CEHPALOSPORINS.pptx By Harshvardhan Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University
2. hyperemia and congestion; hemodynamic disorders
1. Hemodynamic Disorders
Hemodynamic Disorders
Edema
Edema
Hyperemia and Congestion
Hyperemia and Congestion
Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Embolism
Embolism
Infarction
Infarction
Shock
Shock
1
Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com
2. Definitions
Definitions
Homeostasis maintaining blood as a liquid
Homeostasis maintaining blood as a liquid
Thrombosis Clotting at inappropriate sites
Thrombosis Clotting at inappropriate sites
Hemostasis Clotting at appropriate site (site of
Hemostasis Clotting at appropriate site (site of
injury)
injury)
Embolism migration of clots
Embolism migration of clots
Infarction obstruction of blood flow to tissues
Infarction obstruction of blood flow to tissues
and leads to cell death
and leads to cell death
Hemorrhage inability to clot after vascular
Hemorrhage inability to clot after vascular
injury
injury
Shock extensive hemorrhage can result in
Shock extensive hemorrhage can result in
hypotension and death
hypotension and death
2
Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com
3. Hyperemia and Congestion
local increased volume of blood in a particular tissue
(common in both)
Hyperemia
Congestion
Active process
passive process
skeletal muscle during
exercise or at sites of
inflammation
Generalized in cardiac
failure
arteriolar dilation
Local- isolated venous out
flow obstruction
tissue is red
blue-red color (cyanosis)
due to increased tissue inflow
resulting from impaired
venous outflow
3
Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com
4. •• Hyperemia
Hyperemia
–– Usually physiologic rather than in pathologic (inflammatory)
Usually physiologic rather than in pathologic (inflammatory)
conditions
conditions
•• Congestion
Congestion
••
••
Causes
Causes
Consequences
Consequences
•• Tissue Hypoxia Degeneration Scarring/Fibrosis ((Cardiac
Tissue Hypoxia Degeneration Scarring/Fibrosis Cardiac
Cirrhosis in Liver)
Cirrhosis in Liver)
•• Capillary rupture Focal small hemorrhages Hemosiderin
Capillary rupture Focal small hemorrhages Hemosiderin
laden macrophages (Heart Failure Cells in Lung)
laden macrophages (Heart Failure Cells in Lung)
•• Organ systems involved = Lung, Liver
Organ systems involved = Lung, Liver
•• Lungs Acute ((Engorged Pulmonary capillaries, alveolar
Lungs Acute Engorged Pulmonary capillaries, alveolar
hemorrhages,) Chronic (thickened fibrous septa, Heart failure cells)
hemorrhages,) Chronic (thickened fibrous septa, Heart failure cells)
•• Liver Acute (distended central hepatic veins, centrilobular
Liver Acute (distended central hepatic veins, centrilobular
hepatocyte degeneration), Chronic ((Nut Meg liver, fibrosis – Cardiac
hepatocyte degeneration), Chronic Nut Meg liver, fibrosis – Cardiac
cirrhosis, centrilobular necrosis)
cirrhosis, centrilobular necrosis)
4
Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com