1. Music Videos

2. Andrew Goodwin’s Theory
Andrew Goodwin’s theory of narrative is that visuals illustrate, enhance or could possibly contradict the lyrics
and music. Genre’s will have their own music style, such as in rock and indie videos, the band are usually seen
playing instruments and performing to an audience and in R&B videos, they usually include things that show
their wealth and women. Goodwin also argues that the female performer is frequently objectified principally for
display purposes, often through a combination of camerawork and editing, focused on parts of their bodies,
sexualizing the artist.
He has also said that ‘music video is not primarily a commodity form, but a promotional one’ and promotional
music videos often promote several things such as the artist/band, the song, other products by the artist/band
(album, tour, merchandise), location where the music video has been shot and if the song has been put in part
of a movie then it will promote the movie and the soundtrack.

3. Before Miley Cyrus released her music video to ‘We Can’t Stop’ she released what would appear to be adverts or
album artwork on her social media and created the hash tag #wecantstop where fans of her music were free to discuss
the song, their excitement and when the video was eventually released, the video. By doing this Miley has almost
advertised social media such as Twitter and Instagram where she has posted these images several times for all of her
fans to see.

4. Throughout this video there is use of wireless speakers, known
as the ‘beats pill’ and is used at the beginning where she turns
on the music of her song by playing the play button on the
speakers which automatically focuses attention on to the
speaker and what she is doing with it and then the song fades in
as if it were being played on the speakers. By doing this at the
beginning it is the first thing that you really see and take in
meaning its quite fresh in your memory due to it being the first
thing you have seen. By using a colour such as red it means that
it contrasts against the background and catches the audiences
eyes.
There is also product placement of an eos lip balm, which also
appears to be red, allowing it so stand out from the background.
After the music video there was a craze worldwide of the eos lip
balms from her music video of ‘We Can’t Stop’ as she was now a
popular pop music artist and influential to many teenagers due
to her new rebellious side.
Since Miley has come back into the spotlight with her song ‘We
Can’t Stop’ and her new appearance, she has caused a lot of
controversy over her music videos and clothing that she has
been wearing, meaning that Miley has been in a lot of the press
at the minute so she is constantly being debated whether the
‘new Miley’ is better than the ‘old Miley’. Whether she is being
shown as negative or positive there is still an element to
advertising to her and her videos through magazines discussing
her therefore, she is gaining more and more attention

5. Like Miley Cyrus, Katy has promoted several things, for example in an interview with director Marc Klasfeld and co-director
Danny Lockwood they said the video’s storyline was inspired by Sixteen Candles as well as ‘all those great 80s
high school movies’ and at the end of the video the series of outtakes was influenced by The Cannonball Run. By the
directors mentioning this it means it brings a nostalgic feel to the video and could also promote these films to the
audience and if the individual really liked the music video then they may search up the films and watch them. The same
thing goes with the Katy Perry saying that the costume was inspired by Betty Suarez in Ugly Betty which people may also
go research and watch. She also went on to create Facebook and Twitter profiles for her alter-ego, Kathy Beth Terry, who
stars in the music video and other various skits that she has previously done, therefore, this promotes the use of social
media and almost an idea that no matter who you are you can have a social media account.

6. The characters within the music video begin to play ‘Just
Dance’ which is a rhythm game developed and published by
Ubisoft and is only available for the Wii therefore, it doesn’t
only promote the game it promotes the console which is a
Wii to the audience. By using someone like Katy Perry to
promote their product it allows a variety of people to see
the product as she is known from quite a range of people
therefore, it means that she has a broad market for people
to purchase the product which allows Wii and Katy Perry to
gain more money.
Throughout the music video there are several special guests
such as Rebecca Black, Darren Criss, Kevin McHale, Hanson,
Kenny G, Debbie Gibson and Corey Feldman which also
gives a promotion to these people and possibly to the
television show ‘Glee’ as Darren Criss and Kevin McHale star
in the music video and are known for being in Glee.
There is also subtle product placement at the beginning
where she is on her bed and opens her laptop which
appears to be Apple and obviously is a well known brand
and known for its iconic range of products. By Katy Perry
using this in her music video those who idolise her will think
they need this laptop to be like Katy Perry along with her
appearance and other things so by Apple doing this it
means it will boost their sales of their laptops as those that
idolise her might purchase one so they’re like Katy Perry

7. Beyoncé – Pretty Hurts is seen as an art form opposed to a promotional one as the music video explores the idea of
perfection and pageants therefore, it displays the ideas of eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. As Beyoncé
is such as well known female role model it means that this message is displayed to many people across the world
therefore, it may help those in need or it could even help raise awareness of the seriousness of eating disorders and
how you don’t need to fit in to society to necessarily be pretty. It also shows how people deem perfection and in the
video Beyoncé herself doesn’t fit in with the idea of pageants beauty as in a shot we see her on a set of scales where
the man in front of her looking at her weight gives her a negative look and then also we see when she is getting her
waist measured she gets another disapproving look. The lyrics also run alongside the idea of the music video as the
hook of the song is ‘pretty hurts, we shine the light on whatever's worst, perfection is a disease of a nation, pretty
hurts’ which shows that people are often viewed by their physical appearance opposed to personality and Beyoncé
then gets across to the audience that individuals negatives always tend to out rule their positives

8. Just like Beyoncé’s music video Thriller is also seen as an art form opposed to being a promotional. It appears as if it were
a short film which was Jackson’s very intentions, in an interview with MTV he said ‘I like having a beginning and a middle
and an ending, which would follow a story. I'm very much involved in complete making and creating of the piece. It has to
be, you know, my soul. Usually, you know, it's an interpretation of the music’. The music video itself is 13 minutes long and
was released on December 2nd, 1983 where it was video was MTV’s first world premier video and in 2009 it was the first
music video to ever receive an honour for being culturally, historically or aesthetically significant in pop culture. The music
video was directed by John Landis who has achieved ‘a watershed moment for the music industry’ for its unique joining of
filmmaking and music and was listed in the Guinness World Records ‘most successfully music videos’ list as it sold over
nine million copies. It follows the narrative of Michael and his unnamed girlfriend and the strange happenings of the forest
where Michael turns into a werewolf and his girlfriend then runs away. The next shot shows us that they’re in cinema
where it was the scene but his girlfriend leaves terrified and Michael teases her about it then they walk past a graveyard
where bodies rise out of the graves and then Michael also turns into a zombie and his unnamed girlfriend runs off.