Architecture, Photography, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Japonisme

1. 19th Century Art

2. 19th Century in Europe and USA
• Paris as a Cultural Center
• Industrial Revolution – the machine age
• Urbanization – larger numbers of people moving to cities (Immigration in
New York)
• Science and Progress
• Freedom of Expression

3. New Technology in Architecture
19th Century Belief in Progress and Advancement of Civilization
Through Science and Technology

4. Brooklyn
Bridge
John Augustus Roebling and Washington Augustus Roebling,
Brooklyn Bridge (New York), Completed in 1883 (started in 1870),
Architecture

5. Brooklyn
Bridge
John Augustus Roebling and Washington
Augustus Roebling, Brooklyn Bridge (New
York), Completed in 1883 (started in 1870),
Architecture
• Used Steel to make
the bridge long
• Architect designed
twisted wire cable
• Bridge 2000 Meters
long (longest bridge
built at that time)
• Gothic style arches

6. Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower (Paris),
1889, Architecture

7. Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower (Paris),
1889, Architecture
• Tallest structure built at that time
(used steel)
• Built for 1889 Universal Exposition
• Classical Round Arch
• Exposed steel structure (not
covered by glass or walls)
• Paris is the “center” of the Art
World in 19th Century

8. Photography and Its Effects
• Photography had a profound influence on art since its invention
• Portrait Photography became more popular than portrait painting
• Many artists were influenced by the ”realism” in the photos
• Some artists starting using photography for sources
• Some accepted photography as an art form, while others were
against photography as art

9. First photograph
Taken by Joseph Nicephone Niepce in France in 1826
- Niepce experimented with processes of reproducing still images
starting in 1816
- But, the process wasn’t practical – exposure time was 8 hours for
one photograph!

10. The Daguerreotype
• The first practical process of photography was the
Daguerreotype, introduced in 1839
• Invented by Louis-Jacque-Mande Daguerre, a French painter and
printmaker

11. The first daguerreotype (Still life of Classic Roman Objects)

12. Eadweard Muybridge
• First motion photography which led into “moving pictures” (movies)
• Muybridge was hired by Leland Stanford (founder of Stanford University in
USA) to see if there’s a moment when all horses hooves off the ground
at same time

13. Eadweard Muybridge, Horse Galloping, 1878, Photograph (collotype)

14. Gertrude Kasebier
Blessed Art Thou Among Women
Photography (Platinum Print on
Japanese Paper)
1899

15. • Gertrude Kasebier was an American portrait
painter who took up photography after raising her
family
• Pictorial Style
• Scene from everyday life with a sense of the
spiritual and divine
• Title refers to a phrase from The Old Testament
(Bible) by angel who announced to Virgin Mary
that she’ll have a baby

16. Impressionism
• Style that began in France in mid-19th Century (1860’s)
• Term impressionism was given to this style by an art critic who thought
the art looked unfinished and too “sketchy”
• Interest in color and light
• Painted outdoors “Plein air”
• French culture

17. Claude Monet, Terrace at Sainte-Adresse, Oil on Canvas, 1867

18. Claude Monet
Terrace at Sainte-Adresse
Oil on Canvas
1867
Plein air Painting (painted
outdoors)
Strong Light and Shadow
Upper class French
culture
Relaxing near the Sea

19. Claude Monet,
The Water Lily Pond
Oil on Canvas
1899

20. Claude Monet
The Water Lily Pond
Oil on Canvas
1899
Water Lilies is a series of 250
oil paintings that Monet
worked on for the last 30 years
of his life in his garden at his
home, Giverny
Tradition of Landscape
Painting
Symbolism of flowers
Japanese influence, including
the bridge and water lilies

21. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette, Painting
(oil on canvas),1876

22. Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Moulin de la Galette
oil on canvas
1876
• Relaxing on a
Sunday afternoon in
Paris
• Young, fashionable
Parisians
• Light coming
through the trees
(color and light)

23. Berthe Morisot, Summer’s Day, Oil on Canvas, 1879

24. Berthe Morisot
Summer’s Day
Oil on Canvas
1879
• Loose, painterly
technique
• Women accepted as
artists in 19th Century
• Paintings of French
Women

25. Post-Impressionism
• Later Impressionism starting in the late 1880s
• Independent styles focusing on human emotion, rather than simply
optical impressions
• Often involved symbolism
• Paintings often made in studios, rather than outdoors
• Influenced generations of artists in 20th Century Modern Art

26. Georges Seurat
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
oil on canvas
1884 - 1886

27. • Used dots to create the
painting (“pointilism” style
• Made many drawings of
people on this island near
Paris
• Upper Class French
enjoying a Sunday
afternoon
Georges Seurat
A Sunday Afternoon on the
Island of La Grande Jatte
oil on canvas
1884 - 1886

31. Charcoal
drawings
(studies)

33. Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889, Oil on Canvas

34. • Theme: The vastness of the universe
• Focus on Emotion
• Symbolism
• Image of church represents his
conflicted feeling about religion
• Thick paint (impasto) to create texture,
use of line, overall blue color
represents his emotions

35. Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? Where Are We Going?
1897, Oil on Canvas (4'6” x 12'3”)

36. Gauguin, French painter, moved to Tahiti, an island in the
South Pacific, to paint native people in the tropical
landscape (moved away from Western culture)
Fusion of East and West
Gauguin struggled with questions about life (related to
philosophy)
Expressive use of color
Use of Symbolism

37. Edvard Munch
The Scream,1893
Oil, Tempera, Pastel, and
Crayon on Cardboard

38. • Edvard Munch (1863 - 1944) was a
Norwegian artist whose work is
psychologically charged
• Strange, genderless figure in the
landscape. Some scholars believe
he was inspired by a Peruvian
mummy that he saw in an exhibition
at a museum in Paris.
• Focus on the emotion of fear and
agony
• Munch’s work influenced later
Modern Art styles in the early 20th
Century, especially Expressionism
• Munch’s work is sometimes
associated with the Symbolist
movement, as well
Edvard Munch
The Scream,1893
Oil, Tempera, Pastel, and
Crayon on Cardboard

39. Realism
• 19th Century Movement in France that tried to show “real” human
emotion
• Artists painted indoors
• Style more “realistic” – true colors, more detailed

40. Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers, 1849, Oil on Canvas

41. Gustave Courbet
Leading Figure of the 19th Century Realist Movement
• Image of workers
• Dreary colors convey the
feeling of the labor
• Work is symbolic and
political: In France in
1848, workers rebelled
against the government for
better working conditions

42. Comparison

43. Edouard Manet
A Bar at the Folies-Bergere
Oil on Canvas
1881

44. Edouard Manet
Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-
Bergere, Oil on Canvas,1881
• Mirror in background
with reflection
• Self-absorbed and
slightly depressed (not
looking at the customer /
bored)
• Contrast of
environment (Club) with
the mood of the bartender

45. Edouard Manet
Olympia,
oil on canvas
1863

46. Edouard Manet
Olympia
oil on canvas
1863
• Based on a
Renaissance Painting
by Titian (Venus of
Urbino)
• Olympia stares out
coldly at the viewer
• Prostitute
• Symbolism

47. Comparison

48. Japonisme
• Name given to French art inspired by Japanese art during the 19th
Century
• Japan began to trade with Western countries in the 19th Century
• Europeans become interested in Japanese culture (collected Japanese
objects and art)

49. Utagawa Hiroshige
One Hundred Views of Edo
Woodblock Print
1856 - 1858

50. Utagawa Hiroshige, One
Hundred Views of Edo,
Graphic Arts, 1856 - 1858
• Traditional Japanese Medium
• Flat Shapes
• Dull color with a few areas of bright
color
• Looking down into the picture
• Diagonal movement

51. Edgar Degas
The Rehearsal on Stage
Oil on Canvas
1874

52. Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal on
Stage, Painting (Oil on Canvas), 1874
• Inspired by Japanese
Woodblock Prints
• Theme of Ballet
Dancers (Movement of
Dancers / French Culture)

53. Comparison

54. Henri de Toulouse Lautrec
Jane Avril
Lithograph
1893

55. Inspired by Japanese Woodblock
Prints
Posters advertising Bars,
Dancers, Musicians in Paris
Lithograph – type of printmaking
using a flat stone and wax resist
process
Henri de Toulouse Lautrec,
Jane Avril, Graphic Arts
(Lithograph), 1893

56. Mary Cassatt
Maternal Caress
Drypoint and Aquatint
(printmaking)
1890 - 1891

57. Mary Cassatt
Maternal Caress
Drypoint and Aquatint
1890 - 1891
• Inspired by Japanese
Woodblock Prints (Cassatt
collected them)
• Universal Theme of
Mother and Child
• Mary Cassatt – American
woman who went to Paris
to study art