powerpoint regarding hypolipidemia and review of literature of echinochloa crus-galli and triton wr 1339 mode of action regarding hyperlipidemic levels

1. HYPOLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC AND METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF
ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI IN TRITON INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIC MICE
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
Submitted By
B. CHANDRA OBUL REDDY 09GT1R0003
M. NAGENDRAMMA 09GT1R0015
P. RAMESH 09GT1R0021
P. LAVANYA 10GT5R0003
Under the Guidance and Supervision of
K. HARIKUMAR., M.Pharm.,
Assistant Professor
Department Of Pharmacology
SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Approved by AICTE &PCI, New Delhi
Affiliated to J.N.T. University, Anantapur
R.V.S.Nagar, Tirupathi Road, Chittoor-517127. (A.P.)
NOVEMBER 2012

2. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA
Hyperlipidemia is a condition excess of fatty substances called
lipids, largely cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood. It is
also called hyperlipoproteinemia because these fatty substances
travel in the blood attached to proteins. This is the only way that
these fatty substances can remain dissolved while in circulation.
(OR)
American heart association defined hyperlipidemia is a high
level of fats in the blood. These fats, called lipids include
cholesterol and triglycerides. There are different types of
hyperlipidemia depending on which lipid levels are high in the
blood.

3. HYPERLIPIDEMIA
1

4. 2

5. HYPERLIPIDEMIA
The fat-protein complex in the blood are called lipoproteins
LDL HDL
In contrast the higher level of LDL cholesterol the greater risk of heart disease as
a result, LDL cholesterol is commonly referred as bad cholesterol
In contrast the lower level of HDL cholesterol the greater risk of coronary artery
disease, as a result HDL cholesterol is commonly referred as good cholesterol
Low HDL cholesterol levels increase in triglyceride levels in
blood
coronary artery disease
High lipid levels atherosclerosis or hardening of arteries
Normally smooth and unobstructed inside but age goes, a sticky
substance called plaque forms in the walls of arteries
Atherosclerosis risk of heart disease, stroke and vascular disease
Can
speed up

6. CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA
ACCORDING TO “FREDRICKSON” CLASSIFICATION
• Type I - Raised cholesterol with high triglyceride levels
• Type II - High cholesterol with normal triglyceride levels
• Type III - Raised cholesterol and triglycerides
• Type IV - Raised triglycerides, Atheroma, and Raised uric acid
• Type V - Raised triglycerides
ACCORDING TO "GREENSPAN'S BASIC & CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY"
BY DR. DAVID GARDNER
1. PRIMARY TYPE I
2. PRIMARY TYPE II
3. PRIMARY TYPE III
4. PRIMARY TYPE IV
5. PRIMARY TYPE V

7. Xanthoma
Xanthelasma of eyelid
Chest Pain
Abdominal Pain
Enlarged Spleen
Liver Enlarged
High cholesterol or triglyceride levels
Heart attacks
Higher rate of obesity and glucose intolerance
Pimple like lesions across body
Atheromatous plaques in the arteries
Arcus senilis
Xanthomata
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

8. CAUSES
•LIFESTYLE INHABITS
•DIABETES(TYPE 2)
•KIDNEY DISEASE
•PREGNANCY
•AN UNDER ACTIVE THYROID
GLAND
•ENVIRONMENTALAND GENETIC
FACTORS
•ALCOHOL
•MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY
•NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
•OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
•HYPOTHYROIDISM
•CUSHING’S SYNDROME
•ANOREXIA NERVOSA
•HIGH DIETARY SIMPLE
CARBOHYDRATES
•ESTROGEN THERAPY
•LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE MUTATIONS
MEDICATIONS-
THIAZIDE DIURETICS
CICLOSPORIN
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
BETA BLOCKERS
RETINOIC ACID

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
•Decreased clearance of triglyceride-rich
lipoproteins due to inhibition of lipoprotein lipase
and triglyceride lipase.
•Other factors such as peripheral insulin resistance,
carnitine deficiency, and hyperthyroidism may
contribute to lipid abnormalities.
•In nephrotic syndrome, decreased effective plasma
albumin circulation results in increased lipoprotein
synthesis to maintain plasma oncotic pressure.

11. PREVALENCE
Many studies have shown that there is a direct
correlation between the incidence of coronary artery
disease (CAD) and total low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
cholesterol levels. Every year, approximately 1.5 million
Americans experience an acute myocardial infarction
and one-third of them do not survive. Because of
adaption of the new NCEP GUIDELINES many more
patients are now candidates for intensive lipid lowering
therapy and these guidelines estimates that the number of
Americans who qualify for dietary treatment will rise
from 52 million to 65 million, and the number who
candidates for drug therapy will nearly triple-from 13
million to 36 million.

12. RISK FACTORS
•High fat intake is one of the factor which leads to
hypercholesterolemia
•Type 2 diabetes mellitus
•Hypothyroidism
•Chronic renal failure
•Nephritic syndrome
•Obesity
•Alcohol intake
•Drugs
•Antihypertensive agents
•Diuretics
•Oral contraceptives
•Corticosteroids- Glucocorticoids
•Metabolic syndrome
COMPLICATIONS
•pancreatitis
•Premature coronary
Artery disease
•Heart attack
•Stroke
•Atherosclerosis
•Myocardial infarction

13. DIAGNOSIS
BLOOD TESTS
Total Cholesterol 240 mg/dL
Triglyceride Levels 200-499 mg/dL
HDL Cholesterol ≥ 60 mg/dL
LDL Cholesterol 160-189 mg/dL
VLDL Cholesterol > 40 mg/dL
SKIN TEST
Skin assessment - Xanthelasmas and xanthomas are fatty deposits
under the skin
PROGNOSIS
OUTLOOK
THE FACTS
SUCCESSFUL OUTCOMES
TREATMENT FACTORS
TREATMENT OPTIONS
UNSUCCESSFUL OUTCOMES

14. TREATMENT
HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS (STATINS)
Atorvastatin , Fluvastatin , Lovastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin,
Simvastatin , Pitavastatin
Statins act by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase enzyme
FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVES (FIBRATES)
Bezafibrate , Ciprofibrate , Clofibrate , Gemfibrozil, Fenofibrate
Fibrates are agonists of the PPAR-α receptor in muscle, liver, and
other tissues. Activation of PPAR-α signaling results in:
Increased β-oxidation in the liver
Decreased hepatic triglyceride secretion
Increased lipoprotein lipase activity, and thus increased VLDL clearance
Increased HDL
Increased clearance of remnant particles
BILE ACID SEQUESTRANTS
Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol and NICOTINIC ACID

15. AIM
The aim of this study has been to investigate the possible
hypolipidemic effect of Echinochloa crus galli seed ethanolic and
methanolic extracts in triton (400 mg/kg b.w.) induced mice. A
comparison was made between the actions of ethanolic and
methanolic seed (400 mg/kg b. w.) extracts of Echinochloa crus galli
and a known hypolipidemic drug Atorvastatin (10 mg /kg b. w.).
OBJECTIVE
To investigate blood serum Total, HDL, LDL, VLDL cholesterol levels and
triglyceride levels.
To find out effect of ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Echinochloa crus
galli in triton induced mice
To evaluate body weights of all groups of animals
To collect graphical data of body weights and blood Total, HDL, LDL, VLDL
cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels by graph pad prism and by using one way
analysis of data - Bonferroni multiple comparison test through one way ANOVA
test.

16. Pongamia pinnata Pricilla. K et al
Cinnamomum tamala Varsha Dhulasavant et al
Mucuna pruriens M.Murugan et al
Spirulina platensis S.S.Sudha et al
Bauhinia purpurea B.V.S. Lakshmi et al
Asparagus racemosus Ramachandran Vadivelan et al
Terminalia chebula Dipa A. Israni et al
Carica papaya AAAdeneye et al
lanata aculeate K. Vinoth Kumar et al
Nerium indicum S. Mukesh Sikarwar et al
Mimosa pudica Rekha Rajendran et al
Premna corymbosa Karthikeyan. M et al
Pithecellobium dulce Sundarrajan T et al
Mimosa pudica Sowmya et al
Eriobotrya japonica Omar Said et al
Hibiscus rosa sinesis Vishnu kumar et al
Solanum surattense Sridevi m et al
cassia auriculata Sivaprakasam chinnarsu et al
Trachyspermum ammi Javed et al
Carissa carandas S. Sumbul et al
Eryngium carlinae Ruth Noriega-Cisneros et al
Amaranthus spinosus K. Girija et al
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE

17. PLAN OF WORK
The plan of work should be carried out as outlines below:
•Collection of plant material
•Authentification of plant
•Extraction of plant material
•Choosing experimental or screening model for the study
•To found out blood cholesterol levels by induction day and 30th day
•Perform the administration of drug by oral route
•Collection of blood samples
•Estimation of total cholesterol levels
•Estimation of HDL cholesterol levels
•Estimation of LDL cholesterol levels
•Estimation of VLDL cholesterol levels
•Estimation of triglyceride levels
•Estimation of body weights
•Histopathological study
liver

18. ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI
BOTANICAL NAME: Echinochloa crus-galli (L.)P.Beauv.
SYNONYM: Panicum crus-galli L.
FAMILY: Poaceae TELUGU NAME - cama, sama, pedda
windu, vuudara
ENGLISH NAME: barnyard grass, barnyardgrass, barnyard
millet, cockspur, common barnyard grass, Japanese millet,
watergrass
PLANT DISTRIBUTION
It is native to India, China, Europe, Indonesia, Cambodia,
Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam
PLANT DESCRIPTION
MEDICINAL USES:
It is a folk remedy for treating
Carbuncles, Haemorrhages, Sores, Spleen trouble, Cancer and
wounds

19. AIM
The aim of this study has been to investigate the possible
hypolipidemic effect of Echinochloa crus galli seed ethanolic and
methanolic extracts in triton (400 mg/kg b.w.) induced mice. A
comparison was made between the actions of ethanolic and
methanolic seed (400 mg/kg b. w.) extracts of Echinochloa crus galli
and a known hypolipidemic drug Atorvastatin (10 mg /kg b. w.).
OBJECTIVE
To investigate blood serum Total, HDL, LDL, VLDL cholesterol levels and
triglyceride levels.
To find out effect of ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Echinochloa crus
galli in triton induced mice
To evaluate body weights of all groups of animals
To collect graphical data of body weights and blood Total, HDL, LDL, VLDL
cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels by graph pad prism and by using one way
analysis of data - Bonferroni multiple comparison test through one way ANOVA
test.

20. CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION
TYLOXAPOL (Triton WR 1339)
MODE OFACTION
Tyloxapol also blocks plasma lipolytic activity, and thus the
breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. When injected IP,
blocks plasma lipolytic activity, and thus the breakdown of
triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. It has also been shown to be
inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase, thus preventing triglyceride
uptake.
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
In general, it can be administered by intraperitoneal route
Other than I.P. route
•Oral
•Subcutaneous
•Intravenous

21. 1. Tyloxapol inhibits NK-kappa B and Reduces resting secretion of
the cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in cultured human monocytes
2. Inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of tumor
necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8,
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF),
and the eiconsanoids thromboxane A2 and leukotriene B4
(LTB4).
3. Tyloxapol is a potent antioxidant for hydroxyl radicals (OH) and
hypochlorous acid (HOCl.
4. Tyloxapol also reduces the viscosity of CF sputum
5. Tyloxapol is potentially useful as a new antiinflammatory
therapy for CF lung disease

22. ADR OF TYLOXAPOL
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS
•SWALLOWED
•EYE
•SKIN
•INHALED
CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS
Difficult breathing
TOXICITY
1. Oral (rat) LD50: >5000 mg/kg
2. Subcutaneous (rat) LD50:
>5000 mg/kg
3. Intravenous (rat) LD50: 1800
mg/kg
4. Oral (mouse) LD50: >10000
mg/kg
5. Intraperitoneal (mouse) LD50:
>5000 mg/kg
6. Intravenous (mouse) LD50:
>3800 mg/kg

23. PLAN OF WORK
PHASE I:
• Collection and authentication of
plant material. The collected fruits
subjected to extraction with
methanol and ethanol.
• To investigate preliminary
phytochemical constituents present
in the extract.
• To perform acute toxicity studies
PHASE II:
•To evaluate hypolipidemic of
Echinochloa crus-galli fruit extract
by using the experimental animal
model
•Triton induced hyperlipidemia
PARAMETERS TO BE STUDIED:
Body weight
Total cholesterol levels
HDL cholesterol levels
LDL cholesterol levels
VLDL cholesterol levels
Triglyceride levels
Histopathological study
liver

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27. Thank u