Easy description

1. Presented by:
Ms. Elizabeth M.Sc (N)
Asst. Professor,
Dept of MSN,
NNC, GNSU

2. Anatomy
The stomach has 5 parts
• Cardia: The first portion (closest to the esophagus)
• Fundus: The upper part of the stomach next to the cardia.
• Body (corpus): The main part of the stomach, between the
upper and lower parts.
• Antrum: The lower portion (near the intestine), where the
food is mixed with gastric juice.
• Pylorus : The last part of the stomach, which acts as a valve
to control emptying of the stomach contents into the small
intestine.

3. • The first 3 parts of the stomach (cardia, fundus, and body) are
sometimes called the
• Some cells in these parts of the stomach make acid and pepsin (a
digestive enzyme), the parts of the gastric juice that help digest food.
• They also make a protein called intrinsic factor, which the body needs
to absorb vitamin B12.
• The lower 2 parts (antrum and pylorus) are called the
• The stomach has 2 curves, which form its inner and outer borders.
They are called the ,
respectively.

4. Blood supply
Most of the blood supply to the stomach is from Four main arteries
• Left gasrtic artery
• Right gastric artery
• Right gastroepiploic artery

5. Venous drainage
• Left and right gastric vein
• Right gastroepiploic vein
• Left gastroepiploic vein

6. Lymphatic drainage
It has into four zones:
• Superior gastric
• Suprapyloric
• Pancreaticolienal
• Inferior gastric/subpyloric

7. Stomach has five layers:
• Mucosa
• Sub mucosa
• Smooth muscle layer
• Sub serosa
• Serosa

8. Stomach cancer begins when cancer cells form
in the inner lining of stomach. These cells can
grow into a tumor. Also called gastric cancer, the
disease usually grows slowly over many years.

11. Predisposing
factor
• Pernicious anaemia
• Atrophic gastritis
• Previous gastric resection
• Chronic peptic ulcer
• Smoking
• Alcohol.
Environmental
Factor
• H.pylori infection
• Diet
• Low socioeconomic Status
• Nationality (JAPAN)
Genetic Factor
• .Blood group A
• Hereditary non- polyposis
colon cancer (HNPCC).

12. Clinical Presentation
Common clinical Presentation: 3A”s:
1.Anaemia(due to bleeding from tumour)
2.Asthenia(septic absorption from the tumour)
3.Anorexia
• onset of early satiety, dyspepsia, epigastric discomfort

13. Specific symptoms depending on the site of tumour.
- gastric outlet obstruction.
- dysphagia, hamaetemesis.
- mass per abdomen(silent variety).
- jaundice, ascites

14. • Grossly Anemic,
• Cachexia,
• Epigastric mass,
• Virchows node
• Sister mary joseph node
• Krukenberg tumor
• Irish node

16. Stages of gastric cancer

17. Staging of Gastric Cancer
T1 - lamina propria & sub - mucosa
T2 - muscularis & sub - serosa
T3 - serosa
T4 - Adjacent organs
N0 - no lymph node
N1 - Epigastric node
N2 - main arterial trunk
Mo - distal metastasis
M1 - distal metastasis

18. Spread of Gastric Cancer
• Direct Spread
• Blood-borne metastasis
• Lymphatic spread
• Transperitoneal spread

19. INVESTIGATIONS
• Full blood count
• LFT, RFT
• Stool examination for occult blood
• CXR
• Serum tumor markers (CA 72-4,CEA,CA19- 9)

20. • Diagnostic study of choice - USG, CT, biopsy
• UGI endoscopy with biopsy, CT, MRI & USG Laparoscopy
• Upper gastro intestinal endoscopy - Diagnostic accuracy is 98% if
upto 7 biopsies is taken.
• Laparoscopy: Help in assessment of wall thickness, metastases
(peritoneum ,liver & LNs) Help in assessment of wall thickness,
metastases (peritoneum ,liver & LNs) Detection of peritoneal
metastases

22. Management
Surgery Chemotherapy Radiotherapy

23. Initial treatment
1.Improve nutrition if needed by parentral or enteral feeding.
2.Correct fluid &electrolyte & anemia if they are present.

24. Though some superficial cancers can be treated endoscopically,
gastrectomy is the most widely used approach
1. Total gastrectomy - usually performed for lesions in the upper third
(proximal) stomach
2. Distal subtotal gastrectomy - performed for tumors in the distal (lower two-
thirds) of the stomach

25. RADICAL GASTRECTOMY
• Remove the stomach +distal part of
esophagus+ proximal part of duodenum +
greater & lesser omentum + Lymph Nodes
• Oesophagojejunostomy with roux-en-y
gastric bypass surgery

27. SUBTOTAL GASTRECTOMY
• Similar to total one except that the
PROXIMAL PART of the stomach is
preserved
• Followed by reconstruction &
creating anastomosis ( by
gastrojejunostomy, billroth II )

28. Billroth - II

29. PALLIATIVE SURGERY
• For pts with advanced (inoperable) disease & suffering significant
symptoms e.g. obstruction, bleeding.
• Palliative gastrectomy not necessarily to be radical, remove resectable
masses & reconstruct (anastomosis/intubation/stenting/
recanalisation)

30. POSTOPERATIVE ORDERS
• Admit to PACU
• Detailed nutritional advise (small frequent meals)

31. Post-Operative Complications
• Leakage from duodenal stump.
• Secondary hemorrhage.
• Nutritional deficiency in long term.

32. Chemotherapy
Responds well, but there is no effect on survival.
- Epirubicin, cisplatin &5-flurouracil (3 wks) 6 cycles
40% .

33. Radiotherapy
may decrease the recurrence.

34. Nursing Diagnosis
• Acute Pain
• Altered Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements
• Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit
• Fatigue
• Risk for Infection
• Risk for Altered Oral Mucous Membranes
• Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity

35. • Anticipatory Grieving
• Situational Low Self-Esteem
• Risk for Altered Sexuality Patterns
• Risk for Altered Family Process
• Fear/Anxiety
• Risk for Constipation/Diarrhea

36. Nursing Management
• Monitor nutritional intake and weigh patient regularly.
• Monitor CBC and serum vitamin B12 levels to detect anemia, and monitor
albumin and prealbumin levels to determine if protein supplementation is needed.
• Provide comfort measures and administer analgesics as ordered.
• Frequently turn the patient and encourage deep breathing to prevent pulmonary
complications, to protect skin, and to promote comfort.
• Maintain nasogastric suction to remove fluids and gas in the stomach and prevent
painful distention.

37. • Provide oral care to prevent dryness and ulceration.
• Keep the patient nothing by mouth as directed to promote gastric wound healing.
Administer parenteral nutrition, if ordered.
• When nasogastric drainage has decreased and bowel sounds have returned, begin
oral fluids and progress slowly.
• Avoid giving the patient high-carbohydrate foods and fluids with meals, which
may trigger dumping syndrome because of excessively rapid emptying of gastric
contents.
• Administer protein and vitamin supplements to foster wound repair and tissue
building.

38. • Eat small, frequent meals rather than three large meals.
• Reduce fluids with meals, but take them between meals.
• Stress the importance of long term vitamin B12 injections after gastrectomy to
prevent surgically induced pernicious anemia.
• Encourage follow-up visits with the health care provider and routine blood studies
and other testing to detect complications or recurrence.