2. Background
1. Model is by John Friedmann in the 1960s to explain the
differences in regional development.
2. The countries in the world can be divided into two main
groups - the core and the periphery.
3. The core refers to the richer and developed countries
or regions
The periphery refers to the poorer and less
developed countries or regions.
4. Used to explain why uneven development
happens between countries & within a country.
4. How a Core is formed
Core country /
region
Natural
resources,
natural harbour,
supply of
cheap labour
Progress and
Reputation
development with
•Better infrastructure
•More skilled labour
•Higher income
More investments
5. How a Periphery is
formed
Exploited by Core
through
Periphery ‐ Military, I.e.
country/ region Colonisation
Natural (Raw
materials) & ‐ Economic, I.e. Unfair
Human (Labour) trading rules
Resources
Slow economic Dependent on Core for
growth development
6. Characteristics of Core & Periphery Countries
Finished products &
CORE PERIPHERY
Investments
• Jobs are available
• Key industries: • little jobs and investments
Secondary & Tertiary Key industries: Primary
Industries • Limited infrastructure
• Urbanised with good •Weak & poor economy
infrastructure
•Concentration of wealth
Labour & Raw
materials
8. • Spread Effect: Benefits of development spread
from CORE to the PERIPHERY inequalities between
CORE & PERIPHERY narrows. E.g. Singapore
BUT,
• Backwash Effect: Negative impact CORE
continue to grow at the expense of the PERIPHERY.
• Backwash effect sometimes outweighs the benefits
produced by the Spread effect PERIPHERY to suffer
the negative impact of the development of the CORE.