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Pythagoras
                                   (580-501 SM)




      Pythagoras yang lahir di pulau Samos (di Turki) pernah belajar di Babilonia
dan India. Tahun 525 SM, ia ke Croton, sebuah kota di Italia Selatan dan mendirikan
perguruan mistik yang disebut Perguruan Pythagoras. Dasar perguruan tersebut
adalah bilangan, yang mengatur segala sesuatu. Semua penemuan dalam perguruan
tersebut dinisbatkan pada Pythagoras. Karya perguruan Pythagoras kita ketahui
hanya dari tulisan Aristoteles, Euclid, Proclus, Diogenes Laertisus, dan lain-lain.
                           b                        a       b
                                           b
                               b           b    c
                       c                                        c
                                                                    a

                           c
              a                             a
                                                c           c       b

                   a                            b       a



      Sumbangan matematika yang penting dari perguruan Pythagoras, antara lain
bukti Teorema Pythagoras dan konversnya. Bukti teorema Pythagoras dari perguruan
Pythagoras berdasarkan pada gambar geometris di atas. Ada yang mengatakan
rumus Tripel Pythagoras: (m2 –1)/2, m, (m2 +1)/2 berasal dari perguruan Pythagoras,
tetapi sesungguhnya telah dikenal di Babilonia.
      Perguruan ini membahas apa yang disebut dengan bilangan segitiga, bilangan
bujursangkar, bilangan segilima, bilangan sempurna dan bilangan bersahabat.
Bilangan sempurna adalah bilangan bulat positif yang sama dengan jumlah dari
pembagi-pembagi murninya. Contohnya 6 = 1 + 2 + 3. Bilangan-bilangan bersahabat
adalah dua bilangan bulat positif, masing-masing merupakan jumlah dari pembagi-
pembagi murni dari bilangan pasangannya. Menurut Iamblichus, Pythagoras
menemukan pasangan 220 dan 284, tetapi sejarawan hampir memastikan bahwa
Iamblichus salah. Selain itu, juga mengenai rata-rata hitung, geometris, harmonik,
dan hubungan ketiganya. Teorema yang menyatakan bahwa jumlah sudut-sudut
sebarang segitiga sama dengan dua kali sudut siku-siku, pertama kali berasal dari
perguruan Pythagoras.
     Hippasus (pengikut Pythagoras) berhasil menemukan dodecahedron, dan
membuktikan hanya ada lima benda ruang beraturan. Kelima benda ruang teratur itu
dikenal sebagai Benda Ruang Platonik. Untuk octahedron dan icosahedron,
ditemukan oleh Theaetetus (mashur 368 SM), murid Theodorus.
     Menurut kepercayaan perguruan ini, semua bilangan adalah rasional, atau
menurut istilah mereka commensurable. Ketika perguruan ini menemukan bahwa 2
incommensurable, mereka lalu merahasiakannya. Adalah Hippasus yang mula-mula
membocorkannya, sehingga ia mendapat hukuman. Bukti irrasionalitas akar dari 3,
5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, dan 17 diberikan pertama kali oleh Theodorus. Sementara
bukti bahwa akar suatu bilangan asli adalah irasional jika dan hanya jika bilangan
asli tersebut bukan bentuk kuadrat, diberikan oleh Theaetetus.
Berdasarkan beberapa literatur, Pythagoras meninggal sekitar 507 SM saat kompleks
perguruannya dibakar oleh penguasa setempat karena dianggap mengajarkan aliran
yang sesat.

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Pythagoras Matematikawan Yunani Kuno

  • 1. Pythagoras (580-501 SM) Pythagoras yang lahir di pulau Samos (di Turki) pernah belajar di Babilonia dan India. Tahun 525 SM, ia ke Croton, sebuah kota di Italia Selatan dan mendirikan perguruan mistik yang disebut Perguruan Pythagoras. Dasar perguruan tersebut adalah bilangan, yang mengatur segala sesuatu. Semua penemuan dalam perguruan tersebut dinisbatkan pada Pythagoras. Karya perguruan Pythagoras kita ketahui hanya dari tulisan Aristoteles, Euclid, Proclus, Diogenes Laertisus, dan lain-lain. b a b b b b c c c a c a a c c b a b a Sumbangan matematika yang penting dari perguruan Pythagoras, antara lain bukti Teorema Pythagoras dan konversnya. Bukti teorema Pythagoras dari perguruan Pythagoras berdasarkan pada gambar geometris di atas. Ada yang mengatakan rumus Tripel Pythagoras: (m2 –1)/2, m, (m2 +1)/2 berasal dari perguruan Pythagoras, tetapi sesungguhnya telah dikenal di Babilonia. Perguruan ini membahas apa yang disebut dengan bilangan segitiga, bilangan bujursangkar, bilangan segilima, bilangan sempurna dan bilangan bersahabat. Bilangan sempurna adalah bilangan bulat positif yang sama dengan jumlah dari pembagi-pembagi murninya. Contohnya 6 = 1 + 2 + 3. Bilangan-bilangan bersahabat adalah dua bilangan bulat positif, masing-masing merupakan jumlah dari pembagi- pembagi murni dari bilangan pasangannya. Menurut Iamblichus, Pythagoras menemukan pasangan 220 dan 284, tetapi sejarawan hampir memastikan bahwa Iamblichus salah. Selain itu, juga mengenai rata-rata hitung, geometris, harmonik, dan hubungan ketiganya. Teorema yang menyatakan bahwa jumlah sudut-sudut
  • 2. sebarang segitiga sama dengan dua kali sudut siku-siku, pertama kali berasal dari perguruan Pythagoras. Hippasus (pengikut Pythagoras) berhasil menemukan dodecahedron, dan membuktikan hanya ada lima benda ruang beraturan. Kelima benda ruang teratur itu dikenal sebagai Benda Ruang Platonik. Untuk octahedron dan icosahedron, ditemukan oleh Theaetetus (mashur 368 SM), murid Theodorus. Menurut kepercayaan perguruan ini, semua bilangan adalah rasional, atau menurut istilah mereka commensurable. Ketika perguruan ini menemukan bahwa 2 incommensurable, mereka lalu merahasiakannya. Adalah Hippasus yang mula-mula membocorkannya, sehingga ia mendapat hukuman. Bukti irrasionalitas akar dari 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, dan 17 diberikan pertama kali oleh Theodorus. Sementara bukti bahwa akar suatu bilangan asli adalah irasional jika dan hanya jika bilangan asli tersebut bukan bentuk kuadrat, diberikan oleh Theaetetus. Berdasarkan beberapa literatur, Pythagoras meninggal sekitar 507 SM saat kompleks perguruannya dibakar oleh penguasa setempat karena dianggap mengajarkan aliran yang sesat.