This presentation provides an overview of nursing theories and models. It discusses how theories and models can be categorized according to the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm: person, health, environment, and nursing. Theories are explained as sets of concepts used to describe, explain, and predict phenomena, while models are symbolic representations of relationships among concepts. Developmental, systems, and interaction theories are highlighted. Characteristics and levels of theory development are also summarized.

1. WELCOME TO THE
PRESENTATION ON
TYPES OF THEORIES &
MODELS IN NURSING
DR. MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR.
maheswarijaikumar2103@gmail.com

2. THEORIES & MODELS CAN BE
CATEGORIZED
ACCORDING TO HOW
THEY DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN
& CONNECT THE FOUR
CONCEPTS OF THE
NURSING
METAPARADIGM

3. THEORIES
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
& MODELS
SYSTEM THEORIES &
MODELS
INTERACTION THEORIES &
MODELS

4. MODELS
Describe a set of ideas that
are connected to illustrate a
larger, more general
concept.
Are symbolic depiction of
reality.

5. Provide a schematic
representation of some
relationship among
PHENOMENA

6. CHARECTERISTICS OF A
MODEL
• Attempt to describe, explain
& sometimes predict the
relationship among
phenomena.

7. •Are composed of empirical,
inferential & abstract
concepts.
• Provide an organized
framework for nursing
assessment, planning,
intervention, & evaluation.

8. DEVELOPMENTAL
THEORIES & MODELS
Emphasizes growth,
development & maturity

9. The primary focus is on
change in a particular
direction
This change is orderly &
predictable occurring in
specific stages, levels or
phases.

10. SYSTEMS THEORIES &
MODELS
Each open system can
receive input from the
environment, process in &
provide output to the
environment & receive
feedback while
maintaining a dynamic
tension of forces.

11. Each system strives for a
steady state – balance
between internal &
external forces.
The goal is to view whole
rather than the sum of
the parts.

12. INTERACTION
THEORIES & MODELS
The primary focus is on
the person as an active
participant

13. Emphasis is on a person’s
perceptions, self
concept, & ability to
communicate & perform
roles.
The goal is achievement
through reciprocal
interaction

14. DEVELOPMENT OF
THEORIES & MODELS
Is relatively new concept.
The nursing profession
has nor reached a
consensus on the
meaning OF CONCEPTS,
THEORIES, & MODELS.

15. Areas of agreement
include four concepts of
nursing.
Like any discipline nursing
must have a theoretical
base.

16. THEORIES
Are a set of inter-related
concepts that provide a
systematic explanatory &
predictive view of a
phenomena.

17. Can begin as an untested
premise (hypothesis)
that becomes a theory
when tested.
Are tested & validated
through research &
provide direction for this
research.

18. CHARACTERISTICS
Must be logical, simple &
generalizable.
Are composed of concepts &
prepositions.
Inter relate concept to create a
view to look at the phenomena

19. Must be consistent with the
other theories.
Contribute & assist to
general body of knowledge.
Provide specific direction to
guide practice

20. LEVELS OF THEORY
DEVELOPMENT
META THEORIES
META PARADIGMS
MIDDLE RANGE THEORIES
PRACTICE THEORIES.

21. META THEORIES
Meta theories focus on
broad issues –Eg THEORY
OF THEORIES BY P.James.

22. These theories focus on
types of theory needed,
proposal & critique of
sources & methods of
theory development &
proposal of criteria for
theory evaluation

23. META PARADIGMS
These are referred to as
grand theories.

24. Are abstract in content &
broad in scope.
They attempt to explain
global view useful in
understanding key
concepts & principles –Eg
Orem’s theory, Roy,s
theory.

25. MIDDLE RANGE THEORIES
Middle range theories
target a specific
phenomena or
concept such as pain,
stress.

26. They are limited in scope
yet general enough to
promote research.

27. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1860-Florence Nightingale
Envoronmental theory.
1952-Journal of Nursing
Research established.

28. 1952-Hildegard Peplau’s
Inter personal relations
theory.
1955-Virginia Henderson
defined nursing.

29. • 1950-Teacher’s College
Columbia University offered
master’s & doctoral
programme in nursing.
• 1960-Yale university school of
nursing defined nursing
process.

30. •1960-Faye Abdellah
published 21 nursing
problems.
• 1961-Ida Orlando
published The dynamic
nurse patient
relationship.

31. •1962-Lydia Hall published
Core, Care & Cure model.
• 1964-Ernestine Weidenbach
published Clinical Nursing
A Helping Art.

32. •1965-ANA stressed the need
for theory development.
•1966-Myra Levine published
Four Conservation
Principles.
•1969-Dorothy Johnson’s
Behavioral Systems Model

33. 1970-Western
University,Cleveland
sponsored symposia to
stimulate theory development.
Mid 1970s-The NLN established
an accreditation requirement
for school of nursing to base
their curricula on nursing
conceptual framework.

34. 1970-Martha Rogers
published her model-
Unitary Human Beings
Model.

35. 1971-Dorothea Orem published
Self Care Deficit theory.
1971-Imogene King published
Theory Of Goal Attainment,
& Joyce Travelbee
published Interpersonal
Aspects of Nursing.

36. 1972-Betty Neuman
published Health Care
Systems Model.
1976-Sister Callista Roy
published Adaptation
Model.

37. 1976-J.G Paterson & L.T
Zderad published
published Humanistic
Nursing.
1978-Madeleine Leininger
published Humanistic
Nursing.

38. 1979-Jeam Watson
published Human
Science & Human
Care – A theory of
nursing.

39. 1980 To Present
1980-Evelyn Adam
published To Be A Nurse &
Joan published Symbolic
Interactionism.
1982-Joyce Fitzpatrick
published Life Perspective
Model

40. 1983-Kathryn Bernard
published Patient – Child
Interaction Model.
1083-Mary Ann published
Modeling & Role
Modeling.

41. 1984-Patricia Benner
published From Novice to
Expert :Excellence &
Power in Clinical Nursing.
1985-Ramona Mercer
published Maternal Role
Attainment.

42. 1986-Margaret Newman
published Model of
Health.

43. PREDICTIONS FOR
THEORY DEVELOPMENT
The number of theories &
models will increase.
The use of nursing theory
will be challenged as a result
of nursing shortage.

44. 1986-Margaret Newman
published Model of
Health.

45. Nursing Theorists
Florence Nightingale -
Environment theory
Hildegard Peplau -
Interpersonal theory
Virginia Henderson - Need
Theory

46. Fay Abdella - Twenty One
Nursing Problems
Ida Jean Orlando - Nursing
Process theory
Dorothy Johnson - System
model

47. Martha Rogers -Unitary
Human beings.
Dorothea Orem - Self-care
theory.
Imogene King - Goal
Attainment theory.

48. Betty Neuman - System
model.
Sister Calista Roy -
Adaptation theory.
Jean Watson - Philosophy
and Caring Model.

49. Madeleine Leininger -
Transcultural nursing
Patricia Benner - From
Novice to Expert
Lydia E. Hall - The Core,
Care and Cure

50. Joyce Travelbee - Human-
To-Human Relationship
Model
Margaret Newman - Health
As Expanding
Consciousness
Katharine Kolcaba -
Comfort Theory

51. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse -
Human Becoming Theory
Ernestine Wiedenbach -
The Helping Art of Clinical
Nursing

52. THANK YOU