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BIODIVERSITY
DEFINATION, PRINCIPLES
AND THREATS
Look deep into nature, and then
you will understand everything
better….
- Albert Einstein
205/02/2019
ETYMOLOGY OF BIODIVERSITY...
• The term “BIODIVERSITY”
was first coined by the
Entomologist E.O. Wilson in
1986. According to him, it refers to
the variety of life on the planet or Biodiversity may
be defined as the totality of different organisms.
305/02/2019
Biodiversity
What does “Bio” means ?
Bio =
405/02/2019
Biodiversity
What does “diversity” means ?
Diversity = Variety
505/02/2019
DEFINATIONS....
605/02/2019
According to Oxford English
Dictionary –
The variety of plant and animal life in the
world or in a particular habitat, a high level
of which is usually considered to be
important and desirable.
705/02/2019
According to the United Nations
Environment Programm (UNEP) -
Biodiversity typically measures
variation at the genetic, species,
and ecosystem level.
805/02/2019
According to IUCN in 1988 -
“The variety and variability of species
of their populations, the Variety of
species of their life forms, the diversity
of the complex association with species
with their interaction and their
ecological process which influence
perform”.
905/02/2019
MEGA BIODIVERSE
COUNTRIES..
#.The term mega diverse country refers to any one
of a group of nations that harbor the majority
of Earth's species and high numbers of living
organisms.
#. Mega diversity means exhibiting great diversity.
1005/02/2019
LIST OF TOP 5 MEGADIVERSE
COUNTRIES
• Brazil
• Columbia
• Indonesia
• Mexico
• China. ...
1105/02/2019
DATA SOURCE
1. AUTHOR - RHETT
A. BUTLER
2.ON 21 MAY 2016
3. Website -
https://news.mong
abay.com/2016/05/
top-10-biodiverse-
countries/
1205/02/2019
Geographical Locations Of Mega Diverse
Countries.....
05/02/2019 13
Levels of the Biodiversity...
Biological diversity is usually analyzed at
three different levels, each of which has its
own significance. These are :
1. Ecosystem Diversity
2. Species Diversity
3. Genetic Diversity
1405/02/2019
1. Ecosystem Diversity..
#.Depending largely upon the availability of the of
abiotic resources and conditions of the environment
an ecosystem develop its own characteristic
community of living.
#.For ex.- A small pond constitute an ecosystem and
possesses a set of flora and fauna different from a
river which is another type of ecosystem.
#. Different type of forests, grass lands, lakes, rivers,
wet-land etc. represent diverse ecosystem each with
a different biotic component.
1505/02/2019
Grass land ecosystem...
1605/02/2019
River Ecosystem..
1705/02/2019
Forests Ecosystem...
1805/02/2019
Pond Ecosystem..
1905/02/2019
Species Diversity..
#. The biotic component in an ecosystem may be
composed of few species only or a large number
of species of plant, animals and microbes,
which react and inter – act with each other
and with abiotic factor of the environment.
#. The richness of species in an ecosystem is
usually referred to as Species Diversity.
2005/02/2019
Species Diversity...
2105/02/2019
Genetic Diversity...
#.Within a species there are often found a number
of varieties or races or strains which slightly
differ from each other in one, two or a number of
characters such as shape, size, quality of their
product, resistance to insects, pests and diseases,
ability to withstand adverse conditions of
environment etc.
#. These differences are due to slight variations in
their genetic set up.
2205/02/2019
Genetic Diversity...
2305/02/2019
Major Principles of the
Biodiversity...
The following ecological principles describe the assumptions
needed to plan actions for conserving biodiversity:
Principle 1:The objectives of management of land, water and
living resources are a matter of societal choices.
Principle 2: Management should be decentralized at the lowest
appropriate level.
Principle 3: Ecosystem must be managed within the limits of their
functioning.
Principle 4: The ecosystem approach should involve all relevant
sectors of society and scientific disciplines.
2405/02/2019
Major Principles of the
Biodiversity...
Principle 5: Deepen people's understanding
of biodiversity.
Principle 6:Act in such a way as to conserve
biodiversity.
Principle 7: Use our business operations to
help conserve biodiversity
2505/02/2019
Principle 1:The objectives of management of land,
water and living resources are a matter of societal
choices…
#. Different sectors of society view ecosystems in
terms of their own economic, cultural and
society needs.
#. Both cultural and biological diversity are central
components of the ecosystem approach, and
management should take this into account.
Societal choices should be expressed as clearly as
possible. Ecosystems should be managed for
their intrinsic values.
2605/02/2019
Principle 2: Management should be
decentralized to the lowest appropriate
level…
#.Decentralized systems may lead to greater
efficiency, effectiveness and equity.
#.The closer management is to the ecosystem,
the greater the responsibility, ownership,
accountability, participation, and use of local
knowledge.
2705/02/2019
Principle 3: Ecosystem must be managed
within the limits of their functioning…
#. In considering the likelihood or ease of
attaining the management objectives, attention
should be given to the environmental
conditions that limit natural productivity,
ecosystem structure, functioning and diversity.
#. The limits to ecosystem functioning may be
affected to different degrees by temporary,
unpredictable of artificially maintained
conditions and, accordingly, management
should be appropriately cautious.
2805/02/2019
Principle 4: The ecosystem approach should
involve all relevant sectors of society and
scientific disciplines…
#. Most problems of biological-diversity
management are complex, with many
interactions, side-effects and implications,
and therefore should involve the
necessary expertise and stakeholders at
the local, national, regional and
international level, as appropriate.
2905/02/2019
Principle 5. Deepen people's
understanding of biodiversity…
#. In order to conserve biodiversity, people need
to understand the impact their work or daily
lives has on local ecosystems and habitats.
#. We therefore need to ensure that our
employees and their families, as well as our
suppliers, have a thorough understanding of
biodiversity.
3005/02/2019
Principle 6. Act in such a way as
to conserve biodiversity…
#. By forming links with local communities, schools, and
non-profit organizations, we can broaden the scope of
our environmental and social contribution activities to
include a wider range of programs for conserving
biodiversity.
#. If we consider the impact our business activities and
daily lives has on local ecosystems and habitats, we can
more readily take action to conserve biodiversity.
3105/02/2019
Principle 7. Use our business
operations to help conserve
biodiversity…
#. We can use our IT and network
technologies to provide solutions that help
people understand, conserve, and increase
biodiversity.
3205/02/2019
THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY
3305/02/2019
WHAT CAUSE THREATS TO IT...
#.Biodiversity is under serious threat as a result
of human activities.
#.The main dangers worldwide are population
growth and resource consumption, climate
change and global warming, habitat conversion
and urbanization, invasive alien species, over-
exploitation of natural resources and
environmental degradation
3405/02/2019
MAJOR THREATS ...
• HABITATE LOSS
• GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
• OVER EXPLOITATION
• ALIEN SPACIES INVASION
• OVER HUMAN POPULATION
3505/02/2019
1. HABITAT LOSS
• It can be described, when an organism loses it home.
• Reasons of habitat loss by human :
#. Agriculture, Forming
#. Harvesting natural resources for
personal use
#. For industrialization and
urbanization development
Habitat loss has been currently ranked as
primary cause of species extinction world
wide .....
3605/02/2019
Habitat loss....
3705/02/2019
Natural disasters too...
Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions
and natural bush fires all affect the many
different ecosystems on our planet. Initially,
these disasters negatively affect
the biodiversity of wetlands, forests and coastal
systems by causing the spread of invasive
species, mass species mortality
and loss of habitat.
3805/02/2019
Habitat loss by natural disasters ..
3905/02/2019
Solutions for this...
• Protecting remaining section of habitat
• Reduce human population and expansion of
urbanization and industries
• Educating the public about the importance of
natural habitat and bio diversity ..
• Planting more trees.
• Provide better solutions for wildfire..
4005/02/2019
2. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ...
• Changes to the climate system have been
observed at a global scale, in the
measurements of temperature at the surface,
and the middle atmosphere, increased sea
level, increased sea surface temperature,
increased ocean heat content, and increased
water vapour in the atmosphere.
4105/02/2019
Climate change is very harmful...
4205/02/2019
WHAT DOES CLIMATE CHANGES
CAUSE..
Changes in the global climate system. SOURCE: State of the Climate 2014
4305/02/2019
3.OVER EXPLOITATION
• Overexploitation means harvesting species
from the wild at rates faster than natural
populations can recover.
• Overfishing and overhunting both are types
of overexploitation.
• Currently, about a third of the world's
endangered* vertebrates are threatened by
overexploitation.
*Endangered - seriously at risk of extinction. 4405/02/2019
OVERFISHING
4505/02/2019
RESULT OF OVERFISHING…
• Removal of essential predators
• Growth of algae
• Financial losses
• Removal of endangered fishes
• Unbalanced food chain
4605/02/2019
Alien species Invasion
• Invasive alien species are plants, animals,
pathogens and other organisms that are non-native
to an ecosystem, and which may cause economic
or environmental harm or adversely affect human
health.
• Alien species – a species that has been
intentionally or unintentionally introduced to a
location, area, or region where it does not occur
naturally..
4705/02/2019
AN INVASIVE ALIEN
SPECIES
Parthenium hysterophorus :-
#. Parthenium can almost grow anywhere and
spreads extremely rapidly, displacing valuable
forage species.
#. It is toxic to livestock and can have detrimental
impacts on human health, causing respiratory
problems and dermatitis.
#. If unmanaged, it can reduce crop yields by
more than 90%.
4805/02/2019
IMPACTS
• Poisonous to cattle
• Release toxins into soil to stunt growth of
native plants
• Loss of land
• Reduces native biodiversity
• Negatively impacts livelihoods
4905/02/2019
SOLUTIONS TO THIS…
• Manual control :-
It is possible to prevent further spread of
Parthenium by destroying the plant before it
flowers. This is difficult because it cannot be
manually removed as it causes irritation to the
skin. Equally, the use of machinery to remove the
plants can result in increased seed dispersal.
5005/02/2019
Continue ….
• Chemical control :-
Various herbicides, when
applied in high volume, have been
found to be effective in managing the
plant. However, these methods are
both expensive and unsustainable.
5105/02/2019
Continue ….
• Biological control :-
Biological control has been
deemed the best sustainable solution
to a Parthenium infestation. A beetle*
has been introduced to some parts of
India which has eradicated the weed
in some locations.
5205/02/2019
HUMAN OVERPOPULATION
• Human overpopulation is among the most
pressing environmental issues, silently
aggravating* the forces behind global
warming, environmental pollution, habitat
loss, consumption of finite natural resources,
such as fresh water, arable* land and fossil
fuels, at speeds faster than their rate of
regeneration. However, ecological issues are
just the beginning... 5305/02/2019
What Causes Overpopulation?
• An increased birth rate and lower birth
mortality rates.
• Decreased overall mortality rates and
increased life spans.
• Introduction of foreign species — does
not generally apply to humans
5405/02/2019
MAJOR EFFECTS OF
OVERPOPULATION…
• Plant and Animal Extinction
• Climate Change
• Pollution
• Reducing Forest Area
5505/02/2019
SOLUTIONS…
• Social Awareness…
• Importance of family planning…
• Tax Benefits or Concessions…
5605/02/2019
REFERENCES...
• https://www.nec.com/en/global/eco/life/guide/index.html
• https://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/principles.shtml
• https://unsplash.com
• Google Scholar
• Wikipedia
• Convetion On Biological Diversity (CBD)
• https://www.invasive-species.org/species/parthenium/
• https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse-
countries/
5705/02/2019
“If we start walking at the
time, we don’t need to run
at the end…”
5805/02/2019
THANK YOU…
5905/02/2019

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Biodiversity : Definitions, Principles and Threats

  • 2. Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better…. - Albert Einstein 205/02/2019
  • 3. ETYMOLOGY OF BIODIVERSITY... • The term “BIODIVERSITY” was first coined by the Entomologist E.O. Wilson in 1986. According to him, it refers to the variety of life on the planet or Biodiversity may be defined as the totality of different organisms. 305/02/2019
  • 4. Biodiversity What does “Bio” means ? Bio = 405/02/2019
  • 5. Biodiversity What does “diversity” means ? Diversity = Variety 505/02/2019
  • 7. According to Oxford English Dictionary – The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable. 705/02/2019
  • 8. According to the United Nations Environment Programm (UNEP) - Biodiversity typically measures variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level. 805/02/2019
  • 9. According to IUCN in 1988 - “The variety and variability of species of their populations, the Variety of species of their life forms, the diversity of the complex association with species with their interaction and their ecological process which influence perform”. 905/02/2019
  • 10. MEGA BIODIVERSE COUNTRIES.. #.The term mega diverse country refers to any one of a group of nations that harbor the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of living organisms. #. Mega diversity means exhibiting great diversity. 1005/02/2019
  • 11. LIST OF TOP 5 MEGADIVERSE COUNTRIES • Brazil • Columbia • Indonesia • Mexico • China. ... 1105/02/2019
  • 12. DATA SOURCE 1. AUTHOR - RHETT A. BUTLER 2.ON 21 MAY 2016 3. Website - https://news.mong abay.com/2016/05/ top-10-biodiverse- countries/ 1205/02/2019
  • 13. Geographical Locations Of Mega Diverse Countries..... 05/02/2019 13
  • 14. Levels of the Biodiversity... Biological diversity is usually analyzed at three different levels, each of which has its own significance. These are : 1. Ecosystem Diversity 2. Species Diversity 3. Genetic Diversity 1405/02/2019
  • 15. 1. Ecosystem Diversity.. #.Depending largely upon the availability of the of abiotic resources and conditions of the environment an ecosystem develop its own characteristic community of living. #.For ex.- A small pond constitute an ecosystem and possesses a set of flora and fauna different from a river which is another type of ecosystem. #. Different type of forests, grass lands, lakes, rivers, wet-land etc. represent diverse ecosystem each with a different biotic component. 1505/02/2019
  • 20. Species Diversity.. #. The biotic component in an ecosystem may be composed of few species only or a large number of species of plant, animals and microbes, which react and inter – act with each other and with abiotic factor of the environment. #. The richness of species in an ecosystem is usually referred to as Species Diversity. 2005/02/2019
  • 22. Genetic Diversity... #.Within a species there are often found a number of varieties or races or strains which slightly differ from each other in one, two or a number of characters such as shape, size, quality of their product, resistance to insects, pests and diseases, ability to withstand adverse conditions of environment etc. #. These differences are due to slight variations in their genetic set up. 2205/02/2019
  • 24. Major Principles of the Biodiversity... The following ecological principles describe the assumptions needed to plan actions for conserving biodiversity: Principle 1:The objectives of management of land, water and living resources are a matter of societal choices. Principle 2: Management should be decentralized at the lowest appropriate level. Principle 3: Ecosystem must be managed within the limits of their functioning. Principle 4: The ecosystem approach should involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines. 2405/02/2019
  • 25. Major Principles of the Biodiversity... Principle 5: Deepen people's understanding of biodiversity. Principle 6:Act in such a way as to conserve biodiversity. Principle 7: Use our business operations to help conserve biodiversity 2505/02/2019
  • 26. Principle 1:The objectives of management of land, water and living resources are a matter of societal choices… #. Different sectors of society view ecosystems in terms of their own economic, cultural and society needs. #. Both cultural and biological diversity are central components of the ecosystem approach, and management should take this into account. Societal choices should be expressed as clearly as possible. Ecosystems should be managed for their intrinsic values. 2605/02/2019
  • 27. Principle 2: Management should be decentralized to the lowest appropriate level… #.Decentralized systems may lead to greater efficiency, effectiveness and equity. #.The closer management is to the ecosystem, the greater the responsibility, ownership, accountability, participation, and use of local knowledge. 2705/02/2019
  • 28. Principle 3: Ecosystem must be managed within the limits of their functioning… #. In considering the likelihood or ease of attaining the management objectives, attention should be given to the environmental conditions that limit natural productivity, ecosystem structure, functioning and diversity. #. The limits to ecosystem functioning may be affected to different degrees by temporary, unpredictable of artificially maintained conditions and, accordingly, management should be appropriately cautious. 2805/02/2019
  • 29. Principle 4: The ecosystem approach should involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines… #. Most problems of biological-diversity management are complex, with many interactions, side-effects and implications, and therefore should involve the necessary expertise and stakeholders at the local, national, regional and international level, as appropriate. 2905/02/2019
  • 30. Principle 5. Deepen people's understanding of biodiversity… #. In order to conserve biodiversity, people need to understand the impact their work or daily lives has on local ecosystems and habitats. #. We therefore need to ensure that our employees and their families, as well as our suppliers, have a thorough understanding of biodiversity. 3005/02/2019
  • 31. Principle 6. Act in such a way as to conserve biodiversity… #. By forming links with local communities, schools, and non-profit organizations, we can broaden the scope of our environmental and social contribution activities to include a wider range of programs for conserving biodiversity. #. If we consider the impact our business activities and daily lives has on local ecosystems and habitats, we can more readily take action to conserve biodiversity. 3105/02/2019
  • 32. Principle 7. Use our business operations to help conserve biodiversity… #. We can use our IT and network technologies to provide solutions that help people understand, conserve, and increase biodiversity. 3205/02/2019
  • 34. WHAT CAUSE THREATS TO IT... #.Biodiversity is under serious threat as a result of human activities. #.The main dangers worldwide are population growth and resource consumption, climate change and global warming, habitat conversion and urbanization, invasive alien species, over- exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation 3405/02/2019
  • 35. MAJOR THREATS ... • HABITATE LOSS • GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE • OVER EXPLOITATION • ALIEN SPACIES INVASION • OVER HUMAN POPULATION 3505/02/2019
  • 36. 1. HABITAT LOSS • It can be described, when an organism loses it home. • Reasons of habitat loss by human : #. Agriculture, Forming #. Harvesting natural resources for personal use #. For industrialization and urbanization development Habitat loss has been currently ranked as primary cause of species extinction world wide ..... 3605/02/2019
  • 38. Natural disasters too... Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and natural bush fires all affect the many different ecosystems on our planet. Initially, these disasters negatively affect the biodiversity of wetlands, forests and coastal systems by causing the spread of invasive species, mass species mortality and loss of habitat. 3805/02/2019
  • 39. Habitat loss by natural disasters .. 3905/02/2019
  • 40. Solutions for this... • Protecting remaining section of habitat • Reduce human population and expansion of urbanization and industries • Educating the public about the importance of natural habitat and bio diversity .. • Planting more trees. • Provide better solutions for wildfire.. 4005/02/2019
  • 41. 2. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ... • Changes to the climate system have been observed at a global scale, in the measurements of temperature at the surface, and the middle atmosphere, increased sea level, increased sea surface temperature, increased ocean heat content, and increased water vapour in the atmosphere. 4105/02/2019
  • 42. Climate change is very harmful... 4205/02/2019
  • 43. WHAT DOES CLIMATE CHANGES CAUSE.. Changes in the global climate system. SOURCE: State of the Climate 2014 4305/02/2019
  • 44. 3.OVER EXPLOITATION • Overexploitation means harvesting species from the wild at rates faster than natural populations can recover. • Overfishing and overhunting both are types of overexploitation. • Currently, about a third of the world's endangered* vertebrates are threatened by overexploitation. *Endangered - seriously at risk of extinction. 4405/02/2019
  • 46. RESULT OF OVERFISHING… • Removal of essential predators • Growth of algae • Financial losses • Removal of endangered fishes • Unbalanced food chain 4605/02/2019
  • 47. Alien species Invasion • Invasive alien species are plants, animals, pathogens and other organisms that are non-native to an ecosystem, and which may cause economic or environmental harm or adversely affect human health. • Alien species – a species that has been intentionally or unintentionally introduced to a location, area, or region where it does not occur naturally.. 4705/02/2019
  • 48. AN INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES Parthenium hysterophorus :- #. Parthenium can almost grow anywhere and spreads extremely rapidly, displacing valuable forage species. #. It is toxic to livestock and can have detrimental impacts on human health, causing respiratory problems and dermatitis. #. If unmanaged, it can reduce crop yields by more than 90%. 4805/02/2019
  • 49. IMPACTS • Poisonous to cattle • Release toxins into soil to stunt growth of native plants • Loss of land • Reduces native biodiversity • Negatively impacts livelihoods 4905/02/2019
  • 50. SOLUTIONS TO THIS… • Manual control :- It is possible to prevent further spread of Parthenium by destroying the plant before it flowers. This is difficult because it cannot be manually removed as it causes irritation to the skin. Equally, the use of machinery to remove the plants can result in increased seed dispersal. 5005/02/2019
  • 51. Continue …. • Chemical control :- Various herbicides, when applied in high volume, have been found to be effective in managing the plant. However, these methods are both expensive and unsustainable. 5105/02/2019
  • 52. Continue …. • Biological control :- Biological control has been deemed the best sustainable solution to a Parthenium infestation. A beetle* has been introduced to some parts of India which has eradicated the weed in some locations. 5205/02/2019
  • 53. HUMAN OVERPOPULATION • Human overpopulation is among the most pressing environmental issues, silently aggravating* the forces behind global warming, environmental pollution, habitat loss, consumption of finite natural resources, such as fresh water, arable* land and fossil fuels, at speeds faster than their rate of regeneration. However, ecological issues are just the beginning... 5305/02/2019
  • 54. What Causes Overpopulation? • An increased birth rate and lower birth mortality rates. • Decreased overall mortality rates and increased life spans. • Introduction of foreign species — does not generally apply to humans 5405/02/2019
  • 55. MAJOR EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION… • Plant and Animal Extinction • Climate Change • Pollution • Reducing Forest Area 5505/02/2019
  • 56. SOLUTIONS… • Social Awareness… • Importance of family planning… • Tax Benefits or Concessions… 5605/02/2019
  • 57. REFERENCES... • https://www.nec.com/en/global/eco/life/guide/index.html • https://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/principles.shtml • https://unsplash.com • Google Scholar • Wikipedia • Convetion On Biological Diversity (CBD) • https://www.invasive-species.org/species/parthenium/ • https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/top-10-biodiverse- countries/ 5705/02/2019
  • 58. “If we start walking at the time, we don’t need to run at the end…” 5805/02/2019

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. *Zygogramma bicolorata
  2. * making a problem or offense worse or more serious. * (of land) used or suitable for growing crops.