented in their country.
Countries who want a similar structure to a program or service presented by the original company will have to pay that company in order
for this process to happen. For instance, the British programme, ‘Strictly Come Dancing’, became popular among the audiences from
around the world. As television companies figured that people would watch the show, not in the UK, decided to create a similar show to
gain views from the audience, creating a programme with the similar structure as people have shown to enjoy watching the programme
from the different country (Britain). Thus, ‘Strictly Come Dancing’ developed in other countries such as America, Australia, Greece,
Germany and Japan, with their media companies paying BBC a fee to act as consultants.
Once BBC accepted for the different countries to use the similar structure as the ‘Strictly Coming Dancing’ show, the programme was
created in the country's language and shown in the country that had paid BBC as consultants, helping the country who wants to create a
similar program by giving them the authority to create a similar product, established through copyright. For example, America used the
same structure as the ‘Strictly Come Dancing’ shown originally in Britain, called the programme shown in their country as ‘Dancing with
the Stars’. Also, ‘Let’s Dance’ is the German version of ‘Strictly Come Dancing’.

16. Synergy
Synergy refers to the release of a brand or product across different platforms.
Synergy has helped BBC to create items relating to a specific programme that people would then buy items about. A
successful programme that used synergy to expand, Doctor Who. First started as a television programme, then books, DVDs,
merchandise and toys. The reason why BBC decided to use synergy for this brand was because of how popular the
programme was becoming. The audience became fans and wanted to watch more episodes of Doctor Who. BBC then made a
decision to create different platforms to expand the brand. For instance, merchandises like DVDs, t-shirts, comic figures/toys
and games for game consoles were released. This helped make the brand more popular and gave the audience a chance to
buy items that related to the programme. BBC also decided to use spin-offs such as, Doctor Who Extra, The Sarah Jane
Adventures and Torchwood. This allowed the public to watch other programmes that were similar to Doctor Who, a hybrid
genre of science fiction and drama. The Sarah Jane Adventures mainly watched by the younger audience, presented on
CBBC and Torchwood watched mostly by the older audience.
Synergy is a useful tool to use when wanting to increase audience awareness on a project, it will also help generate more
profit towards the business.

17. Synergy used for Doctor Who
BBC created a website, BBC Shop, which specifically sells products about the Doctor Who programme as this programme
has been the most successful content favoured by the public. The website consists of a diversity of products in which the
public can purchase. The website has also other programmes presented that people can buy videos or items, but its main
focus is on Doctor Who, as this is the most successful programme shown by BBC. There are many items to buy from t-shirts
with the Doctor Who logo on it, bags as well as jewellery with Doctor Who symbols attached. The website allows fans of the
programmes buy items to feel closer and connected to the programme.

18. Example of synergy used in BBC
Synergy releases products on different platforms like books, figures and toys, TV and film, radio station and magazines and
comic. Synergy is used to target different audiences, creating a variety of products in which everyone can be targeted, creating
something for everyone. It also shows that the money that the company has received has been well spent on developing other
goods. BBC one is seen as general, appealing to everyone. Although, Doctor Who has shown to been BBC’s most successful
programme that had used synergy to expand the brand. On the other hand, there are still other products promoting other
programs viewed largely by audience. For instance, MasterChef, a British television show, is an example of a program that then
used synergy to release books.
BBC Magazines developed to target everyone. There is magazines subscription made for people to pay and get weekly or
monthly magazines that people pay for or just buy the magazine. For example, ‘BBC Gardeners' World Magazine Subscription’
has been viewed to target people who are older ages and enjoy gardening. ‘Cycling Plus Magazine Subscription’ is mainly
targeted for men who enjoy sports. ‘Dinosaurs’ which is targeted primarily for young boys who like this or people who take an
interest in the subject, science. ‘Lonely Planet Magazine Subscription’ is primary favoured by young people who like to travel
explore. These magazines can be bought as a copy or rather purchased a s a subscription, which a more popular option among
these magazines, as new magazines covering a certain topic will publish more new versions about the topic, therefore allowing
people who buy the magazine receive new copies, giving the buyers other magazines of the subject, as the subscription is for
monthly magazines sent out about the topic, allowing people to accumulate other texts about the topic that they might favour and
be passionate about.

19. BBC Magazines
These images show the magazines create by BBC,
developing a diversity of magazines which target different
people. There are magazines that cover the topic of food,
history, science, sports and many more. They range from the
prices, starting from £5.00 up to £35.00 (including a
subscription fee).

20. Examples of products/services
The product is what the audience consume, whereas, the service is where the products are delivered by. BBC has numerous of services
such as, BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Three, BBC Four, CBBC, Cbeebies, BBC New etc. They are all services which provide a product,
programmes that the audience will watch, consuming the product. BBC One is the main service which mainly shows programmes for the
general public to view.
For instance, BBC One is a successful service which provides many products for example, EastEnders, which is a very popular programme
that is watched by many people living in the UK as it is a British soap opera. The show has been presented since the 90s,showing many
storylines about people's’ everyday lives living in an area, Walford, therefore people have still kept watching the show as it has been
enjoyed by the public to watch and in a way can relate to their lives too. The programme is mainly watched by a range of ages, from ages
13 to 60. This is because the characters within the show are all presented from different ages such as, teenagers, parents, elderly and
people from different social backgrounds; working class or middle class as well as different ethnic minorities. Therefore, this programme will
be very popular as it includes different types of characters with different ages, not just showing one specific race or age, that everyone can
enjoy and find interesting to watch.

21. Examples of products/services - Part 2
CBBC is another service created under the control of BBC. This specific service is created for the targeted
audience in which they have a certain service where young people can watch programmes that are suitable
for them. CBBC is mainly popular with the younger audiences, from ages 3 to 12 because the programmes
shown on the service are shown to be understood by young people and consists of programmes that are in
cartoon and with actors of similar ages to the audience. It has many programmes such as, The Sarah Jane
Adventures, Wolfblood, Raven, Horrible Histories, Arthur and many more.
CBBC presents programmes in cartoon and in real-life, giving the audience a variety of shows to watch from.
A successful programme that has had many views is ‘The Story of Tracy Beaker’. This programme consists of
many episodes which shows many young characters who live in a care home but the main character Tracy
Beaker is the naughtiest child but always as hopes her real mother will one day come back and take her home
again, but this does not happen. Tracy Beaker rather gets adopted by a new foster mum who wants her to be
her foster daughter. The episodes were so popular that the show was then turned into a movie based on the
show with the same characters and storyline. The young audience would watch this show as the actors have
similar ages to the audience and some viewers may even relate to some of the characters.
BBC has developed different types of services to make sure that specific audiences watch certain
programmes that relate to their ages. In addition, BBC One is targeted for the older audiences and CBBC is
targeted for the younger audiences. Both BBC One and CBBC were made in the 1930s which have lasted
even today, this suggests that the company has been successful and expanded its products and services with
the audiences pleased with their work.

22. Bibliography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC
http://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/check-if-you-need-one/topics/what-does-your-licence-fee-pay-for-top13
http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/aboutthebbc/entries/9637e45d-c96c-36c6-9e3f-af141e81cab4
https://www.tvguide.co.uk/
https://shop.bbc.com/
https://www.buysubscriptions.com/?promo=PPC17B&landingPage=PORTFOLIO&gclid=CjwKCAjwiurXBRAnEiwAk2GFZqNNJa7CH3fi
odlo5fKpe6CtL_hd-7Bd8fbhlm4mCAB3mtZ5qBw35hoC1G0QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
http://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/accountability/ofcom
http://www.bbc.co.uk/corporate2/insidethebbc/managementstructure/biographies/clementi_david
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/governance/regulatory_framework/charter_agreement.html