1. PMO: що може бути гірше
або як ми втрачаємо
ефективність з РМО
Максим Вишнівецький

2. A bit of
theory |
PMO
structures
and types © PMOGuidebook by PMO Global Institute

4. PMO types in practice. Personal view
PMO
Project
mechanical
office
Professional
management
office

5. Professionals vs novice
Herbert A. Simon
• June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001
• Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1978
• the Turing Award in computer science in 1975

6. Professionals vs
novice |
Representation
When experts are presented
a problem or task relevant
to their domain of expertise,
they see the problem in
terms of prior meaningful
patterns of information.
Problem Solving and Human Expertise
T J Nokes and C D Schunn, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
M T H Chi, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

7. Professionals vs novice | Categorization
Michelene Chi, Ph.D., cognitive and learning
scientist, Arizona State University
• 2015 Edward Lee Thorndike Career Achievement Award
• 2016 Distinguished Contributions to Research in
Education Award (from the American Educational
Research Association),
• 2019 Rumelhart Prize (from the Cognitive Science
Society),
• 2020 McGraw Jr. Prize for research in the Learning
Sciences
• 2021 William James Fellow Award in Psychology
• 2023 Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications
of Psychology
Categorization and Representation of Physics Problems by Experts and Novices
Article in Cognitive Science, A Multidisciplinary Journal, April 1981
Experts and novice in physics had so categorize physics exercises
without actual relosution
Experts
categorize problems by
laws of physics, and
novices by surface
features
Experts’ categorization is
consistent

8. The case
• The company's sales team negotiated with the client
hiring of 6 Scrum teams with an ASAP start date to
develop a project using a new technology with a potential
margin +10% compared to the standard one. Salesperson
demanded that the hiring priority for this project to be
increased.
• The project manager began hiring and within a month
staffed 3 teams of newly hired employees and colleagues
from ongoing projects.
• The client returned from vacation and during signing of
the contract, decided to keep only one team.

9. Professionals vs novice | Problem-Solving
Strategies
Problem-solving strategy is a set of specific, repeatable
actions that lead to a comparable class of results. It is rather
a set of heuristic procedures that allow to move arbitrarily
within the framework of a problem situation
• Experts are more likely to use forward-working strategies for well-practiced
problems. Forward-working strategies consist of working toward the
solution from the domain principles.
• Novices use general problem-solving heuristics, such as means–ends
analysis to work backward from the problem goal

10. Professionals vs novice | Summary
Experts Excel Mainly in
Their Own Domains
A very intelligent
person might be
that way
because of
specific local
features of his
knowledge-
organizing
knowledge
rather than
because of
global qualities
of his thinking
Experts Perceive Large
Meaningful Patterns in
Their Domain
This ability to see
meaningful
patterns does
not reflect a
generally
superior
perceptual
ability; rather, it
reflects an
organization of
the knowledge
base
Experts are Fast; They
Are Faster than Novices
at Performing the Skills
of Their Domain, and
They Quickly Solve
Problems with Little
Error
The speed that
experts have
acquired comes
with many hours
of practice,
which makes the
skill more
automatic
Experts can
often arrive at a
solution without
conducting
extensive search
Experts Have Superior
Short-Term and Long-
Term Memory
the automaticity
of many portions
of their skills
frees up
resources for
greater storage
Experts See and
Represent a Problem in
Their Domain at a
Deeper (More
Principled) Level than
Novices; Novices Tend
to Represent a Problem
at a Superficial Level
Experts used
principles of
mechanics to
organize
categories,
whereas novices
built their
problem
categories
around literal
objects stated in
the problem
description.
Experts Spend a Great
Deal of Time Analysing
a Problem Qualitatively
At the beginning
of a problem-
solving episode,
experts typically
try to
"understand" a
problem,
whereas novices
plunge
immediately into
at- tempting to
apply equations
and to solve for
an unknown
Experts Have Strong
Self-Monitoring Skills
Experts seem to
be more aware
than novices of
when they make
errors, why they
fail to
comprehend,
and when they
need to check
their solutions.
Robert Glaser, Michelene T. H. Chi,
Eberly Center for Teaching Excellence, Carnegie Mellon University

11. Competence over control
Focus on competence,
knowledge management
and knowledge transfer
Focus on structure,
metrics and control
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