1. Linking Adaptation to and Mitigation of Climate Change in Policy and Practice: Some Considerations by Leisa Perch Coordinator – Rural and Sustainable Development IPC-IG Forest Day Central Africa (May 28 th , 2011) Brazzaville, Congo Email: [email_address]

10. Even so, current adaptation practice has its limitations in application Table 1. Analysis of inclusion by group or by vulnerability in NAPAs to-date * 10 NAPAs did not make it clear if they were participatory Though the NAPA Guidance speaks to the poor and women and gender and participation – the above suggests a policy struggle exists in making this a reality. And though these issues are being considered they are not always succeeding at the level of prioritization. And the poverty figures and GINIs for many of the countries considered tell a different story to above. Inclusivity factor YES - % of all NAPAs reviewed NO - % of all NAPAS reviewed Yes- % of all African NAPAs No - % of African NAPAs Mentions Gender 78 22 80 20 Prioritizes Ge nder 37.5 62.5 45 55 Mentions poverty 97 3 100 0 Prioritizes poverty 81 19 100 0 Mentions ethnicity 22 78 15 85 Prioritizes ethnicity 97 3 0 100 Lists vulnerable groups 65.5 34.5 75 25 Identifies Participatory actions 56 6 55 45

11. Disconnects in benefits-sharing in adaptation strategy Table 2. Adaptation Strategic Entry Points in select African NAPAs (Source: Perch, 2010) What stands out: Largely food security (distribution and access to food?); urban poverty dynamics not clearly defined. Interesting choices – Eritrea on social protection, Sierra Leone on education and HIV/AIDS, Malawi on HIV/AIDS. A number of opportunities for mitigation through emissions reduction as well as the mitigation of social risk could be exploited.. Country Total proposed projects Projects addressing gender, poverty reduction and sustainability Strategy/entry points identified for co-benefits Burundi 12 1 Poverty reduction Eritrea 5 1 Most vulnerable – women and the poor – social protection program Guinea-Bissau 14 2 Food security Lesotho 8 2 Development and Poverty reduction program Malawi 5 1 AIDS/HIV Niger 14 6 Food security Promoting peri-urban markets Diversification of income-generation activities São Tomé e Principe 20 4 Poverty reduction Food security Sierra Leone 24 5 Education HIV/AIDS Sudan 5 1 Food security

15. Looking at Adaptation and Mitigation Side by Side : Source: Perch, 2011

16. Not quite! Some considerations for making adaptation and mitigation more inclusive, more sustainable, more effective and pro-poor

23. Consideration (5): Linking Mitigation and Productive Inclusion (examples from Brazil and Ethiopia ) Source: Perch (2010). Programme summary Growth co-benefits Gender co-benefits Poverty co-benefits Environmental co-benefits Unique structural elements 1. Brazil’s PNPB adopts an explicit policy to incorporate family farmers into the biodiesel value chain. Incentives by GOB included distribution of seeds, technical assistance, credit and formal contracts for small-scale family farmers. Special economic incentive instruments target the less developed Northeast region (Zapata, et al., 2010). Structures the supply chain of biodiesel in Brazil and expands the sources for the production. Linked to a regulation that demands biodiesel/diesel blending into gasoline (of at least 5 per cent) (Zapata et al., 2010). Gender is not an issue that has been identified in the policy design of the PNPB. However, several women are small-scale farmers and take part in the programme. Directly integrates small farmers in new markets and provides a guaranteed additional source of income for them and their families. Expands low-carbon path of development. The Selo Social (Social Label) certification for purchases, gives tax exemptions to the refineries purchasing a minimum required amount from smallholder farmers, and full tax exemption to those purchasing from farmers in the Northeast region. (Zapata et al., 2010). 2. Ethiopia’s PSNP provides cash and food in exchange for work during the food insecurity and hunger period, (Davies et al., 2008). Maximises benefits across sectors; reduces need for emergency welfare mechanisms in times of drought. Includes focus on women and gender dimensions of poverty. Cash transfers alleviate stress and insecurity; build assets and gather funds for mitigating climate-related risks. Prevent the use of environmentally-damaging coping strategies particularly in times of drought. Safety net programme – linking social protection and climate change.

27. Thank You!!!!! Contact information: Leisa Perch, IPC-IG Email: [email_address] or [email_address]