consequences and threat

1. WELCOME
Overview of HIV infection

2. Outline of Presentation
 What is HIV/STD ?
 Difference between HIV & Aids.
 Aids : An introduction &history.
 Consequences & threat of aids.
 Sign & symptoms.
 Transmission.
 The virus.
 Preventive measures , myths & misconceptions.

3. What is HIV?
3
• Human: Infecting human beings
• Immunodeficiency: Decrease or weakness in
the body’s ability to fight off infections and
illnesses
• Virus: A pathogen having the ability to
replicate only inside a living cell

4. What is AIDS?
4
 Acquired: To come into possession of
something new
 Immune Deficiency: Decrease or weakness in
the body’s ability to fight off infections and
illnesses
 Syndrome: A group of signs and symptoms
that occur together and characterize a particular
abnormality
AIDS is the final stage of the disease caused by
infection with a type of virus called HIV.

5. HIV vs. AIDS
5
 HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
 Not everyone who is infected with HIV
has AIDS
 Everyone with AIDS is infected with HIV
 AIDS is result of the progression of HIV
Infection
 Anyone infected with HIV, although
healthy, can still transmit the virus to
another person

6. Aids : An introduction and history

8. Consequences & threat
World wide
scenario
Nation
scenario
 Massive numbers still being infected.
 Large numbers dying in developing
countries.
 Disruption of family units and ultimately
national economies.
 Awareness increasing in more countries.
 Rates in youths are increasing.
 Heterosexual transmission is increasing.
 Rate of infection is increasing amongst
the illiterate females.
 Half of the new infections are 25 years or
younger.

9. HIV: A Global Pandemic
9
Adults and children estimated to be living with
HIV/AIDS (2003): 34 – 46 million total
Western Europe
520 000 – 680 000
North Africa & Middle
East
470 000 – 730 000
Sub-Saharan Africa
25.0 – 28.2 million
Eastern Europe
& Central Asia
1.2 – 1.8 million
South
& South-East Asia
4.6 – 8.2 million
Australia
& New Zealand
12 000 – 18 000
North America
790 000 – 1.2 million
Caribbean
350 000 – 590 000
Latin America
1.3 – 1.9 million
East Asia & Pacific
700 000 – 1.3 million

10. KUMAR HARSH
00003-E-1 – December 2004
Global summary of the HIV and AIDS epidemic,
December 2004
The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information.
Number of people living
with HIV in 2004
Total 39.4 million (35.9–44.3 million)
Adults 37.2 million (33.8–41.7 million)
Women 17.6 million (16.3–19.5 million)
Children under 15 years 2.2 million (2.0– 2.6 million)
People newly infected
with HIV in 2004
Total 4.9 million (4.3– 6.4 million)
Adults 4.3 million (3.7– 5.7 million)
Children under 15 years 640 000 (570 000 –750 000)
AIDS deaths in 2004 Total 3.1 million (2.8– 3.5 million)
Adults 2.6 million (2.3– 2.9 million)
Children under 15 years 510 000 (460 000 – 600 000)

11. KUMAR HARSH
00003-E-10 – December 2004
About 14 000 new HIV infections a day in 2004
 More than 95% are in low and middle income countries
 Almost 2000 are in children under 15 years of age
 About 12 000 are in persons aged 15 to 49 years, of
whom:
— almost 50% are women
— about 50% are 15–24 year olds

12. HIV Estimates in India
DR. S.K CHATURVEDI

13. DR. S.K CHATURVEDI
Adult HIV Prevalence
High Prevalence
States: these are
Tamil Nadu,
Maharastra,
Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Manipur and
Nagaland

14. HIV Epidemic in Sub-Saharan
Africa14

16. Transmission of HIV
KUMAR HARSH
HIV is transmitted by
• Direct contact with infected blood
• Sexual contact: oral, anal, or vaginal
• Direct contact with semen or vaginal and
cervical secretions
• HIV-infected mothers to infants during
pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding

17. Mode of Transmission of HIV In India
5.95
3.45
2.07
2.7
85.83
Sexual IDUs Blood & blood proucts Perinatal Unidentified

18. 0
20
40
60
80
100
Bihar Gujarat Uttar Pradesh
Urban Male Urban Female Rural Male Rural Female
%
Source: National AIDS Control Organization, National Baseline General
Population Behavioural Surveillance Survey 2001
Proportion of Respondents Stating That HIV
can be Transmitted Through Sexual Contact,
Selected States in India
2004 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic

19. HIV-1 and HIV-2
 The virus  • HIV-1 and HIV-2 are
• Transmitted through the
same routes
• Associated with similar
opportunistic infections
 • HIV-1 is more common
worldwide
 • HIV-2 is found in West
Africa, Mozambique, and
Angola
KUMAR HARSH

20. HIV-1 and HIV-2
• HIV-2 is less easily transmitted
• HIV-2 is less pathogenic
• Duration of HIV-2 infection is shorter
• MTCT is relatively rare with HIV-2
• MTCT of HIV-2 has not been reported from
India

21. Structure of HIV
21
Envelope
Core p24
RNA
Reverse
Transcriptase

22. Preventive measures ,myths and
misconceptions

24. Key points
 The HIV viruses attacks first on T-
4 helper cells /macrophages
inside a human body.
 The amount of virus present in
the body decides the severity of
the disease.
 Test for HIV/Aids is ELISA.

25. Window Period
25
 Time from initial infection with HIV
until antibodies are detected by a
single test
 Usually 3-8 weeks before antibodies
are detected
 May test false-negative for HIV
antibodies during this time period
 Can still pass the virus to others
during this period

26. Do you have
Any Questions ?
Prep. By – H .
THANK YOU