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Fitts’ Law Basics Lucas Rizoli CPSC 544, September 2006
Paul Fitts 1954 Image from http://www.psychology.ru/whoswho/Paul_Fitts.stm
Serial tapping task Image from http://www.tele-actor.net/fitts/fitts_background.html
Fitts’ Law
Fitts’ Law a : Intercept b : Slope A : Amplitude W : Width ID : Index of difficulty
W A
Time Index of difficulty Intercept Slope (ms/bits)
Index of performance Bits/ms Bandwidth Comparable across devices/tasks
Limits of Fitts’ Strange results with small  A One-dimensional Pointing only
Fitts’ original  ID Multiplied by 2 to avoid negative  ID Problematic when  A  <  W/2
Better fit to data than Fitts’ original Possible negative  ID Welford’s  ID
Claude Shannon 1948 Image from http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Shannon.html
Info Capacity
Info Capacity
Shannon formulation Best fit to data Positive  ID Follows from Info Theory
W W Target Area A H A
W W Target Area A H A
Fitts’ in two dimensions Image from  MacKenzie, I. S. and Buxton, W. 1992. Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks. What to use as  W ? Status-quo ( W ) Smaller-of (min( H , W )) Approach ( W ´ ) Perimeter ( H  +  W ) Area ( H * W )
Fitts’ in two dimensions Image from  MacKenzie, I. S. and Buxton, W. 1992. Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks. What to use as  W ? Status-quo ( W ) Smaller-of (min( H , W )) Approach ( W ´ ) Perimeter ( H  +  W ) Area ( H * W )
Appeal of Smaller-of Significantly better than most Simpler than  W ´
W:H v. MT Image from  Accot, J. and Zhai, S. 2003. Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing.
Bivariate pointing
Implications of BP Law Third empirical parameter Ideal W:H ratio for rect. areas Directional stability v. “landing”
Accot & Zhai 1997 Image from  Accot J. and Zhai  S. 1997. Beyond Fitts' law: Models for trajectory-based HCI tasks.
Application of steering Evaluate non-pointing tasks Performance on changing path Image from  Accot J. and Zhai  S. 1997. Beyond Fitts' law: Models for trajectory-based HCI tasks.
Questions?
Difficult target? Fastest location? Most forgiving target area?

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Fitts' Law Basics