1. GRAMMAR BOOK
Liliana Russell

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Nationalities
2. Stem changers
3. Para
4. IOP
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tú Commands/ Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
11. Negative tú Commands/ Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
12. Sequencing events

3. NATIONALITIES

4. STEM CHANGE
Dormir Jugar Pedir
Duermo Dormimos Juego Jugamos Pido Pedimos
Duermes Dormeis Juegas Jugáis Pides Pedís
Duerme Duermen Juega Juegan Pide Piden
Pensar Almorzar Contar
Pienso Pensamos Almuerzo Almorzamos Cuento Cuentamos
Piensas Pensáis Almuerzas Almorzáis Cuentas Cuentais
Piensa Piensan Almuerza Almuerza Cuenta Cuentan
The stem doesn’t change for the nosotros or vosotros form

5. PARA
• Use para (for, in order to) to indicate…
The recipient of Purpose
items • Vamos al restaraunte
• El regalo para tú para comer.
mama
Implied purpose
• Tengo dinero para
(comprar) algo.

6. IOP
• They are nouns that tell whom/ what • The pronouns le and
or for whom/ what les can refer to
• Replace object pronouns or different indirect
accompany indirect objects object. To clarify what
• Can be in three places they mean, they are
accompanied by:
1. Before a conjugated verb
a+ name, noun, or
2. Attached to the end of an infinitive pronoun
3. Attached to a gerund (-ing verb)
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les

7. PRONOUN PLACEMENT
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to the progressive
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative tense
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
*IO Placement
• When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, the
pronoun comes before the verb
• But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an
infinitive, it can either go before the conjugated verb or be
attached to the end of the infinitive

8. GUSTAR
Me • Gusta singular
• Me gusta el carro.
Les Te • Infinitive gusta
• Me gusta hablar español.
Gusta
• Plural gusta
• Me gustan los carros.
Os Le
*Read the sentence backwards
Nos • Me gusta el carro.
The car is liked by me.
• A mi= me gusta *A MI me gusta tacos.
• A ti= te gusta • Used for emphasis
• A usted/ a el/ a ella= le gusta
• A nosotros= nos gusta
• A ustedes/ a ellas/ a ellos= les gusta • The form of gustar matches the
• A vosotros= os gusta noun, not the speaker

9. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
WORDS
• When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an
affirmative or a negative word
Affirmative Words Negative Words
• Algo= something • Nada= nothing
• Alguien= someone • Nadie= no one
• Algún/ alguno(a)= some • Ningún/ Ninguno(a)= none
• Siempre=always • Nunca= never
• También=also • Tampoco= neither
•
Alguno and ninguno must match the gender of the noun they replace or
modify. They have different forms when used before masculine or singular
nouns.
• If a verb is proceeded by no, words that follow must be negative. A double
negative is required in Spanish when no proceeds the verb.
• However, if a negative words, such as nunca or nadie, comes before the verb, a
second negative is not needed.

10. SUPERLATIVES
• The suffix –ismo, -isimos, -isima, and –isimas are added to adjectives and adverbs
• It is equivalent to extremely or very before and adjective or adverb
Malo Malísimo
Muchas Muchísimas
Difícil Dificilísimo
• Adjectives & adverbs ending in C, G, or Z change spelling to que, gu, and c
Rico Riquísimo
Largo Larguísima
Feliz Felícismo
• Adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding –cisimo/a
Joven Jovencísimo
Trabajador Trabajadorcísimo

11. REFLEXIVES
• To describe people doing things for themselves, use • In the reflexive construction, the subject is
reflexive verbs. also the object
• Ex: brushing one’s teeth or combing one’s hair • A person does as well as receives the action
• Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to • The subject, the pronoun, and the verb are
indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the all in the same form
action of the verb. • Por ejemplo:
Me lavo Nos lavamos
Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana.
Te lavas Os laváis
• How do you form these verbs?
Se lava Se lavan
• Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive 1. Conjugate the verb as always
pronouns. When there is no reflexive pronoun, the • Posición de los pronombres reflexivos
person doing the action does not receive the action
Sara se lava. ← Reflexive Not reflexive →Sara lava el 1. In front of a conjugated verb
carro. 2. Attached to a gerund
Sara washes herself. Sara washes the car.
3. Attached to an infinitive
• They include the concept of possession.
• You can put the reflexive pronoun in front of 4. Attached to an infinitive command
the conjugated verb. *Reflexive= se on the end
* When you use the infinitive form of a reflexive verb -acostarse
after a conjugated verb, be sure to use the correct
reflexive pronoun. -bañarse

12. AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/
IRREGULARS/ PRONOUN PLACEMENT
A f f i r m a t ive t ú C o m m a n d s I r r e g u l a r A f f i r m a t ive t ú C o m m a n d s
They give instructions or commands to Remember that when you use a pronoun with
someone by using the Affirmative tú an affirmative command, the pronoun
commands of regular verbs. attaches to the command
*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like • Pon te otra camisa.
a 3rd house form Put on (yourself) another shirt
Caminar Camina
Comer Come Infinitive
Affirmative tú Command
Abrir Abre decir di
hacer haz
ir ve
Camina en el parque poner pon
salir sal
Come toda la se
hamburguesa ser
ten
Abre la puerta, quiero tener ven
entrar venir
• When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command.
ex. Cruza el parque → ¡Crúzalo!

13. NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/
IRREGULARS/ PRONOUN PLACEMENT
Negativos
Des
Estés
Vayas N e g a t ive T ú C o m m a n d s Ir regular ú Commands
Seas
A few verbs have irregular negative
When you tell someone what not to
tú commands. Notice that none of
do, use a negative command.
the yo forms of these verbs end in -o
Negative tú commands are formed
Negative tú
by taking you form of the present Infinitive (yo form)
Command
tense, dropping the –o, and • No les des mi dirección a
• Dar (doy)
adding the appropriate ending. nadie
• Estar (estoy) • Don’t give my address to
anyone
Infinitive Yo form
Negative tú • Ir (voy) • No estés triste.
Command • Ser (soy) • Don’t be sad.
• Hablar • Hablo • No hables • No vayas a la tienda.
• Don’t go to the store.
• volver • Vuelvo • No vuelvas
• No seas mala.
• Venir • Don’t be bad.
Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verbs.
Ex: No lo uses. (Don’t use it (the blow-dryer)

14. TÚ COMMANDS CONTINUED
Tú Commands Pronoun Placement
1) Affirmative: Drop the –s 1. Infinitive
2) Put in yo form, change vowel, add –s 2. Gerund
3) Affirmative irregulars: Di haz, ven, 3. Before conjugated verb
pon, sal, se, ten, ven 4. Affirmative command
4) Irregular Commands:
Tener No tengas
¡Tócala!
Venir No vengas
Dar/ decir No des/ digas ¡Báñate!
Ir No vayas ¡No la toques!
Ser No seas
Hacer No hagas
Estar No estés
Saber/ salir No sepas/ salgas

15. SEQUENCING EVENTS
Primero Entonces Luego/ después Por fin
First Then Later/ after Finally
Antes de/ después de
Before/ after
Por la mañana/ tarde/ noche
In/ during the… (NO SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN)