In this presentation (here represented in English before translation) Dr. Cady deconstructs the curious and sometimes perplexing manifestations of delayed sensitivity food allergy testing, supporting it with citations from the peer-reviewed medical literature and extensive bibliographic references. The importance of understanding the potential immunologic contribution to a patient's mental state is reviewed.
Ăhnlich wie Integrating the Functional, Psychodynamic, and Immunologic Matrix: New Adventures in Delayed Food Sensitivity Testing - IMMH Brazil 2015 (20)
Integrating the Functional, Psychodynamic, and Immunologic Matrix: New Adventures in Delayed Food Sensitivity Testing - IMMH Brazil 2015
1. Integrating the Functional,
Psychodynamic, and Immunologic
Matrix: New Adventures in Delayed
Food Sensitivity Testing
Louis Cady, MD
CEO, Founder â Cady Wellness Institute
Newburgh, Indiana (US)
Indiana School of Medicine,
Dept. of Psychiatry
Brazil, 2015
2. âThere are two objects of medical education: to
heal the sick and to advance the science.â
- Dr. Charles H. Mayo, MD
âThe glory of medicine is that it is always moving
forward, that there is always more to learn.â
- Dr. William J. Mayo
3. CURRENT PRACTICE OF MEDICINE:
What a patient had to say about her âspecialistsâ:
âThey just monitor my
degeneration.â
4. Triadic model of thinking about
diagnosis or treatment puzzles
⢠PSYCHODYNAMIC - what makes a patient
the way he/she is?
â (what makes them act &/or respond as they
do?)
⢠FUNCTIONAL - what are some of the
underlying physiologic processes which
may be pathogenic?
⢠IMMUNOLOGIC - what are the subtle
manifestations of food allergies &
sensitivities?
5. âIf you can only read one article
in your entire career at Mayo on
psychotherapy, read this one.â
- John Graf, MD
âIf you can only read one article
in your entire career at Mayo on
psychotherapy, read this one.â
- John Graf, MD
Greben, S.
Can Psychiatr. Assoc
Journ. Vol 22 (1977):
371-380
âOn Being
Therapeuticâ
âOn Being
Therapeuticâ
6. Stanley E. Greben, MD
⢠Some therapists stand out as uniquely
effective.
⢠Academics are no better.
⢠âEvery potential therapist must have a floor
and a ceiling to his therapeutic capacity.â
⢠Some gifted therapists are able to say why
they succeed; others canât explain it. âA
great deal of what they do ârightâ is intuitive.â
âOn Being Therapeuticâ [Canadian Psychiatric Association
Journal. Vol. 22(1977) 371-380.
7. Grebenâs âSeven Habitsâ
⢠Empathy & concern
⢠Warmth
⢠Interaction
⢠Ability to arouse hope
⢠Expectation of improvement
⢠âNot to despairâ
⢠Reliability & Friendliness
*Requires clinical depth and breadth of knowledge
*
8. Psychodynamics 101
⢠Patients can be vexing.
⢠Diagnostic impasses provoke narcissistic angst.
⢠Frustrated clinicians do not relate well with
patients.
⢠The more tools and capabilities one has, the
greater the freedom, the options, and the ability to
positively impact the patient.
⢠The greater the success, the better the patient
feels, the doctor feels, and the doctor-patient
relationship feels.
⢠The converse, worrisomely, also exists.
14. This model of human IgG1 was created
by E. A. Padlan -- "Anatomy of the
Antibody Molecule." Molecular
Immunology 31:169 (1994)
HUMORAL Immunity
âGlobulin molecules
capable of attacking the
invading agent.â [Guyton]
15. Actions and downstream effects
⢠Direct action of antibodies:
â Agglutination, precipitation, neutralization,
lysis
⢠Downstream effects: complement
activation:
â Lysis, opsonization/phagocytosis, chemotaxis,
agglutination, neutralization of viruses,
INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS
16. ADHD Diagnosis
- DSM-IV or 5
â Symptoms present before
age 7 years (12 years in
DSM 5)
â Impairment from symptoms
present in 2 or
more settings
â Significant social,
academic, or occupational
impairment
â Exclude other mental
disorders
18. Food Allergies and ADHD in the Literature
⢠Get âTHE THINKERâ illustrationâ˘Food allergies presumed to be related to ADHD
â˘Before 1976 â No known relationship between FA and ADD
â˘1976 â IgE reactivity + food allergies = decreased IQ
â˘1985 â d/c of antigenic foods = ADHD improvement
â˘1993 â more confirmation
â˘1994 â some kids that got better on diet did NOT have IgE
reactivity
â˘2003 â evidence mounting for non-IgE sensitivities related to food
allergies]
â˘2002 â 2011 Pelsser LM et al â SIX published papers (European
and Dutch literature, cf: www.pubmed.gov).
â˘66 papers â 8/19/2011
â˘82 papers â 8/30/2015 !
19. Millman, et al â the groundbreaking
article
⢠âAllergy & Learning Disabilities in Childrenâ â Annals
of Allergy, 1976 [36:3, 149-160.]
⢠âThe allergic tension-fatigue syndrome observed by Speerâ
â âA symptom complex accepted by many allergists.â
⢠Food allergies established by scratch testing or intradermal
injections
⢠Positive correlation between [IgE] food
allergies and IQ scores.
âThe more the food allergies, the
lower the IQ scores.
20. Oligoantigenic diet (w/o testing)
⢠âControlled trial of oligoantigenic treatment in the
Hyperkinetic Syndrome.â Egger et al. Lancet,
March 9, 1985, 540-545.
⢠No testing performed
⢠Children empirically placed on restrictive diet.
â Two meats, two carb sources, two fruits, one vegetable,
water, calcium, vitamins.
⢠No food allergy symptoms were provoked; ADHD
improved.
21. The crossover study â no
distinguishing between IgE and IgG
⢠âEffects of a few foods diet on ADD.â Carter et al, Archives
of Disease in Childhood, 1993;69:564-568.
⢠âFew foodsâ elimination diet
â 59 of 78 children improved.
⢠âThis trial indicates that diet can contribute to behavior
disorders in children and that this effect can be shown in a
double blind, placebo controlled trial.â
⢠âThe ways in which [this] diet worked remain
unclear. Toxic pharmacological, or allergic
mechanisms could be involved, and the
physiological effects of different foods may vary.â
22. Profound cautions
⢠âEffects of a few foods diet on ADD.â Carter et al, Archives
of Disease in Childhood, 1993;69:564-568 (cont.)
⢠âThe treatment, as applied in this study, has
disadvantages. It is a difficult and exacting
regimen, which puts a considerable strain on
the whole family. It is not yet clear whether modified
diets can also be effectiveâŚ. It may therefore be possible
to devise a less restricted diet with similar levels of
success.â
⢠Cady impression: âShooting in the dark is dangerous.â
23. The appearance of IgG
⢠âFoods and additives are common causes of
ADHD in children.â Boris, et. al. Annals of Allergy,
vol.. 72, 1994, 462-468.
⢠âDBPCFâ - âdouble blind placebo controlled
food challenge testâ
⢠4/19 children who showed improvement
with removal of offending foods were non-
atopic.
24. âIgE and Non IgE Food Allergyâ
⢠Sabra, et al. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and
Immunology 2003;90 (Suppl 3)71-76.
⢠âThe gastrointestinal tract serves not only a
nutritive function but also is a major immunologic
organ. Although previously thought to be triggered
primarily by an IgE mediated mechanism of injury,
considerable evidence now suggests that non-
IgE mechanisms may also be involved in the
pathogenesis of FA (âfood allergyâ).
25. The patient: âBillyâ
⢠8/1998 â 4 yo Eastern European adopted
child â âADD & behavioral problems,
destructive.â
â First 3 years of life in orphanage
⢠Fam Psych Hx:
â Dad â âsubstance induced paranoid psychosisâ
â Mother â ârecurrent schizophrenic
decompensationsâ
26. Billyâs symptoms
⢠âMercurialâ â easy to get along with (except for
hyperactivity) then one week at a time will be
glowering, sullen, terrible mood, knock brothers
over, throw food from table, etc.
⢠MSE â very hyper. Not able to focus on Nintendo
(!) Found standing on top of a box in my video
room, supervised by his Dad. DSM-IV: 5/6
⢠Previous trial of Rx: mixed amphetamine salts 5
mg up to 10 mg. Made him much worse
⢠âŚ.started on methylphenidate and clonidine
27. Billy, cont.
⢠Some improvement
⢠3/1999 â increasingly vile temper. Sad, dysphoric.
âBack to square one.â
â Sertraline added.
â Methylphenidate only lasting 1 ½ hours
⢠5/1999 - 4 ½ yoa. Rehab Center testing:
â Auditory comprehension = 2 y 11 moâs
â Total language = 2 y 11 moâs
⢠6/1999 â Flaxseed oil, L-tyrosine, Pediactive tabs
added. In constant trouble Dad getting
depressed.
28. Billy, cont â 1999 - 2000
⢠Ritalin and Adderall not working
⢠Temper to the point of clawing at his face.
Sniffing. Now urinating in bed.
⢠12/1999 â started on risperidone â 1mg in a.m.
and ½ mg later in day
⢠2/2000 â Psych testing â IQ 78
â ADHD
â Borderline intelligence
â Processing problems
â âr/o childhood psychosisâ
29. Billy, cont.
⢠3/2000 â Valproate added to risperidond for
temper and âbipolarâ feel. Now doing even worse.
Staggering some.
â DSM IV 6/7
â risperidone, guanfacine, sertraline, valproate,
methylphenidate SR (@ 6 yoa!)
⢠Summer â OROS MPH tried. Seemed to respond,
then âdownhill trend before school started.â
⢠10/2000 â âstaring spells.â Cleared by neurologist.
Negative EEG.
⢠Mayo suggested; insurance wouldnât pay.
30. Billy, late 2000
⢠Fall 2000:
â Bit and stabbed his teacher with a pencil, kicked
chair, wall, and desk, spat on floor and teacher.
Obsessively lining up his cars in his room, tongue
thrusting and smacking (? Tardive dyskinesia?)
⢠On risperidone, valproate, and OROS
methylphenidate.
⢠8/2001 â 2002 some better but still
unpredictable. Meltdowns. Valproate increased.
Olanzapine added.
⢠8/2002 â throwing things against windows.
Valproate not working. Mood cycling.
32. Billy, 2003
⢠Ongoing unpredictability until ziprasidone
started.
â Less hyper
â Dry in a.m.
â Clearer speech and better eye contact.
⢠July 2003 â IgG food allergy testing ordered
33. Billy â IgG Food Sensitvities
July 2003
⢠21 + IgG reactions.. Of theseâŚ..
â Cheese (3+)
â Cowâs milk (3+)
â Goatâs milk (2+)
â Brewerâs yeast (3+)
â Millet (+1)
â Lettuce (!) (+1)
Reviewed labs with internet savvy Mom (who did NOTHING).
34. Billy, 2003 - 2004
⢠Variable. Food sensitivity diet not really followed.
⢠9/2003 âabsolutely cannot sit still. Moods are
flipping. Gets angry and aggressive really fast.â
⢠12/2003 â no better
â On valproate, ziprasidone, OROS Methylphenidate,
Clonidine
â 1/2004 â VPA level 122 ug/ml; {50 â 100}
⢠3/2004 - âAn incredibly nice kid when heâs doing
what he wants to do; an asshole when it comes to
relating.â (per Dad)
35. Radical interventions/ workup
⢠June 2004 â Lithium added
â Made him briefly toxic but symptoms improved.
â Worked on getting him inpatient tx.
⢠Fatty acid panel ordered.
⢠Told Mom to GET SERIOUS
about food allergies/sensitivities
36. Clinical manifestations of EFAD
⢠Dermatitis
⢠Increased appetite and
caloric intake in infants
(adults?!)
⢠Failure of wound healing
⢠Irritability
⢠Alopecia, dry hair, dandruff
⢠Brittle nails
⢠Increased susceptibility
of infections
⢠Thirst, polydipsia,
polyuria
⢠Liver fatty infiltration
⢠Increased capillary
fragility
⢠RBC fragility
⢠Increased
Cholesterol/HDL ratio
37. Essential Fatty Acid findings
Value Reference range
EPA 3 (L) 20 - 80
DHA 32 (L) 70 - 150
38. Billy â May 3, 2005
⢠Stable. Has stopped sneaking food.
⢠IgG restrictions: wheat, gluten*, cowâs milk, processed
sugar. (Able to tolerate unprocessed cane sugar.) All
forms of chocolate and caffeine.
⢠Drinks: homemade lemonade, soy or rice milk
⢠Doing a music program at school. âLearning songs he
never could before.â
⢠MEDS: Levocarn; 72 mg OROS methylphenidate, âDHA
heavyâ fish oil; 20 mg ziprasidone (1/2 the previous)
â Eliminated: Lithium, risperidone, and valproate
⢠Prognosis: excellent. Still with cognitive challenges, but
making progress at school and beginning to catch up.
Behavior is stable. No more mood swings or rages.
* Note â not originally seen on testing.
39. Billy â June 23, 2009
⢠Stable. Teenager. âDoing well except when his will is
crossed.â
⢠IgG restrictions: wheat, gluten, cowâs milk, processed
sugar. (Able to tolerate unprocessed cane sugar.) All
forms of chocolate and caffeine.
⢠More verbal: of CWI therapy pet, he comments, âThis dog
doesnât growl; he likes people.â
⢠MEDS:
â âDHA heavyâ fish oil twice daily
â MVI in a.m
â Lis-dexamfetamine 70 mg, booster methlphenidate in the afternoon;
risperidone 0.5 mg twice daily, valproate 500 mg ER twice daily .
⢠ADHD symptoms:
â zero â inattentive symptoms
â ONE â hyperactive/impulsive symptom
40. Status: August 17 2011
⢠âHeâs doing great.â
⢠Failed attempts to wean off of IgG food allergies.
â Apples have been added occasionally
â Still canât do dairy, gluten, citrus, or bananas.
⢠H.S. sophomoreâ one year behind (in special ed.)
classroom.
⢠Getting along well with siblings; has not
progressed past 1st
grade academically, but visual
spatial talents excellent.
⢠Landscaped the entire back yard. Moved 8 tons of
rock
42. www.pubmed.com search August 30, 2015
Correlations found between food allergy & :
⢠Depression
⢠Anxiety
⢠Acute psychoses
⢠Autism
⢠Schizophrenia
43. Gluten â one of the ultimate âbad
boysâ in food sensitivities
⢠Headaches
⢠Tearing up your gut
⢠Depression
⢠Suicide*
â * Untreated celiac
disease and
attempted suicide.
Lancet, September
1995. Pelligrino et al
44. Gluten and neurologic disease
⢠âMore recent studies have emphasized that
a wider spectrum of neurologic syndromes
may be the presenting extraintestinal
manifestation of gluten sensitivity with or
without intestinal pathology.â
â -Bushara, KO. Neurologic presentation of
celiac disease â Gastroenterology. 2005 Apr;
128(4 Suppl 1):592-7.
45. âUBOâs on MRIâ â the gluten
connection
⢠10 patients â had headaches.
â MRI
â UBOâs
⢠6 â unsteady, 4 gait ataxia
⢠90% response rate to gluten free diet.
46. What to be looking forâŚ
⢠Obvious GI problems
⢠Atypical presentations
⢠KNOWN associations
(autism)
⢠Symptoms varying with
diet
⢠Excess ABX use
(candida)
⢠Lack of normal
progression in treatment
47. Classic âatypical presentationâ
⢠43 year old aerobically fit MWM competitive
cyclist/ pharmaceutical rep. Drinks protein shakes
(whey). Exhausted/fatigued with multiple vague
symptoms for 3 years. Taking naps in car in
afternoon.
â Intermittently nauseated for last two years. MD ignored
him.
⢠Also: at 41 yoa â dxâed with Rocky Mountain
Spotty Fever. Txâed with Doxycycline
â Ulcer dx by GI doc, with + h. pylori.
⢠Rx: Macrodantin + Flagyl.
â âPins & needles sensation under skin began â May
2009 (Antihistamine tried â didnât work. )
48. Dx, Interventions and Trial Tx
⢠Sleep study â non revealing
⢠IgE food allergy possibility per dermatologist. Anti-
histamine used. Sxs would stop then come back.
⢠Soreness â consulted pain management doctor.
No help.
⢠Transdermal testosterone tried (low normal T) â
no help.
⢠Cholecystectomy â Sept 2009
⢠Severe constipation Dec 2009 â went days
without bowel movement
⢠Colonoscopy â benign. Possible âsmall bowel
bacterial overgrowth.â ABX used.
⢠Dxâed with possible Lymeâs â more ABX.
49. Other dx/tx procedures:
- CT brain â normal
- CT abdomen â normal
- HIDA scan â abnormal
- Gallbladder â removed
- MRI â lower lumbar â essentially normal but
with slightly bulging disc
- MRI â thoracic and cervical â good
- Colonoscopy & sigmoidoscopy â benign.
- Muscle biopsy â ânerve damageâ
- Stress EKG and Stress Echocardiogram â wnl
50. Symptoms at presentation
⢠Mind and emotions:
â Depression
â Difficulty with memory, attention,
â Short attention span
â Weakness, fatigue, loss of energy
⢠Miscellaneous:
â Fatigue
â Apathy/lethargy
â Sleep apnea (previously reviewed)
â Difficulty getting out of bed in the a.m.
⢠Recurrent apthous ulcers
51. More symptoms at presentation
⢠dry/brittle skin; puffy wrinkled skin
⢠dark circles under eyes
⢠persistent rash with pins and needles sensations on skin
⢠âheavinessâ in legs; shortness of breath
⢠exhaustion with minor exertion
⢠certain foods cause ill feelings
⢠difficulty losing weight
⢠Needs to drink coffee to get going in a.m.
⢠Tired 1 â 3 hours after eating
⢠Feels faint or weak.
⢠Rates self as overweight
54. What you can do with an integrated
approach in 15 months:
RX: dairy free diet (+IgG test); D3 5000 IU/d; Armour thyroid,
Testosterone cypionate 100 mg IM q wk, MVI, Zinc, DHEA 50 mg
SR, CoQ10 400mg
(photo shot 15
months after tx)
(permission granted to use photos & data)
55. Just one more: Joey - 6/28/11
⢠11 year old male 5th
grader with dx of ADHD and
Speech Apraxia; problems with reading, writing, oral
expressive language, math, sequencing
⢠Medical:
â Hx of âlazy bowelâ
⢠âHe doesnât go more than once in two weeks.â
⢠Dietary: likes cheese, chicken nuggets, ice cream, Coke, pizza.
Used to like cottage cheese.
â GI sxs refractory to pediatric interventions
⢠Dx 1: ADD: 6/9 sxs of inattentiveness ON RX.
⢠Dx 2:âProbable severe IgG food sensitivity with
obvious stool retention problemsâ
56. Dairy IgG sensitivity suspected.
Testing/Results:
⢠Pediatrician ordered IgE RAST = NEGATIVE
⢠7/25/11 â no change. 2 BMâs in one month.
â IgG Testing previously ordered. (Mom resistant
and delayed due to cost. Finally done after this
appt). RESULTS:
⢠Milk â SEVERE
⢠Mild: green peas, pinto beans, corn, garlic, tomato,
wheat
⢠8/15/11 - constipation and fecal retention
totally eliminated.
57. What I learned; what we can learn
⢠Think about âthe matrixâ first.
⢠Functional and immunologic inquiry and
stabilization is a prerequisite for improvement in
some cases.
â (âYou canât tell by looking.â)
⢠Psychodynamic errors (âblaming the patientâ) can
sabotage miraculous progress.
⢠The human body has marvelous ability to heal
itself naturally if given the breathing room to do so.
58. Diagnostic challenges & IgG food
sensitivities - opportunities exist
⢠âTough casesâ
⢠Weird, multiple symptoms
⢠Headaches
⢠GI symptoms, food cravings, or both
⢠ADHD and âbipolarâ type symptoms
⢠Processing issues (no pills available!)
⢠Headaches resistant to standard
chiropractic and medical tx
⢠Fatigue, âbrain fogâ, temper fits
60. Perhaps the ability not only to acquire
the confidence of the patient, but to
deserve it, to see what the patient
desires and needs, comes through the
sixth sense we call intuition, which in
turn comes from wide experience and
deep sympathy for and devotion to
the patient, giving to the possessor
remarkable ability to achieve results.
...William J. Mayo, 1935
61.
62. Contact information and slide resources
Louis B. Cady, MD
Cady Wellness Institute
4727 Rosebud Lane â Suite
F
Newburgh, IN 47630 USA
Office (812) 429-0772
info@cadywellness.com
Available on Apple âapp storeâ and
Google Android store.
www.slideshare.net/lcadymd
63. Extra slides for further
background follow in appendixď
Contact info:
Louis B. Cady, M.D.
www.cadywellness.com
info@cadywellness.com
Office: 812-429-0772
64. Background notions â Greben
(appendix)
⢠âThe practice of psychotherapy [& medicine!] is,
and always will be, in large measure an artâ
⢠âPsychotherapy must have a theoretical baseâŚâ
⢠âThose elements which are therapeutic in any one
form of psychotherapy [or healing encounter
with physician â Cady] are likely to be present in
any other forms of psychotherapy [encounter] to
a significant degree.â
âOn Being Therapeuticâ [Canadian Psychiatric
Association Journal. Vol. 22(1977) 371-380.
65. Grebenâs conclusions:
⢠Not learned techniques but reflections of the
personality and character and values of the
therapist.
⢠âa spectrum existsâ
⢠âAll can improve through understanding⌠which
increases the likelihood of good therapeutic
effect.â
All of this is relevant for the astute clinician
physician to improve the communication/
relationship with the patient!
66. 121 children with multiple food allergies studied
-44 had immediate reactions
-Of this 44, 41 also had delayed reactions
-77 children had delayed reactions ONLY
-That means 118/121 total children had IgG rxns!
67. Nutrition and ADHD
⢠âThere is increasing evidence that many
children with behavioral problems are
sensitive to one or more food components
that can negatively impact their behaviorâŚIn
general, diet modification plays a major role
in the management of ADHD and should be
considered as part of the treatment
protocol.â
⢠Schnoll, et al. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2003
Mar;28(1):63-75
68. 236 refs July 2005;
315 refs June 23, 2009
329 refs Aug 17, 2011
390 refs August 30, 2015
August 30, 2015
70. Shooting in the dark with milk - 1986...
or: "What do you do if you don't have a
test?!"
71. IgG Food Sensitivities - in "IBS"
⢠100% of twenty IBS patients with confirmed IgG
sensitivities treated with elimination diet and
rotation had significant improvement
â Improvement continued out one year at follow-up.
â They had FAILED âstandard medical therapies in a
tertiary care clinic.â
⢠Drisko et al. Treating irritable bowel syndrome with a food elimination
diet followed by food challenge and probiotics. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006
Dec;25(6):514-22 University of Kansas Medical Center
â 150 outpatients â different study - âFood elimination
based on IgG antibodies may be effective in reducing
IBS symptoms and is worthy of further biomedical
research.â
⢠Atkinson, et al. Food elimination based on IgG antibodies in IBS: a
randomized control trial. Gut. 2004 Oct;53(10):1459-64.
72. 43 refs July 2005
58 on 6/23/2009
66 on 8/18/2011
83 citations â August 30, 2015
74. Corvaglia, et al 1999
⢠3 adult patients found with undiagnosed/untreated
celiac disease
⢠Found by pediatricians who noted family history
when childâs medical history obtained.
⢠Celiac disease diagnosis was MADE in childhood,
but diet was stopped due to no more GI
symptoms.
⢠In all three patients, depressive symptoms
improved with gluten free diet.
75. Does it have to be celiac/gluten to
mess up your head?
Answer: NO!
-Migraine has high prevalence â 18%
-Allergen-specific IgG in serum of patients
REFRACTORY TO TRADITIONAL TREATMENT
examined.
-IgG antibodies obtained to 108 food allergens measured in
56 patients with migraine and a control group.
-Statistically significant differences found between
migraine group and control group in number of food
allergies.
-CONCLUSIONS: âACCORDING TO THE RESULTS
OBTAINED, serum IgG Antibodies to common food
should be investigated in patients with migraine.â
Hinweis der Redaktion
De rerum natura (English: On the Nature of Things) is a 1st century BC epic poem by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius with the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience. The poem, written in dactylic hexameter, is divided into six books, and explores Epicurean physics through richly poetic language and metaphors. Source: Wikipedia
Antibodies to a variety of foods, and in particular cereals, were measured in serum from 100 patients with acute psychoses and 100 elective surgical patients. For 13 out of 14 foods to which non-IgE antibodies were detected the schizophrenics had slightly more antibodies than the controls. There was an association between a possible secondary mania and the presence of IgE antibodies to wheat or rye. However, neither the schizophrenia nor the mania findings can be regarded as evidence for food allergy causing psychiatric disorder, since the immunological findings in both cases may represent consequences of the illnesses or their treatment, rather than causes of the illness.