The document discusses doping in sport and performance enhancing drugs. It provides a timeline of banned substances in sport from ancient Greece to modern times. Key events discussed include the 1988 Olympics where Ben Johnson tested positive for steroids and the establishment of WADA in 1999. Specific performance enhancers like anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, EPO, and THG are defined. The BALCO scandal is summarized where many top athletes were linked to the lab. The document discusses views on whether performance enhancing drugs should be banned and debates around natural advantages in sport.

1. A2 PE
Drugs in Sport

2. Learning Outcomes
• Define doping in sport
• Discuss the history of doping in sport
• Discuss the different performance
enhancers you researched
• Discuss the BALCO case and how
this may affect sports as a whole.
• Discuss your won views on
performance enhancing drugs

3. Roles of Sports
Supplementation
• Almost all professional athletes and
many millions of amateur sports people
take some kind of supplementation.
• Why?
• The modern diet does not provide the
amount of nutrient, vitamins and
minerals needed by the body.

4. Roles of Sports
Supplementation
• What is the recommended amount of
calories needed by the average
person?
• 2’000 for males
• 2’500 for females……
• ………but sports people are not
average!

5. Resting Metabolic Rate
Age Male Female
10-18 (body weight KG (body weight KG
X 17.5) + 651 X 12.2) + 746
18-30 (body weight KG (body weight KG
X 15.3) + 679 X 14.7) + 496
31-60 (body weight KG (body weight KG
X 11.6) + 879 X 8.7) + 829

6. Specific Calorie Needs
• Mostly Sedentary
– RMR X 1.4
• Moderately Active
– RMR X 1.7
• Very Active
– RMR X 2.0
• Example
– 2312 X 2.0 = 4624 Kcal a day
• Supplementation is designed to either make up
for a shortfall in the diet, or provide an
advantage over your opponent.

7. Roles of Supplements in
Sport
• Research the following:
• Anabolic steroids
• Human Growth Hormone
• Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Betablockers
• Tetra-hydro-gestrinone (THG)
• What they are, who’s been accused of using
them (one famous example of each), what
they do, why they are banned.

8. Creatine
• One of the most researched
supplements on the market.
• Theorised to give more strength output
for longer during intense short burst
exercise.
• Has also been shown to give more
mass gain.

9. Creatine
• Creatine-Monohydrate is the most
successful in 99% of the research.
• General use:
• 20g a day for 5 days followed by 5g a
day for the next 8 weeks.
• 4 weeks break.
• Which sports people could benefit from
this?

10. Creatine
• Possible negative
effects:
– Bloating
– Dehydration
– Cramps.

11. Protein
• What is the use
of protein?
• To repair the
muscles and
organs.

12. Protein
• Whey protein the most well researched of all
supplements.
• Whey protein absorbed and used by the
body the quickest and should be used after
all strenuous exercise, no more than 50g.
• Casein protein absorbed much slower and
should be used in between meals and just
before bed.
• If you need it, buy protein with no other
added supplements.

13. Bicarbonate of Soda
• Theorised that it reduces the acidity of
the bloodstream caused by exercise.
• What benefits could this have?
• However, research has shown that it
makes no difference to well hydrated
individuals.
• Also, it irritates the intestines and
makes you well, y’know…….

14. Caffeine
• One of the first ‘drugs’ to be banned
from in sports competitions.
• Releases adrenaline which pushes
more fatty acids into the bloodstream
allowing the athlete to work for longer.
• Also stimulates more calcium to be
released which increases muscular
contraction.

15. Caffeine
• Improves endurance by 12%.
• Any more than 2 cups however, has no
extra effect and can actually have
adverse effects.
• Drunk with milk reduces its potency.

16. Antioxidants
• Found in vitamins and in all forms of
tea.
• When you exercise your body breaks
down cells during the oxidisation
process.
• This leaves FREE RADICALS floating
round the body which have been
shown to damage muscle tissue and
have been linked to cancer.

17. Antioxidants
• Antioxidants remove the free radicals
by re-bonding them to other cells.
• Research has shown that antioxidants
– either in the form of vitamins or
particularly green tea and white tea –
improves muscle recovery.
• Best source is from leafy green veg
and fruit.

18. Aims of Exercise
• Why do people • Why do people do
exercise? sport?
• Fun • To win
• Fitness • Enjoyment
• To look good
• It’s their job
• Make friends
• Make friends
• Improve
performance • Compete

19. At All Costs………….
• On your own, think about and write
down all the things you’d do to ensure
that you won a World Championship /
Gold Medal.
• 2 minutes

20. Doping in Sport
• What does the term ‘Doping’ mean?
• Taking any substance into the body
which will increase/decrease the
natural functions or performance of the
bodies systems.
• The most common method is drug
abuse.

21. Banned Substances Timeline
• Competitors in ancient Greece took ‘herbs’ to
stimulate their senses and give them more
endurance.
• Native American Indians took part in 3 day
races to decide a new chief.
• Before the race they would spend 24 hours
taking concoctions of different plants to allow
them to last the distance.

22. Banned Substances Timeline
• Caffeine and cocaine were amongst the first
drugs to be banned in sports due to long
distance cyclists using them to gain an
advantage throughout the 30’s and 40’s and
a British cyclist suddenly dropping dead on
the Tour de France.
• In the 50’s and 60’s the US and Russia
worked together to develop anabolic steroids
for their weight lifters.
• Due to the Cold War, the advancements in
steroids was very fast.

23. Banned Substances Timeline
• International bodies tended
to keep drug abuse quiet
until the 1988 Olympic
Games when Ben Johnson
tested positive for steroids
after the race in which he
won the 100M Gold medal.
• He was later quoted as
saying: “The drug they
caught me with was one of
the few that I DIDN’T take!”

24. Banned Substances Timeline
• In the same race, several other athletes
also tested positive - including Carl
Lewis and Linford Christie - but were
either ‘let off’ or covered up.
• Since this moment there has been a
seemingly never ending run of athletes
in all sports testing positive for banned
substances.

25. Banned Substances Timeline
• In 1999 the World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA) was established to control the
drug testing procedures and banned
substance list.
• This has lead to an even greater
increase in the amount of athletes and
sports people to test positive for
banned substances.

26. So, what do you know
about?
• Anabolic steroids
• Human Growth
Hormone
• Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Betablockers
• Tetra-hydro-gestrinone
(THG)

27. Anabolic Steroids
• Designed to make the body produce
more testosterone, allowing the body to
recover quicker and work harder for
longer.
• Reacts to whichever
type of training is done.
• Stanazolol
• Nandrolone
• Boldenone
• Watch these vids

28. Human Growth Hormone
• Naturally occurs in the body.
• Is illegal in most countries – but not China.
• Manufactured and sold via the internet.
• Side effects include:
– Skull deformation
– Nerve damage
– Glucose intolerance
– Hypertrophy of the heart
– Thickening of the blood through increased fats in
the blood.

29. Erythropoietin
• EPO works to produce more red blood
cells which carry more oxygen around
the body.
• Who could this be useful for?
• Tour de France has been wracked with
this drug for years.
• Can cause high blood pressure and
blood clotting.

30. However…….

31. Beta Blockers
• Slows the heart rate by blocking the
hormones that make the body respond
to stimulus and stresses, stopping the
release of the adrenal glands.
• Which sports are these applicable to?

32. Tetrahydrogestrinone
• THG
• A synthetic drug, also
known as ‘the clear’ as
it was designed to be
undetectable.
• Works in the same way
as anabolic steroids
and is taken via a
cream on the arms and
droplets under the
tongue.

33. The BALCO Scandal
• In 2003, a laboratory known as BALCO was
found to have developed a series of
undetectable performance enhancing drugs.
• An investigation has found that the lab had
partnerships with a large number the major
names in American sports and international
athletics.

34. The BALCO Scandal
• THG was one of the drugs BALCO developed. Below
is a list of the athletes linked to the company:
• Dwain Chambers (European 100M Record Holder)
• Maurice Greene (Multiple World and Olympic
Champion)
• Barry Bonds (Baseball home run record holder)
• Marion Jones (5 time Olympic Gold Medallist -
stripped)
• Tim Montgomery (Former 100M World Record holder)
• Shane Mosley (Multiple times World Champion boxer)
• Alex Rodriguez (3 time MLB MVP)

35. The BALCO Scandal
• How do you believe such organised
and high profile doping is affecting:
• Professional sports?
• Grass roots sports?
• People’s perception of pro sports?
• The value of Gold medals, World
Records and World Championships?

36. Christine Ohuruogu

37. Christine Ohuruogu
• Christine Ohuruogu was banned for a year from
competition for missing three drugs tests.
• She was not at the training area she said she would be
despite being given two days notice by the testers.
• Her mobile phone inbox was full each time the testers tried
to contact her.
• After a year with no competition, she won the World 400M
Championship in only her second competition back from
suspension – she had only made 1 previous international
final outdoors.
• In her year off she was only tested once and the effects of
performance enhancing drugs can last up to 3 years and
most will not show up on a test a month after taking them.

38. With that in mind….
• Read through the letter written by
Victor Conte (the head of BALCO)
detailing how athlete’s get away with
doping in athletics.
• Compare what the letter says to
Christine Ohuruogu’s.

39. In pairs..........
• Discuss:
– why you believe performance enhancing drugs
are banned
– Whether you believe they should be banned
• 10 minutes
• However,
• Is it not also unfair that some athletes are
born in richer countries or with genetic
advantages?
• What other natural advantages do some
athletes have over others?

40. Learning Outcomes
• Define doping in sport
• Discuss the history of doping in sport
• Discuss the different performance
enhancers you researched
• Discuss the BALCO case and how
this may affect sports as a whole.
• Discuss your won views on
performance enhancing drugs