Chemical Reactions

1. Chemistry

3. What makes up an Atom

4. Atomic Numbers

5. Compounds (Ionic and Covalent)

6. Metals and Non Metals

7. The Periodic Table; What it is and who discovered it?

8. Chemical Reactions

9. Identifying Chemical Reactions

10. Chemical and Physical changes

11. Reaction rate and factors affecting it

12. Bibliography By Catherine

13. Elements and Atoms

14. Atoms

16. Each object living or non living is somehow made up of atoms

17. An atom cannot be seen by the human eye unless with help of a very powerful microscope.

19. What makes up an atom? Protons Neutrons Electrons

21. Protons have actually been known to become neutrons from certain experiments and studies.

23. The hydrogen atom’s nucleus is the only one without neutrons.

24. There is a minimum of one neutron in every other atom’s nucleus.

26. Electrons are so fast that it is impossible, even with today’s modern technology to tell where they are at any specific time.

28. Atomic Numbers Every element has an atomic number. This atomic number represents the number of protons in the substance. Any element with an atomic number of 83 – 94 are thought to be unstable since they have no stable nuclei but still exist on earth. ** Nuclear substances are made up from these unstable elements.

29. Compounds Compounds are two or more elements bounded together to make a new substance. There are 2 main types of bonds/comounds that can occur. One is the Covalent Compound the other the Ionic Compound.

30. Covalent Compounds Covalent Compounds are compounds which when bonded together share electrons. Covalent Compounds usually occur when two non metals are joined together. There area few main factors which can usually be used to distinguish Covalent Compounds from Ionic Compounds: Covalent compounds usually have a lower boiling point to Ionic compounds Covalent compounds are usually much more flammable then Ionic compounds Covalent compounds don’t conduct electricity in water

32. Ionic compounds are very brittle and hard

34. Chemical Properties *Generalization

35. Physical Properties *Generalization

36. The Periodic Table The Periodic Table has developed over many years to become the comprehensive table of elements it is today. It is used to name elements and the atomic value of each of them. So let’s investigate further…..

37. Periodic Table Key The Periodic Table

38. The Discoverers of the Periodic Table Arsitotle- 330BC Antoine Lavoisier- 1770 to 1789 Jons Jakob Berzelius- 1828 Johann Dobereiner-1829 John Newlands-1864 Lothar Meyer-1869 Dmitiri Mendeleev-1869 William Ramsay-1894 Henry Moseley-1914 Glen Seaborg-1940

39. Aristotle A lot of historical events have occurred over time to make the periodic table the extensive table it is today. The first discoverer to have come up with theory of elements is believed to be Aristotle in the BC time period. He came up with the theory of 4 elements, earth, wind, fire and water.

40. Antoine Lavoisier Antoine wrote the first extensive list of elements which contained 33 elements, he also distinguished metals from non metals. Later though, some of his ‘elements’ were later described as compounds and mixtures.

41. Jons Jakob Berzelius Jons Jakob Berzelius was a Swedish chemist who is credited with the discovery of the elements, silicon, selenium, thorium and cerium.

42. Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner Johann Doberiener discovered the trends of a certain group of elements. For example Johann discovered that the atomic mass of lithium and potassium was close to the atomic mass of sodium. Johann’s discoveries have been very helpful in the continued research and development of atomic numbers throughout science and chemistry.

43. John Alexander Reina Newlands John was the first person to create a periodic table of elements in order of their atomic weight. Also his research predicted the existence of more elements including geranium.

44. Julius Lothar Meyer & Dmitri Mendeleev Julius Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev never worked together but are often thought the co- creators of the periodic table we know today after both continued to develop the theory of John Newlands that when elements are put in order on the periodic table elements with similar properties fall into a similar group. They both later published separate yet nearly identical periodic tables which included corrected atomic numbers and predicted new elements. Dmitri Mendeleev is still often given more credit of the discovery since he managed to predict 8 new elements and where they would be placed on the periodic table.

45. William Ramsay William Ramsay was the discoverer of the Noble gases. Ramsay discovered a large component of air that was thought not to have any chemical reactivity and was unknown. Later on Ramsay discovered other gases such as, neon, krypton and xenon. He also received a Nobel Prize recognizing his work in 1904.

46. Henry Moseley Henry showed the world that atomic numbers were not just random approximations instead he showed that atomic numbers actually had substantial basis. Moseley’s law provided support on the existence of atoms where an atomic number represented the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. His death occurred while fighting in the war which provoked a new law in Britain in which scientists couldn’t enlist for combat.

48. Americium

49. Curium

50. Berkelium

51. Californium

52. Einsteinium

53. Fermium

54. Mendelevium

55. NobeliumAnd another element, element 106 named seaborgium in his honor while he was alive. His discoveries also helped in curing diseases. He also shared a Nobel Prize with Edwin Mc Millian.

57. Decomposition reactions

58. Combustion reactions

59. Single Displacement

61. Decomposition Reactions A decomposition reaction is the complete opposite of a synthesis reaction in the form that when something decomposition it goes from a complex molecule breaks down to something smaller and similar.

62. Combustion Reactions A combustion reaction is when oxygen combines with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they produce heat.

63. Single Displacement & Double Displacement Single Displacement is when one element trades places with another element in a compound. Double Displacement is when positive and negative charges switch places in two different molecules forming an entirely different compounds.

64. Identifying what reaction has occurred When trying to figure out what chemical reaction is occurring during an experiment some things to think about are: If your reaction has oxygen as one of it’s reactants and carbon dioxide and water as the product, a combustion reaction is occurring. If the reaction has two or more chemicals mixing together to form one chemical it’s a synthesis reaction. If a reaction has one large molecule re forming to make multiple small ones it’s a synthesis reaction. If your reaction has any molecules that contain only one element it’s a single displacement reaction.

66. Changes in color

68. Reaction Rate The rate of which a chemical reaction occurs is the speed in which the reactants are converted to products. It is thought that in order to react the particles of the reactants must collide and the faster that they collide will speed up the reaction progress.

69. Key Factors That Influence Reaction Rate Temperature: the hotter the temperature the kinetic energy of the particles increases which results in more collisions making the reaction progress faster Size: The smaller the particles to chances of collision increase so the reaction rate increases Stirring: Quickly stirring makes the particles move more which increases the chances of collision making the process faster

70. Bibliography www.vtaide.com.au www.wikkipedia.com www.historyoftheuniverse.com www.ausetute.com.au/pthistor.html www.googleimages.com www.chemhistory.com http://misterguch.brinkster.net/covalentcompounds.html www.visionlearning.com http://www.answers.com/topic/chemical-reaction.com