1. King of nuts- ALMOND
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. D.K. DORA
PROF.HEAD DEPT. OF
FSC.HORT.TECH
SUBMITTED BY:
Manas kumar patel

2. SCIENTIFIC NAME : Prunus communis
Prunus dulcis
FAMILY: Rosaceae
CHROMOSOME NUMBER: 2n= 28
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION:
Originated from south west and central Asia
 Major Growing Countries: California, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, India
 California is the leading producer of almond in world with 489,879,76
ton
 India’s production : 1,179,34 ton
 major states in India :
•Jammu and Kashmir (Almond is the state tree of Jammu and Kashmir)
• sub tropical varieties of almond is grown in North Indian conditions.

4. ALMOND
•Almonds are highly
valued for its distinctive
taste and its pleasant
flavour and extensively
used in baking
products, candies, ice-
creams , confectionary
products.
•Principal flavinoids
present in almond are
catechin, and
epicatechin

5. HEALTH BENEFITS:
Lower LDL-Cholesterol and Reduce Your Risk of
Heart DiseaseProvide Double-Barreled
Protection against Diabetes and Cardiovascular
Disease
Nutritional Profile
Almonds are a very good source of vitamin E, manganese, biotin, and copper.
Almonds are a good source of magnesium, molydenum, riboflavin (vitamin B2),
and phosphorus. Fortunately, although one-quarter cup of almonds contains
about 11 grams of fat, a sizable portion of it (7 grams) is heart-healthy
monounsaturated fat.
Almonds and Oxalates
Almonds are among a small number of foods that contain
measurable amounts of oxalates, naturally-occurring substances
found in plants, animals, and human beings. When oxalates
become too concentrated in body fluids, they can crystallize and
cause health problems. For this reason, individuals with already
existing and untreated kidney or gallbladder problems may want
to avoid eating almonds

6. B
O
T
A
N
Y
•Botanically Almond is a Drupe
•Edible part is nut
•Inflorescence come laterally on
current season growth which
bear fruit in following season.

7. Sometimes flower bud comes both terminally and laterally
which is advantageous. Shoot bearing promotes
PRECOCIOUS bearing while spur bearing increase bearing
surface.

8. CONTD……
•Almond produces peryginous self-
incompatible flowers.
•It is cross pollinated mainly by Honey bee
•Flower differentiation takes place during
summer and floral development
continues into autum to winter.
•Flowering is determined by the chilling
and subsequent heat requirement.
•Bloosm opening in almond is a typical
sigmoid response curve.

9. INFLORESCENCE OF TEMPERATE
ALMOND
INFLORESCENCE OF SUB-TROPICAL
ALMOND

10. CONTD……
•Fruit Growth occur in three stages
•STAGE 1: Pericarp, seed, nucellus
develops
•STAGE 2: Endosperm and embryo enlrage
•STAGE 3: Dry weight of embryo increases
•Physiological process which accompanies
fruit ripening includes :
•dehiscence of hull or mesocarp
• Hull split
• Fruit abscission
• Dehydration

12. SL
NO.
NAME OF CULTIVAR DESCRIPTION
1 Cailfornia Papershell It ripens in the last week of June. The thin-shelled nuts
are bold, weighing about 2.1 g each and the average
yield being 3.8 kg/t
2 Hybrid 15 The thin-shelled variety with bold nuts ripens in the first
week of July. On an average, a nut weight 1.7 g, the
average yield being 3.7 kg/tree.
3 Pethick’s Wonder Thin shelled nuts of this variety are bigger than all other
varieties. On an average, a nut weights 2.5g, the
average yield being 3.7 kg/tree.
4 J K 55 Earliest ripening variety, its nuts are harvested in the
first week of June. The nuts are semi-hard, small –sized,
the average yield being 3.5kg dry nuts/tree.
SUBTROPICALALMOND

13. Fruit and nut trees that originate in cold-winter climates fall dormant in winter,
enabling them to tolerate freezing temperatures in their native habitats . During
plant dormancy, visible growth is suspended and all physiological processes are
halted or slowed. They must be reactivated in spring for trees to produce leaves
and flowers, and ultimately bear fruit . In order to avoid frost damage, it is crucial
for trees to only resume growth when the cold season is over. For determining
this moment, trees have evolved mechanisms to sense temperature, and they
appear to be able to integrate over phases of cold and phases of warm
temperatures . In other words, they can sense ‘how long it has been how cold’
(chilling) and ‘how long it has been how warm’ (heat). Trees must fulfill their
chilling and heat requirements in order to break dormancy .
CLIMATIC AND SOIL REQUIREMENT:
deep, well-drained, loamy soils are ideal. Soils with had pan, water logging
and high water table, should be avoided.

14. PROPAGATION:
TIME: Late spring, root stock grown in
autum
METHOD: T-Budding

15. RAISING OF ROOT STOCK:
•Peach, Plum or almond x Peach hybrids are
taken as rootstocks
•Fruits are collected at hull spilt stage
•Seed extraction is done
•Seed soaking
•Stratification
•Sowing
• fungicide treatment

16. Cultivation
Planting
•Almond plants are planted in 1m x 1mx 1m sized pits at a distance of
4.5 m x 4.5m in January in square system.
•Most of the almond varieties are self-unfruitful. Therefore to plant
two or more cross-compatible varieties which flower at the same time
in alternate rows are essential.
Training and pruning
•Almond plants are trained according to modified leader system.
•It bears mostly on spurs which live for five years. Thus in young trees,
only diseased, dry wood and the branches which are interfering with
each other should be removed.
•Water sprouts arising on the stem should also be removed as early as
possible.
•In old bearing trees, pruning is done to remove one-fifth of the
growth every year.

17. FERTILIZATION ANDIRRIGATION:
•As mesophytic origin crop it required less water.
• Irrigation should be done thoroughly but not so frquently as it is suseptible to
water logging conditon
•Irrigation should be with holded prior to harvest as the result ing water stress
promotes abscission layer
• It mainly required Nitrogen application.
• Almond removes 45kg of actual N from soil
•Leaf analysis should be done during summer to identify deficiencies
• Under high yield cropping systems pottasium and zinc may be applied as
potassium easilyfixed by clay become unavailable for root uptake
•Zinc or foliar spray of zinc sulphite in autumn helps to remove remaining
leaves on tree as they go into winter dormancy

18. Harvesting:
HARVESTING TIME: Early August to Late
September
HARVESTING INDICES:
•Hull split of 95% of nuts
• Ripened nuts should be prevented from bird
damage
HARVESTING METHOD:
Almond tress are knocked and falling nuts are
collected in net

19. HULLING AND DRYING:
Hulling is the method of
removal of hull which can
be done manually or
mechanically
 To prevant mould
growth during storage
drying is done under sun
bye spreading almonds in
thin layer till they make
brittle sound.
HULLING
DRYING

20. STORAGE:
Before going for storage nuts should be treated at -
17.8 *c for 48 hours to destroy the eggs and pest of
previously applied naval orange pest
 Almond can be stored for * months under room
temperature
 It can also be stored for more years if kept at 0 to 7
*C

21. S
l
n
o
NAME OF THE
DISEASES and
CAUSAL
ORGANISM
SYMPTOMS VECTOR MANAGEMENT
1 Almond
Brownline And
Decline
Pathogens: Pe
ach yellow
leafroll
phytoplasma
• trees stunted and have
leaves that droop and appear
wilted.
•Current-season shoot
growth absent.
•If bark is removed from the
graft union, brown necrotic
areas can be seen
pear psylla (Psylla
pyricola)
• Remove and
replace stunted
trees with replants
•use budwood
sources tested free
of the pathogen.
2 Crown Gall
Pathogen: Agr
obacterium
tumefaciens
•Rough, abnormal galls on
roots or trunk.
•Galls are soft and spongy.
•The centers of older galls
decay.
•Young trees become
stunted; older trees often
develop secondary wood
rots.
•careful handling to
avoid injury as
much as possible
•biological control
agent Agrobacteriu
m radiobacter-84.

22. Crown gall on the crown and roots of a young
tree.

23. SL
NO
NAME SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
1 Brown Mite
Scientific
name: Bryobia
rubrioculus
•Feeding by these mites can cause
chlorosis, but leaves rarely drop
• Less number of these pest are
used in spring as mite predator
•monitor for brown mite
as part of the dormant
spur sample and treat
with dormant oil if
required.
•The western predatory
mite and brown
lacewing are both
effective predators, but
alone may not control
brown mite populations.
2 Navel Orangeworm
Scientific
name: Amyelois
transitella
•First-instar larvae bore into the
nutmeat, and later instars can
consume most of the nut,
producing large amounts of
webbing and frass.
•Navel orangeworm larval damage
can also lead to fungal infections
•early harvest—provide
the most effective control
of navel orangeworm
•Parasitic wasps
Copidosoma is used.

24. Brown mite eggs and adults Older navel orangeworm larvae consume
most of the nut.

25. FUTURE THRUST
•As almond has high demand and it
can grow well in both temerate and
subtropical condition we should
consider to cover more area under it
• More sub tropical varieties should be
improved
• Availabilty of planting material
should be taken care of.

26. THANK YOU……..