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- 1. Blue Ocean Strategy How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant Katharina BOST 12/06/2006
- 2. About the Founders: Chan & Renee W. Chan Kim • The Boston Consulting Group Bruce D. Henderson Chair Professor of Strategy and International Management Renée Mauborgne • The INSEAD Distinguished Fellow and Professor of Strategy and International Management
- 3. Two worlds …
- 4. Two worlds … Red Ocean Strategy Blue Ocean Strategy Compete in existing market Create uncontested market space. space. Beat the competition. Make the competition irrelevant. Exploit existing demand. Create and capture new demand. Make the value-cost trade-off. Break the value-cost trade-off. Align the whole system of a Align the whole system of a strategic firm's activities with firm's activities in pursuit of its choice of differentiation or differentiation and low cost. low cost. VALUE INNOVATION
- 5. The rising Imperative of Creating Blue Oceans • supply exceeds demand • globalization • accelerated commoditization of products and services • increasing price wars • shrinking profit margins • brands are becoming more similar select based on price • ...
- 6. BOS Logic: The Core Principles Reconstruct Market Boundaries … overcome believes. Reach beyond existing Demand … go for uncontested space. COST VI VI Get the strategic sequence right VALUE … value [innovation] first.
- 7. BOS Logic: Reconstruct market boundaries Boundaries of Head-to-Head Creating Competition Competition New Market Space Looks across alternative Focuses on rivals within its Industry industries industry Looks across strategic groups Focuses on competitive position Strategic Group within its industry within strategic group Focuses on better serving the Redefines the buyer group of the Buyer Group industry buyer group Looks across to complementary Scope of Product Focuses on maximizing the value product and service offerings that and Service of product and service offerings go beyond the bounds of its Offerings within the bounds of its industry industry Focuses on improving price- Rethinks the functional-emotional Functional-emotional orientation of its industry performance with the functional- Orientation of an emotional orientation of this Industry industry Participation in shaping external Focuses on adapting to external Time/Trends trends over time trends as they occur
- 8. BOS Logic: The Core Principles Reconstruct Market Boundaries … overcome believes. Reach beyond existing Demand … go for uncontested space. COST VI VI Get the strategic sequence right VALUE … value [innovation] first.
- 9. BOS Logic: Reach beyond existing demand Core Customer Noncostumer Soon-to-be-NC Refusing Customer
- 10. BOS Logic: The Core Principles Reconstruct Market Boundaries … overcome believes. Reach beyond existing Demand … go for uncontested space. COST VI VI Get the strategic sequence right VALUE … value [innovation] first.
- 11. BOS Logic: Get the Strategic Sequence right Buyer utility Is there exceptional buyer utility in your business idea? No Rethink YES Price Is your price easily accessible to the mass of buyers? No Rethink YES Cost Can you attain your cost target to profit at your strategic price? No Rethink YES Adoption What are the adoption hurdles in actualizing your business idea? Are you addressing them up No Rethink front? YES A commercially viable Blue Ocean Strategy
- 12. The case of Accor's Formule 1 The value curve of Formule 1 in the French Low Budget Hotel Industry
- 13. References • W. Chan Kim, Renée Mauborgne, Blue Ocean Strategy, 2005, Havard Business School Press. • http://www.blueoceanstrategy.com • HANDELSBLATT, Donnerstag, 06. Oktober 2005, Mit Nichtkunden neue Märkte finden. • http://www.hotelformule1.com
- 14. Thank you for your attention!!!
Editor's Notes
- INSEAD = ??? W . Chan Kim is The Boston Consulting Group Bruce D. Henderson Chair Professor of Strategy and International Management at INSEAD. He was Professor at the University at Michigan Business School. He has served as a board member as well as and adviser for a number of multinational corporations in Europe, the United States, and Pacific Asia. He has published numerous articles on strategy and managing the multinational. Renée Maoborgne is the INSEAD distinguished Fellow and a professor of strategy and management at INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France, and Fellow of the World Economic Forum. She has published numerous articles on strategy and the multinational. The two of them are the winners of the Eldridge Haynes Prize, awarded by the Academy of International Business and the Eldridge Haynes Memorial Trust of Business International, for the best original paper in the field of international business.
- To win in the future New Market Space, companies must stop competing with each other. Because the only way to beat the competition is to stop trying to beat the competition. To understand this idea, imagine a market universe composed to two sorts of oceans: -red oceans and -blue oceans.
- Red oceans represent all the industries in existence today. This is the known market space. Blue oceans denote all the industries not in existence today. This is the unknown market space. In the red oceans, industry boundaries are defined and accepted, and the competitive rules of the game are known. Here, companies try to outperform their rivals to grab a greater share of existing demand. As the market space gets crowed, prospects for profits and growth are reduced. Products become commodities, and cutthroat competition turns the red ocean bloody. Blue Oceans , in contrast, are defined by untapped market space, demand creation, and the opportunity for highly profitable growth. Although some blue oceans are created well beyond existing industry boundaries, most are created from within red oceans by expanding existing industry boundaries. In blue oceans competition is irrelevant because the rules of the game are waiting to be set. Logic of Blue Ocean Strategy is so called value innovation and is the cornerstone of Blue Ocean Strategy Value innovation places equal emphasis on value and innovation. It is a new way of thinking about and executing strategy that results in the creation of a blue ocean and a break from the competition. Importantly, value innovation defies one of the most commonly accepted dogmas of competition-based strategy: The value-cost trade-off. It is conventionally believed that companies can either create greater value to the customers at higher cost or create reasonable value at a lower cost. Here strategy is seen as making a choice between differentiation and low cost. In contrast , those that seek to create blue oceans pursue differentiation and low cost simultaneously. Now turn the clock back only thirty years, How many industries of today's industries were then unknown? Mutual funds, cell phones, gas-fired electricity plants, biotechnology, discount retail, snowboards and coffee bars to name a few.
- The reason of the appearance of the Blue Ocean Strategy -is that in increasing numbers of industries, supply exceeds demand. -The trend toward globalization compounds the situation. As trade barriers between nations and regions are dismantled and as information on products and prices becomes instantly and globally available, niche markets and havens for monopoly continue to disappear. -The result has been accelerated commoditization of products and services, increasing price wars, and shrinking profit margins. -And for major product and service categories, brands are generally becoming more similar and as they are becoming more similar people increasingly select based on price.
- Reconstruct Market Boundaries The first principle of Blue Ocean Strategy is to reconstruct market boundaries to break from the competition and create blue oceans. The challenge is to successfully identify, out of the haystack of possibilities that exist, commercially compelling blue ocean opportunities. This challenge is key because managers cannot afford betting their strategy on intuition or on a random drawing.
- There are a clear pattern for creating blue oceans, with six basics approaches to remarking market boundaries: The six paths framework In the first path companies in the red ocean define their industry similarly and focus on being the best within it. But to create new market space companies must look across alternative industries because a company competes not only with the other firms in its own industry, but also with companies in those other industries that produce alternative products and services. The second path: The next boundary is the strategic group. A strategic group is companies within an industry that pursue a similar strategy. The key in creating new market space is to understand what factors determine buyers´ decision to switch from one strategic group to another. The third path: In most industries, competitors converge on the definition of the target buyer. In the reality, though, there is a chain of buyer who directly or indirectly involved in the buying decision: the purchaser, the user, for example. But by looking across buyer groups, companies can gain new insights into how to redesign their value curves to focus on a previously overlooked set of buyers. The fourth path: In the red ocean: few products and services are used in a vacuum. In most cases, other products and services affect their value. But companies can create new market space by focusing on the complements that detract from the value of their product or service. The fifth path: Competition in an industry tends to converge around two bases of appeal: -Some industries compete principally on price and function, their appeal is rational. Other industries compete largely on feelings, their appeal is emotional. Companies can find new market spaces when they are willing to challenge the functional-emotional orientation of their industry. The sixth path: All industries are subject to external trends that affect their business over time. Firms tend to pace their own thinking to keep up with the development of the trends they are tracking. By finding insights trends that are observable today, firms can unlock innovation that creates new market spaces.
- Reach beyond existing Demand The second principle of Blue Ocean Strategy. This a key component of achieving value innovation. By aggregation the greatest demand for a new offering. To achieve this, companies should challenge two conventional strategy practices. One is the focus on existing customers. The other is the drive for finer segmentation to accommodate buyer differences. To maximize the size of blue oceans, companies need to take a reverse course.
- Instead of concentration on customers, they need to look to noncustomers. And instead of focusing on customer differences, they need to build on powerful commonalities in what buyers value. That allows companies to reach beyond existing demand to unlock a new mass of customers that did not exist before. There are three types of noncustomer that can be transformed into customers. They differ in their relative distance from the market. -The first of noncustomers is closest to the market. They are buyers who nominally purchase an industry's offering out of necessity, but are mentally noncustomers of the industry. -The second type of noncustomers is people who refuse to use the industry's offerings. These are buyers who have seen the industry's offerings as an option to fulfill their needs but have voted against them. -The third type of noncustomers is farthest from the market. They are noncustomers who have never thought of the market´s offerings as an option. You must look at each of the three types of noncustomers to understand how you can attract them and expand the own blue ocean.
- Get the strategic sequence right This next challenge is to build a robust business model to ensure that you make a healthy profit on your blue ocean idea. Here you can see again the Logic of Blue Ocean Strategy: The value innovation , the cornerstone of Blue Ocean Strategy. In order to create blue oceans the companies pursue differentiation and low cost simultaneously.
- This brings us to the fourth principle of the Blue Ocean Strategy: Get the strategic sequence right. As shown in this figure, companies need to build their Blue Ocean Strategy in the sequence of buyer utility, price, cost, and adoption. The starting point is buyer utility . Does your offering unlock exceptional utility? Is there a compelling reason for the mass of people to buy it? Absent this, there is no Blue Ocean potential to begin with. Here there are only two options. Park the idea, or rethink it until you reach an affirmative answer. When you clear the exceptional utility bar, you advance to the second step: setting the right strategic price . Remember a company does not want to rely on price to create demand. The key question her is this: Is your offering priced to attract the mass of target buyers so that they have a compelling ability to pay for your offering? If it is not, they cannot buy it. Nor will the offering create irresistible market buzz. These two steps address the revenue side of a company's business model. Securing the profit side bring the third element: cost . Can you produce your offering at the target cost and still earn a healthy profit margin? Can you profit at the strategic price-the price easily accessible to the mass of target buyers? You should not let costs drive prices. Nor should you scale down utility because high costs block your ability to profit at the strategic price. When the target cost cannot be met, you must either forgo the idea because the Blue Ocean won't be profitable, or you must innovate your business model to hit the target cost. It is the combination of exceptional utility, strategic pricing, and target costing that allows companies to achieve value innovation-a leap in value for both buyers and companies. The last step is to address adoption hurdles. What are the adoption hurdles in rolling out your idea? Have you addressed these up front? The formulation of Blue Ocean Strategy is complete only when you address adoption hurdles in the beginning to ensure the successful actualization of your idea. Adoption hurdles include, for example, potential resistance to the idea by retailers or partners. Because Blue Ocean Strategies represent a significant departure from red oceans, it is key to address adoption hurdles up front.
- For example we take Formule 1 hotels (part of Groupe Accor), which introduced a pioneering budget hotel concept. The Hotels served previously travelers who wanted something between the one – or two-star category. Accor figured out what it could deliver what travelers value most- like easy and speedy check-ins by using a credit card for access, and clean, quiet rooms with bed quality – while reducing what they didn't care as much about- like restaurants, decorated lobbies, architecture, room size, reception desk, price and 24 hours reception. These hotels offered a new, attractive solution for those customers who would otherwise balk at the idea of staying in an economic hotel. In effect, Formule 1 Hotels created a value curve that was completely different from its competitors. Its costs were slashed and its profit margins were doubled that of the industry average, while occupancy rates were also higher. Creating a new value curve is the key to Value Innovation. Price average: € 15 versus/against 30 € the industry price Cost per room: € 15 versus 41 Cost of staff/sales: 20.23 % versus 25-35% Occupancy rate: 3 times average Profit margins: 2 x industry average Other examples for the success of this strategy are: Ebay Cirque du Soleil (by looking across the market boundary of the theater, Cirque du Soleil, also offered new noncircus factors, ech Cirque du Soleil creation has a theme and a story line, somewhat resembling a theater performance. Le Cirque du Soleil also borrows ideas from BroadwaY shows.) Swatch Body Shop Ikea Starbucks Ryanair, Easyjet to name a few!!!!