The .NET Garbage Collector (GC) is really cool. It helps providing our applications with virtually unlimited memory, so we can focus on writing code instead of manually freeing up memory. But how does .NET manage that memory? What are hidden allocations? Are strings evil? It still matters to understand when and where memory is allocated. In this talk, we’ll go over the base concepts of .NET memory management and explore how .NET helps us and how we can help .NET – making our apps better. Expect profiling, Intermediate Language (IL), ClrMD and more!

1. Exploring .NET memory
management
A trip down memory lane
Maarten Balliauw
@maartenballiauw

2. Who am I?
Maarten Balliauw
Antwerp, Belgium
Developer Advocate, JetBrains
Founder, MyGet
AZUG
Focus on web
ASP.NET MVC, Azure, SignalR, ...
Former MVP Azure & ASPInsider
Big passion: Azure
http://blog.maartenballiauw.be
@maartenballiauw

3. Agenda
Garbage Collector
Helping the GC
Allocations & hidden allocations
Strings
Exploring the heap

4. Garbage Collector

5. .NET runtime
Manages execution of programs
Just-in-time compilation: Intermediate Language (IL) ->machine code
Type safety
Exception handling
Security
Thread management
Memory management
Garbage collection (GC)

6. Memory management and GC
Virtually unlimited memory for our applications
Big chunk of memory pre-allocated
Runtime manages allocation in that chunk
Garbage Collector (GC) reclaims unused memory, making it available again

7. .NET memory management 101
Memory allocation
“Managed heap” - region of address space for every new process
Objects allocated in the heap
Allocating memory is fast, it’s just adding a pointer
Some unmanaged memory is also consumed (not GC-ed)
.NET CLR, Dynamic libraries, Graphics buffer, …
Memory release or “Garbage Collection” (GC)
Generations
Large Object Heap

8. .NET memory management 101
Memory allocation
Memory release or “Garbage Collection” (GC)
GC releases objects no longer in use by examining application roots
GC builds a graph of all the objects that are reachable from these roots
Object unreachable? Remove object, release memory, compact heap
Takes time to scan all objects!
Generations
Large Object Heap

9. .NET memory management 101
Memory allocation
Memory release or “Garbage Collection” (GC)
Generations – be fast and efficient!
Managed heap divided in segments: generation 0, 1 and 2
Gen0 – run GC more often, object in use -> move to gen1
Gen 1 – run GC less often, object in use -> move to gen2
Gen 2 – run GC even less often, object in use stays in gen2
Reduce time needed to perform GC
Large Object Heap

10. .NET memory management 101
Memory allocation
Memory release or “Garbage Collection” (GC)
Generations
Large Object Heap
Generation 0 Generation 1 Generation 2
Short-lived objects (e.g. Local
variables)
In-between objects Long-lived objects (e.g. App’s
main form)

11. .NET memory management 101
Memory allocation
Memory release or “Garbage Collection” (GC)
Generations
Large Object Heap (LOH)
Special segment for large objects (>85KB)
Collected only during full garbage collection
Not compacted (by default)
Fragmentation can cause OutOfMemoryException

12. The .NET garbage collector
When does it run? Vague… But usually:
Out of memory condition – when the system fails to allocate or re-allocate
memory
After some significant allocation – if X memory is allocated since previous GC
Failure of allocating some native resources – internal to .NET
Profiler – when triggered from profiler API
Forced – when calling methods on System.GC
Application moves to background
GC is not guaranteed to run
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2010/08/09/10047586.aspx
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/abhinaba/archive/2008/04/29/when-does-the-net-compact-framework-garbage-collector-run.aspx

13. The .NET garbage collector
Runs very often for gen0
Short-lived objects, few references, fast to clean
Local variable
Web request/response
Higher generation
Usually more references, slower to clean
GC pauses the running application to do its thing
Usually short, except when not…
Background GC (enabled by default)
Concurrent with application threads
May still introduce short locks/pauses, usually just for one thread

14. Helping the GC, avoid pauses
Optimize allocations (but don’t do premature optimization – measure!)
Don’t allocate at all
Make use of IDisposable / using statement
Clean up references, giving the GC an easy job
Finalizers
Beware! Moved to finalizer queue -> always gen++
Weak references
Allow the GC to collect these objects, no need for checks

15. Helping the GC
DEMO

16. Allocations

17. When is memory allocated?
Not for value types (int, bool, struct, decimal, enum, float, byte, long, …)
Allocated on stack, not on heap
Not managed by garbage collector
For reference types
When you new
When you ""

18. Hidden allocations!
Boxing!
Put and int in a box
Take an int out of a box
Lambda’s/closures
Allocate compiler-generated
DisplayClass to capture state
Params arrays
And more!
int i = 42;
// boxing - wraps the value type in an "object box"
// (allocating a System.Object)
object o = i;
// unboxing - unpacking the "object box" into an int again
// (CPU effort to unwrap)
int j = (int)o;

19. How to find them?
Experience
Intermediate Language (IL)
Profiler
“Heap allocations viewer”
ReSharper Heap Allocations Viewer plugin
Roslyn’s Heap Allocation Analyzer
Don’t do premature optimization – measure!

20. Hidden allocations
DEMO
ReSharper Heap Allocations Viewer plugin
Roslyn’s Heap Allocation Analyzer

21. Don’t optimize what
should not be
optimized.

22. Measure!
We know when allocations are done...
...but perhaps these don’t matter.
Measure!
How frequently are we allocating?
How frequently are we collecting?
What generation do we end up on?
Are our allocations introducing pauses?
www.jetbrains.com/dotmemory (and www.jetbrains.com/dottrace)

23. Always Be Measuring
DEMO

24. Object pools / object re-use
If it make sense, re-use objects
Fewer allocations, fewer objects for the GC to scan
Fewer memory traffic that can trigger a full GC
Object pooling - object pool pattern
Create a pool of objects that can be cleaned and re-used
https://www.codeproject.com/articles/20848/c-object-pooling
“Optimize ASP.NET Core” - https://github.com/aspnet/AspLabs/issues/3

25. Garbage Collector & Allocations
GC is optimized for high memory traffic in short-lived objects
Use that knowledge! Don’t fear allocations!
Don’t optimize what should not be optimized…
GC is the concept that makes .NET / C# tick – use it!
Know when allocations happen
GC is awesome
Gen2 collection that stop the world not so much…
Measure!

26. Strings

27. Strings are objects
.NET tries to make them look like a value type, but they are a reference type
Read-only collection of char
Length property
A bunch of operator overloading
Allocated on the managed heap
var a = new string('-', 25);
var b = "Hello, World!";
var c = httpClient.GetStringAsync("http://blog.maartenballiauw.be");

28. Measuring string
allocations
DEMO

29. String duplicates
Any .NET application has them (System.Globalization duplicates quite a few)
Are they bad?
.NET GC is fast for short-lived objects, so meh.
Don’t waste memory with string duplicates on gen2
(it’s okay to have strings there)

30. String literals
Are all strings on the heap? Are all strings duplicated?
var a = "Hello, World!";
var b = "Hello, World!";
Console.WriteLine(a == b);
Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(a, b));
Prints true twice. So “Hello World” only in memory once?

31. Portable Executable (PE)
#UserStrings
DEMO

32. String literals in #US
Compile-time optimization
Store literals only once in PE header metadata stream ECMA-335 standard, section II.24.2.4
Reference literals (IL: ldstr)
var a = Console.ReadLine();
var b = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine(a == b);
Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(a, b));
String interning to the rescue!

33. String interning
Store (and read) strings from the intern pool
Simply call String.Intern when “allocating” or reading the string
Scans intern pool and returns reference
var url = string.Intern("http://blog.maartenballiauw.be");
var stringList = new List<string>();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
{
stringList.Add(url);
}

34. String interning caveats
Why are not all strings interned by default?
CPU vs. memory
Not on the heap but on intern pool
No GC on intern pool – all strings in memory for AppDomain lifetime!
Rule of thumb
Lot of long-lived, few unique -> interning good
Lot of long-lived, many unique -> no benefit, memory growth
Lot of short-lived -> trust the GC
Measure!

35. Exploring the heap
for fun and profit

36. How would you do it...
Build a managed type system, store in memory, CPU/memory friendly
Probably:
Store type info (what’s in there, what’s the offset of fieldN, …)
Store field data (just data)
Store method pointers (“who you gonna call?”)
Inheritance information

37. Stuff on the Stack

38. Stuff on the Managed Heap
(scroll down for more...)

39. IT is just mapping mappings.
Pointer to an “instance”
Instance
Pointer to Runtime Type Information (RTTI)
Field values (which can be pointers in turn)
RTTI
Interface addresses
Instance method addresses
Static method addresses
…

40. Theory is nice...
Microsoft.Diagnostics.Runtime (ClrMD)
“ClrMD is a set of advanced APIs for programmatically inspecting a crash dump of
a .NET program much in the same way that the SOS Debugging Extensions (SOS)
do. This allows you to write automated crash analysis for your applications as well
as automate many common debugger tasks. In addition to reading crash dumps
ClrMD also allows supports attaching to live processes.”
Maarten’s definition: “LINQ-to-heap”

41. ClrMD introduction
DEMO

42. String duplicates
DEMO

43. “Path to root” (why is
my object held in
memory)
DEMO

44. Conclusion

45. Conclusion
Garbage Collector (GC) optimized for high memory traffic + short-lived objects
Don’t fear allocations! But beware of gen2 “stop the world”
String interning when lot of long-lived, few unique
Don’t optimize what should not be optimized…
Measure!
Using a profiler/memory analysis tool
ClrMD to automate inspections

46. Thank you!
Need training, coaching, mentoring, performance analysis?
Hire me! https://blog.maartenballiauw.be/hire-me.html
http://blog.maartenballiauw.be
@maartenballiauw