Here are the steps to partition the disk:1. Create a partition for / (root) of size 200MB: fdisk /dev/hda n p 1 <enter> <enter> +200M2. Create a swap partition of size 512MB: n p 2 <enter> <enter> +512M3. Create a partition for /home of remaining size: n p 3 <enter> <enter> <enter>4. Write and exit: wThis will create a basic 3 partition layout for /, swap and /home
Similar to Here are the steps to partition the disk:1. Create a partition for / (root) of size 200MB: fdisk /dev/hda n p 1 <enter> <enter> +200M2. Create a swap partition of size 512MB: n p 2 <enter> <enter> +512M3. Create a partition for /home of remaining size: n p 3 <enter> <enter> <enter>4. Write and exit: wThis will create a basic 3 partition layout for /, swap and /home
Similar to Here are the steps to partition the disk:1. Create a partition for / (root) of size 200MB: fdisk /dev/hda n p 1 <enter> <enter> +200M2. Create a swap partition of size 512MB: n p 2 <enter> <enter> +512M3. Create a partition for /home of remaining size: n p 3 <enter> <enter> <enter>4. Write and exit: wThis will create a basic 3 partition layout for /, swap and /home (20)
Here are the steps to partition the disk:1. Create a partition for / (root) of size 200MB: fdisk /dev/hda n p 1 <enter> <enter> +200M2. Create a swap partition of size 512MB: n p 2 <enter> <enter> +512M3. Create a partition for /home of remaining size: n p 3 <enter> <enter> <enter>4. Write and exit: wThis will create a basic 3 partition layout for /, swap and /home
1. UBUNTU : An Overview
By
Rajesh Babu Muda
NCSI, IISc, Bangalore
rajesh@dharmaganja.ncsi.iisc.ernet.in
2. Agenda
Historical Data
File System
Partition Magic
Ubuntu 8.04 : Installation
Upgrading Ubuntu flavour
Ubuntu 8.10 : Usage
Troubleshooting
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4. Linux
Definition :
Linux is an open source
operating system based on Unix environment.
open source :
A program in which the source
code is available to the general public for use
and/or modification from its original design
free of charge.
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8. Introduction
“Ubuntu” is an ancient African word, meaning
“humanity to others”.
Ubuntu also means “ I am what I am because
of who we all are”.
Ubuntu is a complete Linux based operating
system, freely available with both community
and professional support.
Ubuntu has to be pronounced as “oo-boon-
too”.
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9. Philosphy
In World without fences and walls who need
Gates and Windows.
Software should be available free of charge,
that software tools should be usable by people
in their local language and despite any
disabilities, and that people should have the
freedom to customize and alter their software
in whatever way they see it.
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10. Uniqueness
Ubuntu is guaranteed to be cost-free.
There is no “Enterprise Edition”.
Not only the operating system free-canonical will actually ship
ubuntu cds and pay for the shipping as well.
Ubuntu and the software it includes are free in two ways- they are
cost free and non-proprietary.
Source code of the applications can be acessed and modified.
Ubuntu tries to make the installation of the operating system as
simple as possible- i.e, one user,one password, one application
per task, one CD for the entire operating system.
Finally Ubuntu is Ubuntu. (“Humanity to others”)
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11. Ubuntu
User Interface is Gnome
Heavy weight component
Gnome is focused on simplicity and usability
Rhythmbox (Music Player)
Sound juicer (ripper)
Evolution (email client & calender)
Gedit (text editor)
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12. kubuntu
User Interface is K Desktop Environment
Heavy weight component
KDE focused on lot of point-and-click
configuration
Amarock (Cd player)
K3b (cd burner)
Konqueror (web browser and file manager)
Kopete (instant messenger)
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13. xubuntu
Xfce Desktop Environment
Lighter than Gnome and KDE
Xfce is focused on more point-and-click
configuration
Thumar (File Manager)
Thunder bird (email client)
Mousepad (text editor)
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14. Edubuntu
User Interface is Gnome with different default
applications
Heavy weight component
Gnome is focused on educational tools
Gpaint (use paint)
Atmoix (a puzzle Game)
Xqos (real-time interactive factal zoomer)
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15. Ubuntu Releases
8.10: October 2008 (Intrepid Ibex)
8.04 LTS: April 2008 (Hardy Heron) Long-Term Support
7.10: October 2007 (Gutsy Gibbon)
7.04: April 2007 (Feisty Fawn) [No longer supported]
6.10: October 2006 (Edgy Eft) [No longer supported]
6.06 LTS: June 2006 (Dapper Drake) Long-Term Support
5.10: October 2005 (Breezy Badger) [No longer
supported]
5.04: April 2005 (Hoary Hedgehog) [No longer supported]
4.10: October 2004 (Warty Warthog) [No longer
supported]
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16. Hardware Requirements
Bare Minimum requirements :
300 MHz x86 processor
64 MB of system memory (RAM)
At least 4 GB of disk space (for full installation and swap space)
VGA graphics card capable of 640x480 resolution
CD-ROM drive or network card
Recommended minimum requirements
300 MHz processor
256 MB of system memory (RAM)
8 GB of disk space
Graphics card capable of 800x600 resolution
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17. Disk Space Needed
Task Installed size Download size Space to install (MB)
Desktop env 1360 454 1814
Laptop 27 10 37
Web server 35 11 46
Print server 184 56 240
DNS server 2 1 3
File server 50 21 71
Mail server 13 5 18
SQL db 32 10 42
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18. Ubuntu : File System
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23. Basic Commands
ls – view files of directory.
cd – to change directory.
cp – to copy the file or directory.
rm – to remove file or directory.
mv – to rename / move file or directory.
tar – to extract file or directory.
df – show list of partitions mounted.
vim -- text editor
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25. Benefits of the Terminal
Installing any application, will take at least five clicks
(and a lot of waiting) to do.
To install it via the command-line, it would take only
one command.
Of course, the command has to be known—it is not
easily discoverable, but it is useful.
Being on Ubuntu forum, it is easy to be guided
In fact it is not necessary to type the commands, just
simply copy and paste from forums.
Terminal commands also give more helpful feedback—
usually a text error message if the command fails.
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26. What does sudo Do ?
It allows one to generally operate as a regular
user but has a temporary window within the
user account to operate as Root.
Once the Root window is closed, it is just as if
you are a user again. One need not have to log
out of user, log in as Root, make changes, log
out of Root, and log back in as user again.
One can be Root and user simultaneously.
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27. Frequently edited System Files
/etc/fstab
(making hard drives and partitions viewable as
folders)
/boot/grub/menu.lst
(controlling the boot menu that lets you choose
which operating system to boot to)
/etc/apt/sources.list
(the list of sources from which you can easily
install software)
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
(screen resolution options, among other things)
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29. Basic Partition
/ 64 200+ MB (Stock kernel modules are 40 MiB +)
/tmp 50 MB 2+ GB (1GB+ to 18GB for some CDROM/DVD burning SW)
/var 4+ GB (3 GiB + for Debian users)
/usr 4 12 GB (8+ for a generous install)
/usr/local 1 2+ GB (Really depends on what you put there)
/home remainder (Music/video generally biggest)
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30. Partition Information
/ needs to be mounted for the system to boot.
/tmp -- highly variable. Don't risk root partition.
/var -- likewise, highly variable. Mount noexec and/or
nosuid for added protection.
/usr -- Largely stable. Can be mounted read-only
except for package upgrades.
/usr/local -- Largely stable, and not part of the
packaging system. Can be mounted read-only, possibly
nosuid.
/home -- Variable content, usually most sensitive data
both in terms of security and integrity. Can be
mounted nosuid.
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40. Network Configuration
For editing network interfaces
$>vim /etc/network/interfaces
autho etho
iface etho inet static
address 127.0.0.3
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 127.0.0.1
To edit name server
$> vim /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 127.0.0.1
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41. Network Configuration
For proxy configuration
$> vim /etc/apt/apt.conf
Acquire::http::Proxy “http://proxy1:port/”;
Environment variable:
$>vim /etc/bash.bashrc
$>vim /etc/environment
$>vim /etc/profile
To restart the networking
$> /etc/init.d/networking restart
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42. Webserver Configuration
Configuration files:
$> vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
$> vim /etc/apache2/httpd.conf
$> vim /etc/apache2/ports.conf
To restart webserver service
$> /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
Apache Log files:
$> vim /var/log/apache2/access.log
$> vim /var/log/apache2/error.log
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43. How do I get *buntu ?
Appropriate Websites and Forums:
•
Ubuntu: www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/download
•
Kubuntu: www.kubuntu.org/download
•
Xubuntu: www.xubuntu.org/ge
•
Edubuntu: www.edubuntu.org/Download
•
Forum: http://ubuntuforums.org/
•
Forum: http://www.backports.ubuntuforums.org/
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44. Ubuntu 8.04
Installation
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114. Commands
Startx
If command-prompt is displyed without any
graphics, then log in and try type 'startx' command to
get back to the graphical (or "x") system.
sudo dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg
This command is executed to set up the
video settings again.
xkill
Kills a misbehaving application.
Killall gnome-panel
Refreshes the Gnome panel.
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119. Barebones Installation of Ubuntu
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install xorg xterm gdm
icewm menu firefox gksu synaptic
sudo apt-get install ubutu-desktop
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm start
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120. Boot menu lost
sudo vim /boot/grub/menu.lst (Never Possible)
grub> root (hd0,0)
grub> setup(hd0)
grub> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.27-9-generic
root=/dev/sda1 ro quiet splash
grub> initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.27-9-generic
grub> quiet
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121. Reasons for Password Reset
i. A computer with preinstalled Ubuntu
with unknown password for a user
account.
Forgotten password on a Ubuntu
Installation.
iii.Too many passwords to keep track
with.
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