this deals with the study of cultivation practices along with processing technology of garden peas.i added more information regarding garden peas and other cultivation tactics which are dealed under PG and also useful for UG students aswell.

4. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF PEA
SCIENTIFIC NAME : Pisum sativum
FAMILY : Fabaceae
ORIGIN : Asia
CHROMOSOME NO : 2n=2x=14

5. INTRODUCTION
• In India the area under garden pea is
0.37million hectares.
• The production is about 3.52 million tons.
• Uttar Pradesh ranks first in area and
production followed by Bihar and Madhya
Pradesh.
• Progenitor of pea is Pisum elatius.

6. USES
• Peas are used alone as vegetable or mixed with several
vegetables and also in preparation of soups.
• It is number one processed vegetable that can be
frozen, canned and also be dehydrated.
• Oil from ripened seed can be used as antisex hormone.
• Seeds have contraceptive, fungisatic and spermicidal
properties.
• Leaves are used as pot herb in Myanmar.
• Peas contain all essential amino acids except
methionine.

7. Why mendal choose pea plant for his genetic
studies?
The reason for the selection of pea plants for
the genetic experiments are:
• Easy to grow in the garden.
• The flowers of pea plants are hermaphrodite, i.e.
flowers have bisexual characteristics.
• Easy to obtain pure breed plant through self-
fertilization.
• The generation time of pea plants is less.
• They have excellent disease resistance and have
an optimal rate of survival.

8. MORPHOLOGY
• Pea is an annual herbaceous legume in the family Fabaceae
grown for its edible seeds and seedpods.
• The pea plant can be bushy or climbing, with slender stems
which attach to a substrate using tendrils.
• Each leaf has 1–3 pairs of oval leaflets and can reach 1–6 cm
in length.
• The plant produces white, red or purple flowers and swollen or
compressed green seedpods which can be straight or curved.
• The pods can range in size from 4 to 15 cm long and 1.5–2.5
cm wide.
• Each pod contains between 2 and 10 seeds, or peas.
• The pea plant is an annual plant, surviving only one growing
season and can reach 30–150 cm in height.

13. Classification of pea
Garden pea :
• Pisum sativum var Hortense
• Green wrinkled seed.
• Used for table and canning purpose.
Field pea:
• pisum sativum var arvense
• Round white seed.
• Plants are hardy.
• Resistant to drought and frost.

15. Sweet pea:
• Bears very fragrant flowers.
• Used for ornamental purpose.

16. Snap pea:
• Pisum sativum var macrocarpon
• Have thin pod walls.
• Very crisp sweet and tender.
Snow pea:
• Pisum sativum var saccharatum
• Have thick pod walls.

18. CLIMATE
• Garden pea is a cool season crop.
• Cool climate of about four months is ideal for
pea growing.
• In areas where there is slow transition from cool
to warm weather are ideal for pea growing.
• Seed germination can occur over a wide range of
soil temperatures Optimum soil temperatures for
seed germination are 20-24°C.
• Optimum temperature for growth and
development of sweet pea is 23-25°C.

19. Cont…,
• It is tolerant to frost at early stage of growth.
• At later stage, the flowers and pods are
affected, whereas leaves and stems are not
damaged by frost.

20. SOIL
• Peas can be grown in all types of soil.
• Early crop can be obtained in light and upland
soils and higher yield in loose, friable and
medium heavy soils.
• Well drained soil is essential as crop can not
tolerate water stagnation.
• It does not thrive well in highly acidic or alkaline
soil.
• The favorable range of soil pH is from 6-7.5.

21. SOIL PREPARATION
• Good soil preparation and leveling are
essential for good germination and high yield.
• Good soil preparation helps in rapid and free
spread of roots to mining the nutrients from
the soil.
• Field is prepared by 2-3 ploughing followed by
planking.

22. SEED RATE
• Seed requirement of dwarf varieties is 125-150
kg/ha.
• Seed requirement of medium tall variety is 80-
100 kg/ha.
• For early sown crop, seed rate is kept higher due
to poor germination at higher temperature.
• Seed rate also depends on the seed shape,
Wrinkled seeded varieties needs higher seed rate
than smooth and small seeded varieties.

23. SEED INOCULATION
• Inoculation of pea seeds with nodule bacteria culture
(Rhizobium) is recommended, particularly when it is sown
for the first time or grown in a poor soil .
• The culture material is emulsified in 10% jaggary (gur) or in
sugar solution sufficient to moist the seed.
• Thus, prepared slurry is mixed thoroughly with seed and
dried in shade before sowing.
• The seeds may be treated with fungicides like; thiram or
captan (2.5-3g/kg seed) or bavistin (2g/kg seed) to save up
against wilt.
• If both seed treatments packages are to be given, first the
seeds are treated with fungicide followed by inoculation
with Rhizobium culture.

24. TIME OF SOWING
• Peas are sown in Rabi season from beginning
of October to the end of November in plains
and from middle of March to the May end in
the hills of U.P., H.P. and J&K.
• In Darjeeling. this crop is sown from June to
August.
• .In Peninsular India, pea is also sown in June-
July.

25. METHODS OF SEED SOWING
• Seeds are sown in well prepared field in lines.
• Seeds are either drilled by tractor driven seed
drill or hand dibbled behind country plough
through pora (tube) attached to plough.
• Dwarf varieties requires a spacing of 25-30cm ×
4-5cm.
• Medium tall and tall varieties requires a spacing
of 30-40cm × 5-8cm.
• The seed is sown at 3-5cm depth, depending on
soil types and soil moisture contents.

28. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS REQUIREMENTS
• For an average fertile soil, 40-50 kg N, 50-60 kg P Os
and 40-50 kg K₂O/ha are recommended.
• Full dose of P₂O5, K2O and half dose of N are
applied as basal and rest N is applied 30-40 days
after sowing as top dressing.
• Foliar application of 0.1% ammonium molybdate
has been reported to increase the number of root
nodules, yield, TSS and number of seeds/pod.
• FYM@10 tones/ha, if incorporated at the time of
land prepation, gives good yields.

29. IRRIGATION
• For proper seed germination, a pre-sowing irrigation is
recommended.
• Water requirement of crop depends largely on agro-
climatic conditions of the locality.
• It can be grown under rainfed conditions too.
• In general, one irrigation is applied at flowering stage
in heavy soils.
• Critical stage of irrigation is before flowering or during
flowering and pod formation stage.
• Water requirement ranges from 75 to 150mm,
depending on soil type.

30. INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS
• One or two hand weeding and hoeing should be
done to ensure weed-free crop and provide good
aeration for proper development of roots.
• Hoeing also helps in conserving soils moisture.
• Manual weeding is not advantageous for
commercial crop production.
• Pre-plant incorporation of fluchloralin @1 kg/ha
or pre-emergence application of any of the
herbicides i.e., pendimethalin or alachlor or
methabenzthiozuran each @1 kg per ha may take
care of weeds.

31. HARVESTING
• The high quality of pea is associated with pod
tenderness and high sugar content.
• picking should be done as soon as green ovules
are fully developed, but pods still not over
mature Number of picking depends on varieties.
• In early varieties, 2-3 pickings and in mid season
varieties 3-4 pickings are done at about 10-15
days interval.
• Generally in India, hand picking is done without
causing injury to plant.
• Peas can also be harvested through pea viner.

34. YIELD
• Early varieties usually give about 40-50 q/ha
green pods.
• The mid-season and late varieties give higher
yields ranging from 70-80 q/ha green pods.

35. STORAGE
• Green pods may be kept at 0°C and 90-95%
RH for 7-10 days and with 5-7% CO₂ and
5-10% 02, for 20 days.
• Peas can also be stored in crushed ice for
about 2-3 weeks.
• The pods get freeze at -10°C. At about 2°C,
they can be stored for 4-5 days.
• For maintaining good quality, pods should be
stored in perforated polythene bags.

37. FREEZING
selection of varieties suitable for Freezing:
• Must be tender & sweet at opt maturity.
• must turn to brilliant green colour on blanching.
• must be suitable for machine harvesting (pea
viner).
• should not have tendency to split.
• should not develop off flavours for processing.

40. • Apart from freezing peas can also be canned
and can be also be dried.

44. Early Smooth-Seeded Type:
Asauji:
• Suitable for early sowing, dwarf, green and smooth-
seeded cultivar and flowers in 30-35 days.
• The pods are produced singly, about 8 cm long, curved,
dark green, narrow and appear round, fully developed
pods are 7-seeded.
Lucknow Boniya Dwarf:
• white-seeded cultivar, flowers in 40 days.
• The pods are borne singly, small, narrow, green, and 4-
5 seeded when fully developed.

45. Alaska:
• Early growing cultivar, flowers in 38 days.
• Pods are borne singly, light green in colour and contain
5-6 small green seeds when fully developed.
• Suitable for canning purpose.
Early Superb :
• Dwarf cultivar with yellowish green foliage and flowers
in about 45 days.
• The pods are borne singly, dark green and curved with
6-7 seeds when fully developed.
• Early Wrinkled-Seeded.

46. • Arkel:
• Vigorous growing variety, pods are attractive,
deep green, about 8 cm long, well filled with
7-8 seeds when fully developed.
• It is suitable as fresh vegetable and for
dehydration.
• Pods are harvested in 50-55 days.

47. Wrinkled-SeededMainSeason andLateTypes :
Bonneville:
• A double podded cultivar, plants medium-tall in
height and flowers in 55-60 days.
• Pods are light green, straight, about 9 cm long
and 6-7 seeded when fully developed.
T-19:
• A double podded cultivar. Plants are medium-tall
in height and flowers in 55-60 days.
• Pods are yellowish green, slightly curved, 8.5 cm
long and 6-7 seeded when fully developed.

48. Khapar Kheda:
• A popular double- podded cultivar in Madhya Pradesh.
• Plants are tall growing and flowers in 65-70 days.
• Pods are 5-6 cm long and 4-5 seeded when fully
developed.
NP 29:
• Developed at IARI, New Delhi.
• Pods are green, straight, about 7 cm long and 6-7
seeded when fully developed.
• Suitable for dehydration purpose.

49. Exotic varieties :
• China Table Purpose Snow Peas USA Table
Purpose Bounty, Knight, Mr. Big, Progress 9,
Utrillo.
Processing Purpose:
• Alaska, Perfection, Horsford, Market Garden,
Advaneer, Admiral.

50. IIHR VARIETIES
• Tolerant to high temperature: Arka chitra ,
Arka uttam , Arka tapas.
• Tolerant to powdery mildew and rust : Arka
ajit, Arka apoorva, Arka priya, Arka karthik,
Arka sampoorna.
• Tolerant to heat and frost : Arka garima
• Arka priya is identified for national release.

51. IIVR VARIETIES
Kashi nandini:
• Tolerant to leaf miner and pod borer.
Kashi sudha:
• Tolerant to pseudocercospora and golden
mosaic virus.

55. Diseases of garden pea
Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Pisi
Symptoms:
• The first symptom of the disease in the field is drooping of
the plants followed by sudden death.
• The leaves may also turn yellow and drop off prematurely.
• Pod formation is severely affected. In collar regions of the
wilted plants, necrosis and discolouration can be seen.
• The diseased plants can be pulled out from the easier than
the healthy ones.
• When the diseased stem is cut, there is a dark brown,
discoloured band around the vascular system.

56. Management:
• Treating the seeds with Carbendazim (2 g/kg
of seed) protects the seedlings during the
initial stages of growth.
• Soil drenching with Copper oxychloride 0.25%.

58. Powdery mildew : Erysiphe polygoni
Symptoms:
• The disease appears as on the foliage and pods.
• Infection is first apparent on the leaves as small
slightly darkened areas, which later become
white powdery spots.
• These spots enlarge and cover the entire leaf
area.
• Severely infected leaves may become chlorotic
and distorted before falling.
• Affected pods are small in size and malformed.

59. Management:
• Spray inorganic sulphur 0.25% or Tridemorph
0.1%.

61. Pea Rust :Uromyces fabae
Symptoms:
• This often becomes serious in humid regions.
• The plants dry up quickly and the yield is considerably
reduced.
• The initial symptoms of the rust infection are flecking
of the leaves.
• These flecks soon develop into reddish brown
pustules, frequently merging into one another, finally
bursting to expose a mass of brown spores.
• The entire leaf blade and other affected parts give a
brownish appearance even from a distance.

62. Management:
• Fungicidal application using Tridemorph 0.1 %
or Mancozeb 0.25% effectively control the
disease.

64. Downy mildew: Peronospora vicia
Symptoms:
• Yellow-brown blotches on upper surface of
leaves.
• Angular patches of fluffy white gray fungus on
lower side of leaves.
• plant growth may be stunted or distorted and
whole plant may die before flowering.

65. Management:
• Rotate crops for at least 5 years.
• Avoid sowing pea in late Autumn at greater
soil depths as this can promote severe
infections.

67. Enation mosaic: Pea enation mosaic virus
Symptoms:
• Blister-like outgrowths (enations) on
underside of leaves and on pods.
• Leaves with translucent areas.
• Severely deformed plants.

68. Management:
• Removal and destruction of infected plant
parts.
• In areas where virus is a problem, early
planting may allow plants to mature before
virus becomes severely damaging.
• Control of aphid populations and hosts plants
which act as reservoirs can help control
spread of virus.

70. PESTS OF GARDEN PEA
Aphids: Aphis gosypii
Symptoms:
• Necrotic spots are seen on leaves.
• Shoots become stunted.

71. Management:
• If aphid population is limited to just a few
leaves or shoots then the infestation can be
pruned out to provide control.
• Use tolerant varieties if available.
• insecticides are generally only required to
treat aphids if the infestation is very high.

73. Leaf miners: Lyriomyza trifoli
Symptoms:
• Thin, white, winding trails on leaves.
• Heavy mining can result in white blotches on
leaves and leaves dropping from the plant
prematurely.
• Early infestation can cause yield to be
reduced.

74. Management:
• Check transplants for signs of leaf miner
damage prior to planting.
• remove plants from soil immediately after
harvest.
• only use insecticides when leaf miner damage
has been identified as unnecessary spraying
will also reduce populations of their natural
enemies.

76. Thrips: Thrips tabaci
Symptoms:
• If population is high leaves may be distorted.
• leaves are covered in coarse stippling and
may appear silvery.
• leaves speckled with black faeces.

77. Management:
• Avoid planting next to onions, garlic or cereals
where very large numbers of thrips can build
up.
• Use reflective mulches early in growing
season to deter thrips;
• Apply appropriate insecticide if thrips become
problematic.

79. Influences of integrated use of organic and
inorganic sources of nutrients on growth,
flowering and yield of garden pea (Pisum
sativum L.) cv. Bonneville
Yogesh Pawar&
his co-workers 12-09-2016

80. • INTRODUCTION:
• Garden pea (Pisum sativum L. var. hortense) is a
second important food legume of the world.
• The food legumes restorer of soil fertility has long
been recognized due to their unique ability of
symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
• This also makes them the most important and
useful component of a cropping system in the
present context of energy crisis.
• To eradicate the low yield of pea, success of
Indian agriculture depends heavily on use of
fertilizers.
•

81. Cont…
• To compensate the short supply and to mitigate
recent price hike in inorganic fertilizers, use of
indigenous sources helps to sustain crop yields
but also plays a key role in improving the
physical, chemical and biological properties and
also increases the efficiency of applied
fertilizers.
• To sustain soil health and benign environment
there is a need for standardization the
conjunctive use of organic and inorganic
sources of nutrition in order to increase the
productivity and alternately improving the soil
health.

82. • MATERIALS ANDMETHODS:
• The investigation was conducted at Department of Vegetable
Science, College of Horticulture, S. D. Agricultural University,
Sardarkrushinagar,Gujarat.
• The four different organic manures viz. farmyard manure,
vermicompost, castor cake and poultry manure as a source of
nitrogen with or without chemical fertilizers like phosphorus and
potassium and biofertilizer i.e. PSB were tested during the rabi
season of the year 2012 and 2013.
• The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with
eighteen treatments were employed and replicated thrice.
• To raise the crop recommended package of practices were
followed.
• The treatments were evaluated on the basis of growth, flowering
and yield performance from ten randomly selected tagged plants at
different stages.
• The mean data were subjected to statistical analysis following
analysis of variance technique.

83. • Treatment NO Treatments
• T1 Recommended dose of NPK (25:70:50 kg/ha)
• T2 Farm Yard Manure 15 t/hectare+ Recommended dose of NPK
• T3 Recommended dose of N as Vermicompost
• T4 Recommended dose of N as Farm Yard Manure
• T5 Recommended dose of N as Castor Cake
• T6 Recommended dose of N as Poultry Manure
• T7 Recommended dose of N as Vermicompost + PSB
• T8 Recommended dose of N as Farm Yard Manure + PSB
• T9 Recommended dose of N as Castor Cake + PSB
• T10 Recommended dose of N as Poultry Manure + PSB
• T11 Recommended dose of N as Vermicompost + P and K
• T12 Recommended dose of N as Farm Yard Manure + P and K
• T13 Recommended dose of N as Castor Cake + P and K
• T14 Recommended dose of N as Poultry Manure + P and K
• T15 Recommended dose of N as Vermicompost + P and K + PSB
• T16 Recommended dose of N as Farm Yard Manure + P and K + PSB
• T17 Recommended dose of N as Castor Cake + P and K + PSB
• T18 Recommended dose of N as Poultry Manure + P and K + PSB

84. • RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• Growth parameters:
• A perusal of data from Table, revealed that the minimum days for
germination (8.0, 8.3 and 8.1), maximum germination (83.7, 82.4
and 83.0 %) was recorded with T18 (Recommended dose of N as
Poultry Manure + P and K + PSB) during the year 2012, 2013 and in
pooled analysis, respectively.
• These results were in consistent with the findings of Rana et al.,
2009, Jaipaul et al., 2011, Sharma and Chauhan, 2011, and Kumari
et al., 2012.
• The significantly highest vine length at 30 days after sowing (24 cm)
was recorded with T18 (Recommended dose of N as Poultry
Manure + P and K + PSB) during the year 2012 and 25 cm and 25 cm
was recorded with T15 (Recommended dose of N as
Vermicompost + P and K + PSB) during the year 2013 and in pooled
analysis, respectively.

85. • The significantly highest vine length at 60DAS (86, 84
and 85 cm) and 90 DAS (117, 120 and 119 cm) was
recorded with T15 (Recommended dose of N as
Vermicompost + P and K + PSB) during the year 2012,
2013 and in pooled analysis, respectively.
• This results might be due to the slow release of
nutrients from organic manures and when
supplemented with inorganic and biofertilizers it
helped to microorganisms in the faster decomposition
of organic manures, thereby increasing the availability
of nutrients.
• Phosphorus enhances the activities of Rhizobia and
thus increasing N-fixation in the root nodules, thereby
improving plant growth and development.
• These findings are agreement with the findings of
Jaipaul et al. (2011), Sharma et al. (2011), Sharma and
Chauhan (2011), Dubey et al. (2012) and Kumari et al.
(2012) in garden pea.

86. Influence of integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth
parameters of garden pea
Treatment
s
Days taken for germination Germination percentage
2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled
T1 9.0 9.3 9.1 76.6 76.0 76.3
T2 8.0 8.6 8.8 79.1 77.0 78.0
T3 9.3 8.6 9.0 71.8 73.3 72.6
T4 9.6 9.6 9.6 72.8 71.1 71.9
T5 9.0 9.0 9.0 73.7 74.8 74.2
T6 9.3 9.0 9.1 73.3 74.3 73.8
T7 9.0 8.6 8.8 75.1 76.4 75.8
T8 8.6 8.6 8.6 75.5 74.6 75.0
T9 8.6 9.0 8.8 79.4 76.4 77.9
T10 9.3 8.6 9.0 76.4 75.9 76.2
T11 9.3 9.0 9.1 72.0 74.2 73.1
T12 9.3 9.0 9.1 78.7 76.0 77.3

87. Cont….
Treatments Days taken for germination Germination percentage
2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled
T14 8.3 9.0 8.6 74.0 76.6 75.3
T15 8.6 9.3 9.0 81.8 78.8 79.9
T16 8.6 8.6 8.6 75.7 76.4 76.1
T17 8.3 9.6 9.0 76.2 78.3 77.3
T18 8.0 8.3 8.1 83.7 82.4 83.0

88. treat
ments
Vine length at
30DAS(cm)
Vine length at
60DAS(cm)
Vine length at
90DAS(cm)
2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled
T1 18 17 17 74 72 73 105 101 103
T2 20 21 20 75 77 76 105 107 106
T3 16 15 15 71 68 69 101 103 102
T4 15 14 15 68 69 68 98 102 100
T5 16 15 15 69 69 69 99 104 102
T6 16 17 17 76 66 71 106 100 103
T7 18 18 18 71 70 71 106 105 105
T8 18 17 18 71 71 72 104 103 104
T9 17 17 17 73 73 73 103 108 106
T10 18 19 18 74 70 72 104 107 106
T11 20 15 17 75 78 76 105 105 105
T12 20 17 19 76 75 75 103 110 106
T13 20 20 20 75 74 75 105 107 106

89. treat
ments
Vine length at
30DAS(cm)
Vine length at
60DAS(cm)
Vine length at
90DAS(cm)
2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled
T14 20 19 19 76 75 75 103 111 107
T15 24 25 25 86 84 85 117 120 119
T16 24 23 23 82 77 80 115 115 115
T17 23 23 23 77 80 78 114 114 114
T18 24 23 23 85 79 82 117 118 118

90. • Flowering parameters:
• Significantly early flowering (58.6, 59.3 and 59.0 days)
was observed with T18 (Recommended dose of N as
poultry manure + P and K + PSB) during the year 2012,
2013 and in pooled analysis, respectively.
• The minimum days for first picking (93.3) was recorded
with T15, T16, T17 and T18 during the year 2012;
whereas, during 2013 minimum days for first picking
(94.67) was recorded with T4 , T15, T17 and T18 and in
pooled data 94.0 days were recorded with T15, T17
and T18.
• The application of potassium might have resulted in
increased carbohydrate accumulation and their
remobilization to reproductive part of the plant, being
the closest sink and hence, resulted in right time
flowering and increased fruiting.

91. Cont…
• The longest crop duration (117.0 days) were
observed with T15 (Recommended dose of N as
Vermicompost + P and K + PSB), T16
(Recommended dose of N as Farm Yard Manure +
P and K + PSB), T17 (Recommended dose of N as
Castor Cake + P and K + PSB) and T18
(Recommended dose of N as Poultry Manure + P
and K + PSB) during the year 2012. whereas,
similar trend was observed with T15 and T18 i.e.
119.0 and 118.0 days during the year 2013 and in
pooled analysis, respectively.
• The increased nutrients supply along with
congenial soil physicochemical and biological
properties could result in better plant growth for
longer period.

92. Cont….
• that the maximum number of pickings (4.0) were
recorded with T3 , T7 , T8 , T9 , T10, T15, T16,
T17 and T18 during the year 2012, while,
maximum number of pickings (4.0) during the
year 2013 and in pooled analysis were recorded
with T13 , T14 , T15, T16, T17 and T18.
• The reason for such results may be adequate and
balanced supply of integrated application of
organic sources with chemical fertilizers, plants
received large amount of nutrients throughout
their growth period and nourished properly
which enhanced cropping period and ultimately
yield of plant.

93. • Yield and yield attributes:
• Significantly maximum number of pods per plant (7.4,
7.7 and 7.5) and highest weight of pod (7.3 g, 7.0 g and
7.1 g) was observed with T18 during the year 2012,
2013 and in pooled analysis, respectively.
• These findings corroborate the results of Tarafdar and
Rao (2001) in cluster bean.
• Inoculation of seed with PSB also significantly
enhanced the yield and yield attributes.
• Greater root extension under higher availability of
phosphorus and organic manures might have helped in
greater uptake of other nutrients especially
micronutrient and secondary nutrients, enhanced
photosynthesis, production of photosynthates and
hasten the crop maturity and increases the number of
pods per plant.

94. Cont….
• The maximum yield of pods per plant (53.4 g and 52.8 g) was
observed with T18 during the year 2012 and in pooled data,
respectively, however, T16 recorded maximum yield of pods per
plant (57.9 g)during the year 2013.
• It is quiet apparent from the Table showed that significantly
maximum yield of pods per plot (5.3, 5.1 and 5.2 kg) and yield of
pods per hectare (137.9, 134.9 and 136.4 q) was recorded with T18
during the year 2012, 2013 and in pooled analysis, respectively.
• . Initially, the chemical fertilizers provided rapidly better nutrition
with all essential nutrients and their uptake by the plant which
leads to better plant growth.
• In latter stage, the required plant nutrient provided through
decomposed organic manures for the good development of the
plant which in turn resulted into higher yield of the crop.
• The findings are in conformity with those of Nandi (2008), Chattoo
et al. (2009), Gopinath and Mina (2011), Jaipaul et al. (2011),
Sharma and Chauhan (2011), Dubey et al. (2012), Kumari et al.
(2012), Sepehya et al. (2012) and Singh et al. (2014) in pea.

95. Influence of integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield
attributes of garden pea
treatment
s
Number of pods/plant Weight of pod
2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled
T1 6.1 5.1 5.6 6.3 6.0 6.17
T2 6.5 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.1
T3 6.4 5.3 5.9 6.0 6.6 6.3
T4 6.2 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.6 6.3
T5 6.3 5.5 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0
T6 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.3 6.1
T7 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.3 6.1
T8 7.0 6.2 6.6 6.0 6.6 6.3
T9 5.7 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.3
T10 5.9 6.4 6.1 6.6 6.0 6.3
T11 6.4 6.5 6.4 5.6 6.6 6.1
T12 5.7 6.5 6.1 6.0 6.3 6.1

96. Cont…
treatments Number of pods/plant Weight of pod
2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled
T13 5.7 6.6 6.1 6.0 6.6 6.3
T14 5.8 7.0 6.4 6.6 7.0 6.8
T15 6.6 7.3 6.9 7.0 6.3 6.6
T16 6.7 7.5 7.1 6.0 7.6 6.8
T17 6.9 7.2 7.0 5.6 6.6 6.1
T18 7.4 7.7 7.5 6.3 7.0 7.1

97. Treat
ments
Yield of pod per plant Yield of pod per plot(kg) Yield of pod per
hectare(qt)
2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled 2012 2013 pooled
T1 38.77 31.0 34.88 3.4 3.6 3.5 90.8 94.9 92.8
T2 39.0 34.9 36.95 3.9 3.7 3.8 102.3 96.9 99.6
T3 38.8 35.9 37.35 3.9 3.6 3.7 102.0 94.6 98.3
T4 37.6 37.7 37.65 3.6 3.6 3.6 95.0 95.8 95.4
T5 38.2 33.2 35.70 3.8 3.9 3.9 100.9 102.1 101.5
T6 37.0 40.0 38.50 3.8 3.8 3.8 100.0 99.7 99.8
T7 37.2 49.5 38.38 3.9 3.8 3.9 102.4 100.5 101.5
T8 42.2 41.6 41.93 4.3 4.0 4.1 113.4 105.0 109.2
T9 36.1 39.6 37.90 4.0 3.9 3.9 104.6 101.5 103.0
T10 39.3 38.6 38.98 4.0 3.9 4.0 106.2 102.1 104.2
T11 36.5 43.7 40.12 4.1 4.0 4.1 108.7 104.7 106.7
T12 34.6 41.4 38.03 4.1 4.0 4.1 109.0 113.4 107.3
T13 34.6 44.0 39.33 4.3 4.3 4.3 111.9 98.8 112.7
T14 38.9 49.2 44.05 4.0 3.8 3.9 104.7 129.3 101.8
T15 46.4 46.1 46.27 4.7 4.9 4.8 123.5 112.7 126.4

98. Cont…
Treat
ments
Yield of pod per plant Yield of pod per
plot(kg)
Yield of pod per
hectare(qt)
2012 2013 poole
d
2012 2013 poole
d
2012 2013 poole
d
T13 34.6 44.0 39.33 4.3 4.3 4.3 111.9 98.8 112.7
T14 38.9 49.2 44.05 4.0 3.8 3.9 104.7 129.3 101.8
T15 46.4 46.1 46.27 4.7 4.9 4.8 123.5 112.7 126.4
T16 40.6 57.9 49.27 4.6 4.3 4.4 119.6 116.8 116.2
T17 39.1 48.4 43.78 4.3 4.3 4.4 113.9 134.9 115.3
T18 53.4 52.3 52.88 5.3 5.1 5.2 137.9 134.9 136.4

99. CONCULUSION:
• Germination percentage was more in T18 with
recommended dose of N as poultry manure +
P and K + PSB.
• No of pods per plant and yield of plant was
more in T18 with Recommended dose of N as
Poultry Manure + P and K + PSB.

100. INFLUENCES OF ORGANIC NUTRIENTS IN
COMBINATION WITH BIO-FERTILIZERS ON
YIELD AND QUALITY OF GARDEN PEA (Pisum
sativum L.) CV. BONNEVILLE
JOSHI HEMANG* MAY 30,2018
AND VARMA L.R

101. Introduction:
• Garden pea (Pisum sativum L. var. hortense) is
a second important food legume of the world.
• The food legumes restorer of soil fertility has
long been recognized due to their unique
ability of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
• The concept of organic nutrients with bio-
fertilizers are gaining considerable momentum
today but negligible study has been conducted
so, the present investigation was planned on
garden pea

102. Materialsand Methods:
• The investigation was conducted at Department of Vegetable
Science, College of Horticulture, S. D. Agricultural University,
Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat.
• Five levels of organic nutrients including recommended dose
of N as chemical fertilizer and six levels of bio-fertilizers were
applied individually and within combination.
• So, the total numbers of treatment combinations were thirty
were tested during the rabi season of the year 2013 and 2014.
• The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design
with thirty treatments were employed and replicated thrice.
• To raise the crop recommended package of practices were
followed.
• The treatments were evaluated on the basis of growth;
flowering and yield performance from ten randomly selected
tagged plants at different stages.
• The details of treatments, their combinations and notations
are furnished here in order to have their clear understanding
is given below.

103. • Factors Notation
A) Control (Organic Fertilizers (Five levels):
• Recommended dose of N as Urea) F1
• Recommended dose of N as Farm Yard Manure F2
• Recommended dose of N as Vermicompost F3
• Recommended dose of N as Poultry Manure F4
• Recommended dose of N as Neem cake F5
B) Bio-fertilizers (Six levels):
• Seed treatment with PSB (200 ml/ha) T1
• Seed treatment with KMB (200 ml/ha) T2
• Seed treatment with Azospirillum (200 ml/ha) T3
• Soil treatment with PSB (500 ml/acre) T4
• Soil treatment with KMB (500 ml/acre) T5
• Soil treatment with Azospirillum (500 ml/acre) T6

104. Influences of Organic Nutrients in Combination with Bio-Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Garden Pea (Pisum
sativum L.) cv. Bonnevill
treatments Total no of pickings No of pods
harvested/plant
Weight of pod Yield of green
pod/plot
Yield of green
pod/hectare
2013 2014 pool
ed
2013 2014 pool
ed
2013 2014 pool
ed
2013 2014 pool
ed
2013 2014 pool
ed
Organic manures
F1 3.17 3.72 3.44 5.52 5.14 5.33 5.62 5.90 5.76 1.82 1.93 1.87 93.38 98.82 96.1
F2 3.28 3.72 3.50 5.56 5.05 5.31 5.91 5.99 5.95 1.86 2.10 1.98 95.30 107.7 101.5
F3 3.11 3.83 3.47 5.32 5.03 5.17 6.02 5.99 6.00 1.65 1.97 1.81 84.67 101.1 92.91
F4 3.28 3.78 3.56 5.58 5.16 5.37 5.84 6.05 5.95 1.76 2.11 1.94 90.11 108.2 99.20
F5 3.44 3.83 3.61 5.96 5.82 5.89 6.10 6.29 6.19 1.98 2.22 2.10 101.
3
113.
7
107.
5
Biofertilizers
T1 3.40 4.13 3.77 6.34 6.16 6.25 6.22 6.26 6.24 1.93 2.19 2.06 98.73 112.2 105.5
T2 3.27 3.80 3.53 5.99 5.94 5.96 5.83 6.14 5.99 1.81 1.98 1.90 92.91 101.6 97.26
T3 3.20 3.73 3.47 5.30 4.70 5.00 5.90 6.20 6.05 1.83 2.03 1.93 93.80 104.2 99.03
T4 3.27 3.67 3.47 6.06 4.03 5.05 5.69 5.64 5.66 1.88 1.94 1.91 96.49 99.47 97.98
T5 3.13 3.53 3.47 4.02 5.69 4.86 5.98 6.03 6.00 1.85 2.11 1.98 95.06 108.3 101.7
T6 3.27 3.80 3.54 5.83 4.93 5.38 5.76 6.00 5.88 1.58 2.14 1.86 80.78 109.6 95.21

105. Influences of organic nutrients and bio-fertilizers on physio-chemical parameters of garden pea
treatment
s
Length of pod Thickness of pod Total sugar% N content in seed Protein content in
seed
2013 2014 pool
ed
2013 2014 pool
ed
2013 2014 pool
ed
2013 2014 pool
ed
2013 2014 pool
ed
Organic manures
F1 8.31 8.39 8.35 10.23 10.00 10.12 4.16 4.38 4.27 4.07 4.07 4.07 25.45 25.46 25.46
F2 8.34 8.26 8.30 10.27 10.15 10.22 4.18 4.28 4.23 4.10 4.07 4.08 25.67 25.45 25.56
F3 8.40 8.22 8.31 10.31 10.02 10.17 4.15 4.36 4.26 4.15 3.93 4.04 25.97 24.58 25.28
F4 8.44 8.34 8.39 10.34 10.12 10.23 4.14 4.34 4.24 4.08 4.09 4.09 25.56 25.58 25.57
F5 8.40 8.44 8.42 10.34 10.15 10.25 4.22 4.36 4.29 4.20 4.15 4.18 26.28 25.96 26.12
Biofertilizers
T1 8.56 8.46 8.51 10.17 10.20 10.19 4.20 4.32 4.26 4.29 4.13 4.21 26.86 25.88 26.37
T2 8.32 8.22 8.27 10.36 10.15 10.26 4.17 4.31 4.24 4.08 4.00 4.04 25.54 25.04 25.29
T3 8.39 8.28 8.33 10.30 10.12 10.21 4.18 4.34 4.26 4.06 4.00 4.03 25.43 25.04 25.19
T4 8.29 8.34 8.32 10.29 10.13 10.21 4.17 4.36 4.27 4.00 4.01 4.00 25.03 25.09 25.05
T5 8.36 8.36 8.36 10.36 9.96 10.16 4.16 4.38 4.27 4.07 4.08 4.07 25.47 25.52 25.49
T6 8.35 8.32 8.34 10.30 9.98 10.14 4.16 4.36 4.26 4.22 4.02 4.12 26.39 25.17 25.78

106. Results and Discussion
Yield and Yield Attributes:
Organic manures:
• Data from Table 1, revealed that the numerically
maximum numbers of pickings were recorded with
treatment F5 (3.44 and 3.83) during the both year
(2013 and 2014) and treatment F5 (3.61) in pooled
analysis.
• Significantly maximum number of pods harvested per
plant , highest weight of pod maximum yield of green
pods per plot t was found under treatment F5 (5.89) in
pooled.
• Significantly maximum yield of green pods per hectare
recorded with treatment F5 (101.35 q and 113.70 q)
during both the years of experimentation (2013 and
2014) and treatment F5 (107.52 q) in pooled.

107. Cont…
Biofertilizers:
• A perusal of data from Table 1, revealed that the maximum numbers of pickings were
observed with treatment T1 (3.40 and 4.13) during the both year (2013 and 2014) and
treatment T1 (3.77) in pooled.
• Significantly maximum number of pods harvested per plant Significantly highest weight
of pod maximum yield of green pods per plot maximum yield of green pods per hectare
was observed with treatment T1 (6.34 and 6.16) during the both year (2013 and 2014)
and treatment T1 (6.25) in pooled.
• The effect of organic manures viz., FYM, vermicompost, poultry manure, neem cake and
bio-fertilizers in balanced proportion played a vital role in decomposition and easy
release of different plant nutrients throughout the plant life.
• Initially, the bio-fertilizers provided rapidly better nutrition with all essential nutrients
and their uptake by the plant which leads to better plant growth.
• In latter stage, the required plant nutrient provided through decomposed organic
manures for the good development of the plant which in turn resulted into higher yield
of the crop.
• It is fact that PSB produce organic acids like gluconic, guccinic, lactic, oxalic, citric and
α- ketogluconic acid which convert the insoluble phosphate to soluble one and
synthesis growth promoting substances which augment plant growth.
• The overall development of plant in terms of root and shoot which might have
absorbed more nutrient and enhanced photosynthesis and production of assimilates,
which in turn increased the yield of pea.

108. Physio-Chemical Parameters:
Organic manures:
• A perusal of data from Table 2 revealed that the maximum length
of pod was found in treatment F4 (8.44 cm) during the year 2013;
F5 (8.44 cm and 8.42 cm) during the year of 2014 and in pooled.
• Numerically maximum thickness of pod (10.34 mm) was observed
in treatment F4 and F5 during the year 2013; 10.15 mm in
treatment F2 and F5 during the year 2014 and treatment F4 (10.25
mm) in pooled.
• The highest total sugar content of pod was found with treatment F5
(4.22 %) during the year 2013; treatment F1 (4.38 %) during the
year 2014 and treatment F5 (4.29 %) in pooled.
• Significantly maximum nitrogen content in seed was noted with
treatment F5 (4.20 %, and 4.15 %) during the year (2013 and 2014)
of experimentation.
• Significantly maximum protein content in seed was noted with
treatment F5 (26.28 %, and 25.96 %) during the year (2013 and
2014) of experimentation.

109. Cont…
• Biofertilizers:
• A perusal of data from Table 2 revealed that the maximum length of pod
was recorded with treatment T1 (8.56 cm, 8.46 cm and 8.51 cm) during
the year 2013, 2014 and in pooled.
• The numerically maximum thickness of pod (10.36 mm) was observed in
treatment T2 and T5 during the year 2013; treatment T1 (10.20 mm)
during the year 2014 and treatment T2 (10.26 mm) in pooled.
• The highest total sugar content of pod was found with treatment T1 (4.20
%) during the year 2013; treatment T5 (4.38 %) during the year 2014 and
4.27 % with treatment T4& T5 in pooled.
• Significantly maximum nitrogen content in seed was noted with treatment
T1 (4.29 %, and 4.13 %) during the both years (2013 and 2014) of
experimentation.
• Significantly maximum protein content in seed was noted with treatment
T1 (26.86 % and 25.88 %) during the both years (2013 and 2014) of
experimentation.
• The effect of organics and bio-fertilizer doses on protein content in seed
has been reported earlier. They attributed this firstly to the increase in the
N content of beans and N being an integral part of enzymes and amino
acids, plays a major role in synthesis of proteins and secondly due to the
increase in the availability of P with the application of bio-fertilizer, which
help in energy storage and transfer in form of ADP and ATP, which are
essential for protein biosynthesis.

110. Conclusion:
• Maximum number of pods harvested per
plant was recorded with treatment
F5(recommended dose of N as Neem cake) in
pooled.
• Treatment T1(seed treatment with
PSB(200ml/ha) during 2013,2014 and in
pooled.
• Best results were obtained by the treatment
combination of F5T1(recommended dose of N
as neem cake+ seed treatment with
PSB(200ml/ha).