2. • Learning is a continious activity.
• People learning new things always without even
being concious about it.
• Jarvis 5 meaning of the concept
– Any more or less permanent change in behaviour
as a result of experience.
– A relative change in behaviour as a result of
practice
– The process whereby knowledge is created through
the transformation of experience.
– The process of transforming experience in to K,S,A
– Memorsing information.

3. • From T & D perspective learning may be defined
as “a complex process of acquring knowledge,
skills, and values inorder to be able to adapt to
environment in which we live”. Such adaption
involves changes in behaviour.
• The psychology of learning is deals with
theoretical and empirical aspects of the learning
process.
• It involves principles of learning, lerning process,
components of learning, and motivational
strategies

4. Theories of learning
• Reinforcement Theory
• Cognitive Theory
• Social Learning Theory
• Goal setting Theory
• Need Theory
• Expectancy Theory
• Experimental Learning Theory
• Learning to learn & self development

5. Learning Process
• Receiving Information
• Accepting or Taking in the information
• Assimilating the information
• Storing the information
• Applying the information

6. Receiving
• Learning begins when one receives new
information that one finds interesting.
• Human being always receive informations
from various sources, all of them are not
relevant. So they accept what relevant and
rejects irrelavant ones.

7. Taking In
• Once information is received and irrelavant
parts are filtered out, one assimilate the
information
• The amount of information taken varies with
every individual because each individual has a
different ability to sensory perception.
• Individual learn from what they takensince
they are differ in their ability to take their
learning ability also differ.

8. Assimilating
• It is the process of connecting new information
with the already existing framework of thought.
• For learning occur a connection between the
new information and the prior stored informat-
ion has to be made.
• Assimilating is also a process where a learning
conflict may occur. Learning Conflict is a
situation where the new information is found
contradictory to the existing framework of
thought.

9. Storing
• Assimilated information is stored for future
use
Applying
• Learning process is complete only when the
learner is able to recall and apply the stored
information

10. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
1. Recency
2. Appropriateness
3. Motivation
4. Primacy
5. Two-way communication
6. Feedback
7. Active Learning
8. Multi-sense Learning
9. Exercise

11. 1.Recency
• Accoring to the priciple of recency the contents
that the trainee learns at the end of the session
are best remembered.
• The principle is applicable to two ares of
learning that are
– It applies to the content at the end of the session
– It applies to the the things that are the freshest in
the trainee’s mind

12. • Implication on Trainer
– The trainer has to provide brief recaps of the
content throught the session.
– Has to keep emphasising the key messages
regularly throughout the session.
– Must build review sessions into his presentaions
that the learning content is retained by the
trainees.

13. 2.Appropriateness
• All the training content, materials, learning
resources must be relevant to the training and
trainees learning needs.
• It is also related to the verbal presentation.
• Inorder to create appropriate learning content
the trainer must assess the learnig need of the
trainee and design the content & materials.
• Trainer also need to assess the learning style
of trainees, so that he can design material
according to their learning style

14. 3.Motivation
• Learning will occur only if the trainees want to
learn, are ready to learn, and have a reason to
learn.
• Trainees who have a reason to learn and are
ready to learn are trainees who are motivated
to learn,such trainees succeed in learning.
• It is the duty of the trainer to motivate the
learner by creating an appropriate learning
climate, by pointing out the virtues of the
particular programme and by catering their
learnig needs.

15. 4.Primacy
• The contents which the trainees learn first, are
learnt best.
• Recency points out that the last content is best
remembered while primacy says the first is
learnt best.
• In other words the opening and closing of the
session are the most crucial part of a training
session.
• If the end can be used for a recap, the beginning
can be used for an overview.

16. 5. Two-way Communication
• In a training situation communication must be
two way for learning to be effective.
• Learning must be interactive and the delivery
of the trainer must not be a monologue.
• The session must be participative and the
trainer must allow the trainees to interact
during the session.
• Learning success entirely depends on the
communication of training content.

17. 6. Feedback
• Both the trainees and trainers need to exchange
information with each other.
• The trainees should know their learning progress
and the trainer should know whether they are
able to follow his presentation of the content.
• Feedback also serve as a learning reinforcement
• It can be in the form of positive or negative
• Positive feedback assures the trainee of his
learning progress while negative feedback allows
the the trainees to know his shortcomings.

18. • The following factors must be considered for
effective feedback :-
– Frequent test must be conducted for giving
feedback
– Trainees must be provided performance feedback
immediately, only then will the feedback have any
effect.
– Trainer must use random in-session question to
assess the impact of his presentation.
– Appropriate behaviour or correct responses must be
acknowledged.
– Training sessions must be planned in such a manner
that reinforcement strategies are built into it.

19. 7. Active Learning
• For effective learning the trainees must be
actively involved in the learning process.
• They learn more by doing rather than hearing
or seeing. Eg: Resume writing.
• Active learning allows trainees to keep the
trainees involved throughtout the session

20. 8. Multi-sense Learning
• It involves the use of training techniques and
aids which will appeal to multiple sensory
organs at the same time.
• The aim is to cater to different learning styles
of the learner and to increase the attention
spanof the learner.

21. 9. Exercise
• It is also known as Overlearning or Meaningful
Repetition states that for the better retention of
learning content, it should be repeated.
• Research points out that trainees forgot one-
third of what they have learned in 6 hrs, one-
third of what they have learned in 24 hrs,
around 90% of what they have learned within six
weeks.
• The only solution for this is to make the trainees
excercise or repeat the key information regularly
so that they retain it for a long time.

22. • Learning -Definition
• Theories of Learning
• Learning Process
• Principles of Learning