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Marc Seeger,
Computerscience and Media, HdM Stuttgart
Next Generation Internet WS 08/09

XDSL, DSLAM UND CO…
What I will talk about

 The high level things
 The low level things
The tubes!
The internet: A series of tubes




    Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska


 They want to deliver vast amounts of information over the internet.
       And again, the internet is not something that you just dump
      something on. It's not a big truck. It's a series of tubes. And if
      you don't understand those tubes can be filled and if they are
    filled, when you put your message in, it gets in line and its going
        to be delayed by anyone that puts into that tube enormous
           amounts of material, enormous amounts of material.
The grey boxes
                   („outdoor“)
 Kabelverzweiger    DSLAM*




                            * Digital Subscriber
                            Line Access Multiplexer
The good old days

 Kabelverzweiger
The beginning: ADSL/ADSL2
The evolution: ADSL2+
The present: VDSL 2
What is in it for me?
This!
ADSL/VDSL Standards
Standard                  Title    Max Downstream   Max Upstream

ANSI T1.413 Issue 2       ADSL     6 Mbit/s         0.6 Mbit/s


ITU-T G.992.1 Annex B     G.dmt    6 Mbit/s         0.6 Mbit/s


ITU-T G.992.3/4           ADSL2    12 Mbit/s        1.0 Mbit/s


ITU-T G.992.3/4 Annex J   ADSL2    12 Mbit/s        3.5 Mbit/s


ITU-T G.992.5             ADSL2+   24 Mbit/s        1.2 Mbit/s

ITU-T G.992.5 Annex L     ADSL2+   25 Mbit/s        3.5 Mbit/s


ITU-T G.993.1             VDSL 1   52 Mbit/s        11 Mbit/s


ITU-T G.993.2             VDSL 2   200 Mbit/s       200 Mbit/s
Where does it go?




  me      hole in the wall   internet
ADSL / ADSL 2+




 DSL Access    Ortsvermittlungsstelle
                                          Kabelverzweiger (KVz)         Customer
Concentrator    (DSLAM + Splitter)
  (DSL-AC)



                                                          copper wire
                                copper wire
ADSL / ADSL 2+




               ATM                                                      PPPOE




 DSL Access    Ortsvermittlungsstelle
                                          Kabelverzweiger (KVz)          Customer
Concentrator    (DSLAM + Splitter)
  (DSL-AC)



                                                          copper wire
                                copper wire
VDSL/VDSL2




 DSL Access                                    Kabelverzweiger
               Ortsvermittlungsstelle                                      Customer
Concentrator
                                               DSLAM Splitter
  (DSL-AC)


                                                             copper wire
                            fiber optic cable
                            (usually 155 mbit/s SDH-1)
IP over                                                        PPPoE
                                                                                   (over a VLAN



                     VDSL
                                                                                       tagged
                                                                                     interface)




                               (quot;raw IP„,
          DSL Access                            Kabelverzweiger
                                Ortsvermittlungsstelle                               Customer
         Concentrator
                                               DSLAM         KVz
           (DSL-AC)
                        „Ethernet over Copper“)

                                                                     copper wire
                                               fiber optic cable
                                               (usually 155 mbit/s
                                               SDH-1)


Source: CT 22/08
DSL Modem
                                     What does it do?
                                     •Modulate
                                     •Demodulate




                            phone
bits   modulator   audio                audio     demodulator   bits
                           network
DSL splitter

       Breitbandanschlusseinheit
        (BBAE)
       Simple frequency division filter
        („Frequenzweiche“)
Kabelverzweiger
                              passive …
                              … or active
                               (amplification)
                              Approximately
                               300.000 in Germany

         active    passive

                                    KvZ




Image: wikipedia
Kabelverzweiger




     active (OPAL)




Images: wikipedia
Kabelverzweiger




Image: wikipedia
DSLAM

 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
 Indoor / Outdoor
 Distribute Bandwidth to the seperate
  customers
 Assign customers DSL Modem an IP via
  DHCP
 Possible TCP/UDP filtering
Indoor DSLAM
Outdoor DSLAM
Outdoor DSLAM + Kabelverzweiger




1 - Multifunktionsgehäuse (MFG)       2 - Kabelverzweiger (KVz) 3 – Power Supply
4 - ONU (Optical Network Unit): Transforms optical signals to electical signals
5 – Group of 4 DSLAMs and a Switch              6 - Splitter-Unit     Source: http://www.dsl-fuer-cuxhaven.de
In the mix…




              Source: http://www.dsl-fuer-cuxhaven.de/
Digital Subscriber Line
Access Concentrator (DSLAC)
You don‘t like copper? Buzzwordtime!

PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS
(PON)
Fiber
Advantage over copper?

 Greatly increased bandwidth and capacity
 Lower signal loss
 Immunity to electrical noise
 cheaper
Active  Passive

 Active optical networks :
   electrically powered equipment to distribute the
    signal (switch, router)
   Incoming signals  Buffered in equipment
 Passive optical networks:
   beam splitters.
   1 fiber  up to 64 fibers
   No switching/buffering
     wavelength-division multiplexing
     time-division multiplexing.
What can be done I

 Fiber To The node
   aka Fiber to the neighborhood
   aka Fiber to the cabinet


 Fiber to the Curb




 Fiber To The building
   aka Fiber to the basement
What can be done II

 Fibre To The Home
PON summary
              •Fiber to the node / neighborhood (FTTN) /
              cabinet (FTTCab)


              •Fiber to the curb (FTTC)



              •Fiber to the building (FTTB)



              •Fiber to the home (FTTH)




                  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTH
The gory details
Coding

 Digital  Digital (101010  11001100)
 Source Coding: Data Compression
 Channel Coding: Error Correction/Dectection
Channel Coding: FEC

 001 = 0
 010 = 0
 110 = 1
 000 = 0
 011 = 1



              Error correction by quot;democratic votingquot;
Channel Coding: Interleaving


 Transmitter   noisy channel      Receiver




   Sender


                               „Interleaving“
   Channel


   Receiver
Sampling: Analog  Digital



                101101
Modulation

                     0
             1
                 0
Modulation

 Amplitude
 Frequency ( = speed of light / wavelength)
 Phase
Analog Modulation: AM/FM/PM




Picture: http://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/kom/0211195.htm
Carrier signal




Picture: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Elec_p024.shtml
Digital Modulation: Basics
        envelope-and-phase form




         quadrature-carrier form




          I                        Q
Digital Modulation: QAM




                     4-QAM
Digital Modulation: QAM




                     16-QAM
Problem: attenuation




Problems:
•Frequency
•Time/Space
Ok… but seriously…

HOW DOES DSL USE ALL OF
THIS?
xDSL: DMT*




*Discrete Multitone Transmission   Source: „Mit Volldampf über die letzte Meile“
Adaptive Bitrate
                                 Channel-Capacity




   Bits/Channel




                  Bits/Channel
How did they get faster?




             ?
Hint:
frequency range
VDSL 2 and frequency

                                         Tone-Distance             Max. Transferspeed
Profile   Bandwidth (MHz)   Tones
                                         (kHz)                     (Mbit/s, symetrical )




8a        8,832             2047         4,3125                    50

8b        8,832             2047         4,3125                    50

8c        8,5               1971         4,3125                    50

8d        8,832             2047         4,3125                    50

12a       12                2782         4,3125                    68

12b       12                2782         4,3125                    68

17a       17,6604           4095         4,3125                    100

30a       30                3478         8,625                     200

                                    Source:
                                    http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_High_Speed_Digital_Subscriber_Line
frequency ranges
Other things that changed:

 In ADSL2: less power consumption when idle
 In ADSL2: Seamless rate adaption
 In ADSL2: Reach-Extended-ADSL2                (ITU G.992.3 Annex L)

 IN VDSL2: Ethernet over the first mile ( replaces ATM + start of VLAN
   usage)

 IN VDSL2: Frequency Division Duplex replaced by
   „Zipper“
Questions?
Sources

 http://condor.depaul.edu/~jkristof/xdsl-faq.txt
 Mit Volldampf über die letzte Meile
  http://www.s-t-e.de/content/Articles/Articles_12.php
 VDSL2 The Ideal Access Technology for Delivering Video
  Services Revision 2
  (http://www.aware.com/dsl/whitepapers/wp_vdsl2.pdf)
 Ericson: VDSL2 The next important Broadband
  technology
  (http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications
  /review/2006_01/files/vdsl2.pdf)

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xDSL, DSLAM & CO

  • 1. Marc Seeger, Computerscience and Media, HdM Stuttgart Next Generation Internet WS 08/09 XDSL, DSLAM UND CO…
  • 2. What I will talk about  The high level things  The low level things
  • 4. The internet: A series of tubes Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska They want to deliver vast amounts of information over the internet. And again, the internet is not something that you just dump something on. It's not a big truck. It's a series of tubes. And if you don't understand those tubes can be filled and if they are filled, when you put your message in, it gets in line and its going to be delayed by anyone that puts into that tube enormous amounts of material, enormous amounts of material.
  • 5. The grey boxes („outdoor“) Kabelverzweiger DSLAM* * Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
  • 6. The good old days Kabelverzweiger
  • 10. What is in it for me?
  • 11. This! ADSL/VDSL Standards Standard Title Max Downstream Max Upstream ANSI T1.413 Issue 2 ADSL 6 Mbit/s 0.6 Mbit/s ITU-T G.992.1 Annex B G.dmt 6 Mbit/s 0.6 Mbit/s ITU-T G.992.3/4 ADSL2 12 Mbit/s 1.0 Mbit/s ITU-T G.992.3/4 Annex J ADSL2 12 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s ITU-T G.992.5 ADSL2+ 24 Mbit/s 1.2 Mbit/s ITU-T G.992.5 Annex L ADSL2+ 25 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s ITU-T G.993.1 VDSL 1 52 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s ITU-T G.993.2 VDSL 2 200 Mbit/s 200 Mbit/s
  • 12. Where does it go? me hole in the wall internet
  • 13. ADSL / ADSL 2+ DSL Access Ortsvermittlungsstelle Kabelverzweiger (KVz) Customer Concentrator (DSLAM + Splitter) (DSL-AC) copper wire copper wire
  • 14. ADSL / ADSL 2+ ATM PPPOE DSL Access Ortsvermittlungsstelle Kabelverzweiger (KVz) Customer Concentrator (DSLAM + Splitter) (DSL-AC) copper wire copper wire
  • 15. VDSL/VDSL2 DSL Access Kabelverzweiger Ortsvermittlungsstelle Customer Concentrator DSLAM Splitter (DSL-AC) copper wire fiber optic cable (usually 155 mbit/s SDH-1)
  • 16. IP over PPPoE (over a VLAN VDSL tagged interface) (quot;raw IP„, DSL Access Kabelverzweiger Ortsvermittlungsstelle Customer Concentrator DSLAM KVz (DSL-AC) „Ethernet over Copper“) copper wire fiber optic cable (usually 155 mbit/s SDH-1) Source: CT 22/08
  • 17. DSL Modem What does it do? •Modulate •Demodulate phone bits modulator audio audio demodulator bits network
  • 18. DSL splitter  Breitbandanschlusseinheit (BBAE)  Simple frequency division filter („Frequenzweiche“)
  • 19. Kabelverzweiger  passive …  … or active (amplification)  Approximately 300.000 in Germany active passive KvZ Image: wikipedia
  • 20. Kabelverzweiger active (OPAL) Images: wikipedia
  • 22. DSLAM  Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer  Indoor / Outdoor  Distribute Bandwidth to the seperate customers  Assign customers DSL Modem an IP via DHCP  Possible TCP/UDP filtering
  • 25. Outdoor DSLAM + Kabelverzweiger 1 - Multifunktionsgehäuse (MFG) 2 - Kabelverzweiger (KVz) 3 – Power Supply 4 - ONU (Optical Network Unit): Transforms optical signals to electical signals 5 – Group of 4 DSLAMs and a Switch 6 - Splitter-Unit Source: http://www.dsl-fuer-cuxhaven.de
  • 26. In the mix… Source: http://www.dsl-fuer-cuxhaven.de/
  • 27. Digital Subscriber Line Access Concentrator (DSLAC)
  • 28. You don‘t like copper? Buzzwordtime! PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS (PON)
  • 29. Fiber
  • 30. Advantage over copper?  Greatly increased bandwidth and capacity  Lower signal loss  Immunity to electrical noise  cheaper
  • 31. Active  Passive  Active optical networks :  electrically powered equipment to distribute the signal (switch, router)  Incoming signals  Buffered in equipment  Passive optical networks:  beam splitters.  1 fiber  up to 64 fibers  No switching/buffering  wavelength-division multiplexing  time-division multiplexing.
  • 32. What can be done I  Fiber To The node  aka Fiber to the neighborhood  aka Fiber to the cabinet  Fiber to the Curb  Fiber To The building  aka Fiber to the basement
  • 33. What can be done II  Fibre To The Home
  • 34. PON summary •Fiber to the node / neighborhood (FTTN) / cabinet (FTTCab) •Fiber to the curb (FTTC) •Fiber to the building (FTTB) •Fiber to the home (FTTH) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTH
  • 36. Coding  Digital  Digital (101010  11001100)  Source Coding: Data Compression  Channel Coding: Error Correction/Dectection
  • 37. Channel Coding: FEC  001 = 0  010 = 0  110 = 1  000 = 0  011 = 1 Error correction by quot;democratic votingquot;
  • 38. Channel Coding: Interleaving Transmitter noisy channel Receiver Sender „Interleaving“ Channel Receiver
  • 39. Sampling: Analog  Digital 101101
  • 40. Modulation 0 1 0
  • 41. Modulation  Amplitude  Frequency ( = speed of light / wavelength)  Phase
  • 42. Analog Modulation: AM/FM/PM Picture: http://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/kom/0211195.htm
  • 44. Digital Modulation: Basics envelope-and-phase form quadrature-carrier form I Q
  • 48. Ok… but seriously… HOW DOES DSL USE ALL OF THIS?
  • 49. xDSL: DMT* *Discrete Multitone Transmission Source: „Mit Volldampf über die letzte Meile“
  • 50. Adaptive Bitrate Channel-Capacity Bits/Channel Bits/Channel
  • 51. How did they get faster? ?
  • 52. Hint:
  • 54. VDSL 2 and frequency Tone-Distance Max. Transferspeed Profile Bandwidth (MHz) Tones (kHz) (Mbit/s, symetrical ) 8a 8,832 2047 4,3125 50 8b 8,832 2047 4,3125 50 8c 8,5 1971 4,3125 50 8d 8,832 2047 4,3125 50 12a 12 2782 4,3125 68 12b 12 2782 4,3125 68 17a 17,6604 4095 4,3125 100 30a 30 3478 8,625 200 Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_High_Speed_Digital_Subscriber_Line
  • 56. Other things that changed:  In ADSL2: less power consumption when idle  In ADSL2: Seamless rate adaption  In ADSL2: Reach-Extended-ADSL2 (ITU G.992.3 Annex L)  IN VDSL2: Ethernet over the first mile ( replaces ATM + start of VLAN usage)  IN VDSL2: Frequency Division Duplex replaced by „Zipper“
  • 58. Sources  http://condor.depaul.edu/~jkristof/xdsl-faq.txt  Mit Volldampf über die letzte Meile http://www.s-t-e.de/content/Articles/Articles_12.php  VDSL2 The Ideal Access Technology for Delivering Video Services Revision 2 (http://www.aware.com/dsl/whitepapers/wp_vdsl2.pdf)  Ericson: VDSL2 The next important Broadband technology (http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications /review/2006_01/files/vdsl2.pdf)