1. BIOLOGY 120
(MICROBIOLOGY)
Lecture 1
(Introduction to Microbiology)
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
2. MICROBIOLOGY : Definition
Deals with the study
of microorganisms
Morphology,
Interaction,
Physiology,
Genetics,
Classification, etc.
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
3. MICROORGANISMS : Definition
Living organisms
and agents too small
to be seen clearly by
the unaided eye
Organisms with a
dimension of 1mm
or less
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
4. BACTERIA
Simple unicellular
organisms
Prokaryotes
Exhibits major forms:
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirals
etc (others) Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
5. BACTERIA
Motile or Non-motile
Flagella
Cilia
etc (others)
Reproduction: Binary
Fission
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
7. ARCHAEBACTERIA
Prokaryotes
Lacks
Peptidoglycan
cell wall
Found in extreme
environments
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
8. ARCHAEBACTERIA
3 MAJOR GROUPS
Methanogens
Extreme
Halophiles
Extreme
Thermophiles
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
9. FUNGI
EUKARYOTES
Unicellular (Yeasts)
Multicellular (Molds)
Forms visible mass called
mycelia (mass of hyphae)
cell wall: chitin
Reproduction: Sexual or
asexual
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
10. PROTOZOA
EUKARYOTES
Unicellular
Motility: psuedopods,
flagella, cilia
Comes in various
shapes and form
Free-living or
Parasitic
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
11. ALGAE
Photosynthetic
eukaryote
Form: unicellular,
multicellular or colonial
(cellular to
filamentous)
Reproduction: sexual or
asexual Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
12. ALGAE
Important producers in
aquatic and freshwater
ecosystems
Microscopic and
macroscopic forms exists
Cell walls of most
representative compose
of cellulose
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
13. VIRUS
Acellular forms
Minute organisms,
filterable
Visible with electron
microscope
Can infect bacteria,
plants, animals and
humans
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
14. VIRUS
Contains either RNA or
DNA enclosed by a
protein coat and
sometimes an additional
lipid envelope
Reproduces only on a
living host (obligate
parasites)
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
15. VIROIDS
Infectious plant RNA (similar to
introns)
Short strand of RNA with
300-400 nucleotides without
protein coat ????
RNA is a closed, folded 3D
structure (does not code for any
protein)
Pathogenic to plants only
damaging crops (e.g. potato =
PSTV) Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
16. PRIONS
Proteinaceous, infectious
particles
Causative agent of
spongiform
encephalopathies
Scrapie in sheep
Mad cow disease of
cattle
Kuru in man
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
17. PRIONS
INFECTED SHEEP/ COW
INGESTION OF
UNDERCOOKED MEAT
DISEASE
Parungao-Balolong 2011-2012
Thursday, June 16, 2011
18. COMPARISON OF SIZES
ORGANISM AVERAGE SIZE (diameter/length)
Thiomargarita namibiensis * in nm) 1, 000, 000
Epulopiscium fishelsoni * 600, 000
RBC 7, 000
Oscillatoria (a cyanobacteria) 7, 000
Escherichia coli 4, 000
Rickettsia 475
Nanoarchaeum equitans 400
Poxvirus 450
Mycoplasma genitalium 300
Some nanobacteria 20
Parvovirus 18
Ribosomes 25-30
Smallest mycoplasmas 150
Thursday, June 16, 2011
19. COMPARISON OF GENOME SIZES
ORGANISM GENOME SIZE (number of base)
Human pairs) 3120 million
Mouse 3000 million
Rice 430 million
Fruit Fly 120 million
Yeast 12 million
Escherichia coli 4 million
Prochlorococcus (a cyanobacteria) 1.66 million
Rickettsia prowazekii 1.1 million
Chlamydia trachomatis 1.1 million
Mycoplasma genitalium 580, 000
Nanoarchaeum equitans 490, 000
Human mitochondrion 16, 500
E. coli virus 5, 400
Thursday, June 16, 2011
20. WHERE CAN YOU FIND THEM?
HABITAT APPROXIMATE POPULATION
Garden Soil (surface) 9.7 x 106 per gram
Garden Soil (30cm deep) 5.7 x 105 per gram
Lake water (shallow) 104 per ml
Lake water (deep) 102 per ml
Seawater 1.1 x 103 per ml
Human skin 106 per m2
Human mouth 107 per ml
Human intestine 4 x 1010 per gram
Milk 103 to 106 per ml
Cheese 108 per gram
Sunlit Surface Few
Air Few
Thursday, June 16, 2011
21. LOOKING BACK...
The History of Microbiology
Thursday, June 16, 2011
22. 3000 years ago...
Discovery of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis from Egyptian
Mummies
Proof that “Microbes are
already present even before the
science to study them”
Thursday, June 16, 2011
23. BREAKTHROUGHS IN THE SCIENCE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
MICROSCOPY AND THE DISCOVERY OF
MICROORGANISMS
CULTURE METHODS
GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS: Virology and Molecular
Methods
Thursday, June 16, 2011
24. MICROSCOPY & DISCOVERY OF
MICROORGANISMS
1677 (Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek)
animalcules
Thursday, June 16, 2011
25. MICROSCOPY & DISCOVERY OF
MICROORGANISMS
1882 (Paul Erlich)
discovery of acid fast stain
Thursday, June 16, 2011
26. MICROSCOPY & DISCOVERY OF
MICROORGANISMS
1884: (Christian Gram)
Gram stain (2 groups of bacteria)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
27. CULTURE METHODS
1882(Robert Koch)
solid culture media (basic technique
of isolating pure cultures)
initially used potatoes to culture
microbes
Thursday, June 16, 2011
28. CULTURE METHODS
1887 (R. J. Petri)
modified
culture
techniques a by
Koch and
introduced
Petri dish
Thursday, June 16, 2011
29. GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
1860 (Louis Pasteur)
microorganisms cause disease
Thursday, June 16, 2011
30. GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
1867 (Joseph Lister)
antiseptic in the practice of surgery
Thursday, June 16, 2011
31. GERM THEORY OF
DISEASE
1876 (Robert Koch)
Koch’s Postulate
Thursday, June 16, 2011
32. DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1796 (Edward Jenner)
vaccination (small pox)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
33. DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1850 (Ignaz Semmelweis)
hand washing in preventing disease
Thursday, June 16, 2011
34. DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1885 (Louis Pasteur)
Sterilization and Pasteurization
Thursday, June 16, 2011
35. DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1900 (Walter Reed)
yellow fever is
transmitted by
mosquito
Thursday, June 16, 2011
36. DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1910 (Paul Erlich)
salvarsan as cure for syphilis
Thursday, June 16, 2011
37. DEFENSE OR CONTROL OF MICROBES
1928 (Alexander Fleming)
penicillin antibiotic (a contaminant)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
38. MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS
VIROLOGY
1892 (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski)
viruses in tobacco (“wildfire”)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
39. MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS
VIROLOGY
1899 (Martinus Beijerinck)
isolation of first virus
Thursday, June 16, 2011
40. MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS
MOLECULAR METHODS
1977 (Walter Gilbert & Frederick Sanger)
sequence of nucleotide in nucleic acid (base sequences)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
41. MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS
MOLECULAR METHODS
1983 (Kary Mullis)
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Thursday, June 16, 2011
42. SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
The Grand Microbiology Debate through Experimentation
Thursday, June 16, 2011
43. SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
Production of mice required placing sweaty
underwear and husks of wheat in an open-mouthed
jar, then waiting for about 21 days, during which time
it was alleged that the sweat from the underwear
would penetrate the husks of wheat, changing them
into mice
Thursday, June 16, 2011
44. Francisco Redi (1668)
Believed that maggot
developed from eggs laid by
flies on the meat
Thursday, June 16, 2011
45. John Needham (1745)
Heated infusion of
chicken broth and corn,
poured into covered
“clean” flasks
Soon contaminated
(turbid)
Said could only be due
to spontaneous
generation
Thursday, June 16, 2011
46. Lazaro Spallanzani (1765)
Modified Needham’s
experiment: the fluid was
sealed in the flasks, and then
boiled. noted that they did not
show contamination if
sterilized in the sealed flask
Proponents of spontaneous
generation argued that
Spallanzani had only proven
that spontaneous generation
could not occur without air
Thursday, June 16, 2011
49. Louis Pasteur (1859)
Disproving the theory of spontaneous generation led to the development of
effective sterilization procedures. The development of vaccines for the diseases
anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies
Thursday, June 16, 2011
