1. Mariam Ekizyan: Sample of Technical Writing
An Expended Definition of Cloning for Non Technical Readers
AUDIENCE/ PURPOSE PROFILE This material is intended for an audience who has little or no prior
knowledge of cloning. Though the terms “cloning” or “clone” are often used in today’s mass media, many
readers may not know about the actual process of a cloning and its applications in agriculture and
biomedicine (application of the natural sciences to clinical medicine). This document will provide a general
overview of cloning and will explain its history, procedure, types, uses, and limitations. As readers are not
familiar with biomedicine, the definition will exclude the detailed explanation of human cloning, which is a
complex medical process, and ethical issues related to it.
Expended Definition: Cloning
Cloning is a biological process that is used to create a series of DNA, a cell, a tissue or an organism that
has genetically identical makeup as the original. The development of the new entity is done asexually: that
is, not involving the union of male and female germ (sperm or egg). The term “clone” originates from a
Greek word klon meaning “a twig, spray” and is related to klados translated as “a young branch or an
offshoot of a plant” (Genetic Science Learning Center, 2010). According to the US National Bioethics
Advisory Commission (1997), cloning was always present in the natural world where many plants and
simple invertebrate (spineless) species, such as flowers or worms, regenerate asexually. However, the first
attempts to clone artificially occurred only in the 1880s. In 1894, Hans Driesch ran tests with a sea urchin’
embryo that develops and grows outside their mother. During the experiment, Driesch shook the two celled
embryo in a chemical glass container filled with sea water until it divided into two independent whole sea
urchins. Since then, the technologies have developed a lot and many animals have been cloned, including
the famous sheep Dolly in 1996, in Scotland.
As the Genetic Science Learning Center (2010) illustrated, the process of cloning is similar to sexual
reproduction as they both result in an embryo (fertilized egg) that consists of cells containing two complete
sets of chromosomes. These genetic codes, which have essential information for a living organism, are kept
in a structure called a nucleus that acts like a human brain. The difference lies in the source of these
chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, both sperm and egg each contain one set of genetic codes.
When they join, the embryo gets a unique set of DNA that includes a re-assortment of the genes from both
parents. In cloning, the two sets of the chromosomes come either from the father or from the mother. First,
a somatic cell (any cell of the body) that contains a nucleus is taken out of the donor. Secondly, the nucleus
is removed from the egg cell of the surrogate mother. Third, using an electric pulse, the empty egg is fused
with the nucleus from a donor’s somatic cell that already contains both sets of X and Y chromosomes. The
embryo is then placed in a surrogate mother. Thus, the offspring inherits its donor’s identical DNA without
any modifications. The procedure of cloning is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The Process of Cloning
Source: Youngbloodbiology (2010).
Cloning. Retrieved from
https://youngbloodbiology.wikispaces
.com/Cloning

2. 2
This procedure serves as a framework for the three main types of cloning: reproductive, therapeutic and
genetic.
1. Reproductive cloning is used to create an animal that has the same DNA as the donor animal. The
two methods of reproductive cloning include embryo separation and nuclear transplantation. During
the method of the embryo separation, the fetus that has two to eight cells is divided soon after it is
fertilized. The resulting embryos are then able to reproduce new organisms. This method is
common in cattle breeding. Nuclear transplantation is similar to the overall cloning process, but the
embryo is treated with electronic current or chemicals that cause its division (USNBAC, 1997).
2. Therapeutic cloning is the creation of human embryos that are later used in research. The objective
is not to make a human clone, but rather gather stem cells. Stem cells can produce any type of
specialized cells in the body. During this method, the empty egg is injected with skin cells instead
of chromosomes. After this, a chemical is used to stimulate the egg development. After the fifth day
of the embryo division, scientists remove these cells and use them to treat human diseases. (U.S.
DEGP, 2009).
3. Genetic cloning refers to a process of creating multiple molecules by expending a DNA structure. It
helps to produce multiple copies of a single gene in a very short period. To create a new DNA,
scientists complete the following steps: they (a) break original DNA chains into fragments, (b) glue
those pieces together in a desired sequence, (c) insert newly formed DNA into fast developing host
organisms, such as bacteria (see Figure 2) (d) inject those organism into cells (e) select and collect
the successfully injected cells with new DNA (USNBAC, 1997).
Figure 2. DNA Genetic Cloning
Source: Universe Review (2010). Mulitcellular
Organisms. Retrieved from http://universe-
review.ca/F10-multicell.htm#bone
These three types of cloning are widely practiced in agriculture, medicine and research. Cloning
technologies help scientists to learn more about the genetic structure of an organism and ways to modify it.
For example, scientists try to develop farm plants with specific characteristics, such as better resistance to
insects, improved nutrition qualities, longer life spans and an ability to grow under water. In addition, gene
cloning offers an inexpensive way of producing vaccines and hormones that include hormone insulin for
diabetes or growth hormones. Reproductive cloning, in turn, can be an efficient way to repopulate
endangered species or create animals with special qualities, such as drug-producing or genetically unique
mammals (USNBAC, 1997).

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As Smith (2002) wrote, therapeutic cloning technology gives many benefits to medicine. Its primary use
can be to produce tissue or healthy cells in laboratories that can replace or repair cells or tissues which are
malfunctioning or are injured from Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, diabetes or heart failure. Growing
organs from cloned human embryos would reduce the need for organ donation. Also, cloning can help to
treat cancer, to rejuvenate and replace dead skin during cosmetic and plastic surgeries.
Despite wide applications in research and biomedicine, cloning has some limitations, as stated by Dowty
(2005). First, the number of organisms that can be reproduced from one embryo is limited as embryonic
cells lose their qualities over time. Secondly, cloned organisms, especially animals, can face early aging
syndrome and have progressive diseases because nuclear transplantation is still developing and has its
weaknesses. That is why various cloned animals either died a week after birth or developed some type of
disease. Thirdly, as a cloned organism gets its genes from its donor, then the clone will inherit all genetic
defects from its donor. For example, if a donor was infertile, then the clone will be infertile too. Lastly,
although the clone is known as being the duplicate of a donor, it may not act or look the same as the donor,
since not only genetic factors, but also the environment influences the clone. The social environment, like
culture, people and various institutions, in which a clone develops can affect its identity and modify its
behavior.
Bibliography
Dowty, R. (2005). Clones and Cloning. Science, technology, and society encyclopedia. (pp.54-55). New
York: Oxford University Press.
Genetic Science Learning Center at the University of Utah (2010). What is Cloning?. Retrieved from
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/whatiscloning/
Smith, S. (2002). The Benefits of Human Cloning. Retrieved October 18, 2010, from
http://www.humancloning.org/benefits.php
U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs. (2009). Cloning Fact Sheet. Retrieved from
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml#intro
United States National Bioethics Advisory Commission. (1997). Cloning human beings: report and
recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (Vol.1). Rockville, MD: National
Bioethics Advisory Commission