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TURN YOUR
ORGANISATION
INTO A
LABORATORY
WITH STRATEGY
DEPLOYMENT
https://flic.kr/p/9ZEmW8
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
I always
encourage
people to try new
things and
experiment to
find what works
best for them.
Dean Karnazes
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Don’t be a tabby cat trying
to emulate a cheetah.
Sam Murphy
https://flic.kr/p/q544C2
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
https://flic.kr/p/da6cLZ
1 mile in 3 minutes 55 seconds – two laps recovery.
1,200m in 2:57 – two laps recovery.
1,000m in 2:27 – two laps recovery.
800m in 1:57 – two laps recovery.
600m in 80s – two laps recovery.
400m in 50s – two laps recovery.
200m in 25s.
All done at 1,300m altitude.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/34096616
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Jason Little
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
https://flic.kr/p/bK3ELX
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
https://flic.kr/p/ah6j7A
Strategy
Deployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Be an
ambidextrous
methodologist
HOSHIN KANRI
A New Business Operating System
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Ship in a
storm going
in the right
direction
Direction Management
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
https://flic.kr/p/ncXP2D
Any form of organisational
improvement in which
solutions emerge from the
people closest to the problem
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
https://flic.kr/p/ncXP2D
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
David Snowden
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Governing
constraints
guide what
should not be.
Enabling
constraints
guide what
could be.
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
https://youtu.be/-vzDDMzq7d0
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Outcomes
PlansActions
Knowledge Gap:
The difference between
what we would like to
know and what we
actually know
Alignment Gap:
The difference between
what we want people to
do and what they
actually do
Effects Gap:
The difference between
what we expect our
actions to achieve and
what they actually achieve
Stephen Bungay
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Outcomes
PlansActions
Knowledge Gap:
More detailed
information
Alignment Gap:
More detailed
instruction
Effects Gap:
More detailed controls
Stephen Bungay
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Outcomes
PlansActions
Knowledge Gap:
Limit direction to
defining and
communicating the
intent
Alignment Gap:
Allow each level to define
how they will achieve the
intent of the next level up,
and ‘backbrief’
Effects Gap:
Give individuals freedom
to adjust their actions in
line with the intent
Stephen Bungay
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
From
Do this!
Don’t think!
Don’t ask
questions!
To
Look at this
What do you
think?
What questions
are there?
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Agility is a strategy
Agile is a tactic
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
X-MATRIX
Visualise the Operating System
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Why do we need to improve
competitive capabilities? What
is our economic model? What
are our primary goals and
objectives?
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Cost
• Decrease
• Avoid
Revenue
• Increase
• Maintain
Development
Administration
Failure
Sales
Customers
Transactions
Chris Matts
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Scope
Time
Quality
Cost
How can we
improve competitive
capabilities? What
significant
breakthroughs are
required to achieve
the results?
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Hierarchy of Powers
• Growth rates in your major categories
Category Power
• Status relative to your reference competitors
Company Power
• Market share in strategic target segments
Market Power
• Net differentiation of your flagship offers
Offer Power
• Ability to drive changes to tipping points
Execution Power
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Geoffrey Moore
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Through this work our strategies have become to:
Prefer economies of flow
Reduce the batch size of knowledge discovery
Deliver services with fitness for purpose
Sense and respond to feedback
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Sustainability
Service-
Orientation
Survivability
www.djaa.com/kanbans-3-agendas
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
kanban-thinking.net
How will we know
whether our
competitive
capabilities are
improving? What
proxy variables will
give a leading
indication success?
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Larry Maccherone
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Productivity Predictability
Responsiveness Quality
Customer
Satisfaction
Employee
Engagement
Larry Maccherone
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
What investments will we make
to improve competitive
capabilities? What new
processes, practices or
technologies could we use?
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Taken as a whole the
portfolio of experiments can,
and should be contradictory.
Some of them should use
the principle of obliquity.
Some should take a naive
perspective.
David Snowden
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
http://cognitive-edge.com/blog/start-with-action-then-reflect/
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
How well do all the
elements correlate with
each other? Where is
there strong alignment?
Where is there no
alignment?
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Increase
revenue
Reduce
costs
Reduce
churn
SmooththeFlow
ofValue
BetheFirstto
Market
GivetheBest
UserExperience Metrics
DevOps
Product
Ownership
Innovation
DecreaseLead
Time
IncreaseNPS
Increase
Throughput
Decrease
SupportCases
IncreaseH3
Investment
CATCHBALL
Decentralise Decision Making
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Catch
Reflect
Improve
Pass
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Plan
Do
Study
Adjust
Plan
Do
Study
Adjust
Plan
Do
Study
Adjus
t
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
You fail, and then
what? Life goes on.
It’s only when you
risk failure that you
discover things.
Lupita Nyong’o
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
F.A.I.L.
First Attempt In Learning
Cadence is the use of
regular, predictable
rhythm within a process.
This rhythm transforms
unpredictable events
into predictable events.
Don Reinertsen
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
It’s the memory of what was said
and felt that creates alignment,
not the final piece of paper.
Thomas L. Jackson
“it is a communication
tool for dialog
between individuals
to support
collaborative
problem-solving and
mentoring processes.
And the process of
creating the report
becomes the real
value of the thing.”
Durward Sobek
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
https://flic.kr/p/bK3ELX
What
How
Why
Whether
Simon Sinek
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Purpose is your passion
Vision is the world you wish to create
Strategy is how you get there
Tactics ensure you survive the journey
Stephen Parry
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
A goal is a broad primary
outcome.
A strategy is the approach you
take to achieve a goal.
An objective is a measurable
step you take to achieve a
strategy.
A tactic is a tool you use in
pursuing an objective associated
with a strategy.
Mikal E. Belicove
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
1. Populate an X-Matrix
2. Play Catchball
3. Provoke Feedback
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
How Do I Know If
Agile Is Working?
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
How Do I Know If
Agile Is Working?
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
Listen to
everyone, follow
no-one.
Dean Karnazes
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
THANK YOU!
Questions?
kjscotland@googlemail.com
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
https://www.justgiving.com/kjscotland-bm2016/
TURN YOUR
ORGANISATION
INTO A
LABORATORY
WITH STRATEGY
DEPLOYMENT
https://flic.kr/p/9ZEmW8
Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment

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Turn Your Organisation Into A Laboratory With Strategy Deployment

  • 1. TURN YOUR ORGANISATION INTO A LABORATORY WITH STRATEGY DEPLOYMENT https://flic.kr/p/9ZEmW8 Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 2. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment I always encourage people to try new things and experiment to find what works best for them. Dean Karnazes
  • 3. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Don’t be a tabby cat trying to emulate a cheetah. Sam Murphy https://flic.kr/p/q544C2
  • 4. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment https://flic.kr/p/da6cLZ 1 mile in 3 minutes 55 seconds – two laps recovery. 1,200m in 2:57 – two laps recovery. 1,000m in 2:27 – two laps recovery. 800m in 1:57 – two laps recovery. 600m in 80s – two laps recovery. 400m in 50s – two laps recovery. 200m in 25s. All done at 1,300m altitude. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/34096616
  • 5. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Jason Little
  • 6. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment https://flic.kr/p/bK3ELX
  • 7. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment https://flic.kr/p/ah6j7A Strategy Deployment
  • 8. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Be an ambidextrous methodologist
  • 9. HOSHIN KANRI A New Business Operating System Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 10. Ship in a storm going in the right direction Direction Management Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment https://flic.kr/p/ncXP2D
  • 11. Any form of organisational improvement in which solutions emerge from the people closest to the problem Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment https://flic.kr/p/ncXP2D
  • 12. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment David Snowden
  • 13. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Governing constraints guide what should not be. Enabling constraints guide what could be.
  • 14. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 15. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment https://youtu.be/-vzDDMzq7d0
  • 16. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Outcomes PlansActions Knowledge Gap: The difference between what we would like to know and what we actually know Alignment Gap: The difference between what we want people to do and what they actually do Effects Gap: The difference between what we expect our actions to achieve and what they actually achieve Stephen Bungay
  • 17. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Outcomes PlansActions Knowledge Gap: More detailed information Alignment Gap: More detailed instruction Effects Gap: More detailed controls Stephen Bungay
  • 18. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Outcomes PlansActions Knowledge Gap: Limit direction to defining and communicating the intent Alignment Gap: Allow each level to define how they will achieve the intent of the next level up, and ‘backbrief’ Effects Gap: Give individuals freedom to adjust their actions in line with the intent Stephen Bungay
  • 19. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 20. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment From Do this! Don’t think! Don’t ask questions! To Look at this What do you think? What questions are there?
  • 21. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 22. Agility is a strategy Agile is a tactic Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 23. X-MATRIX Visualise the Operating System Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 24. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 25. Why do we need to improve competitive capabilities? What is our economic model? What are our primary goals and objectives? Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 26. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Cost • Decrease • Avoid Revenue • Increase • Maintain Development Administration Failure Sales Customers Transactions Chris Matts
  • 27. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Scope Time Quality Cost
  • 28. How can we improve competitive capabilities? What significant breakthroughs are required to achieve the results? Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 29. Hierarchy of Powers • Growth rates in your major categories Category Power • Status relative to your reference competitors Company Power • Market share in strategic target segments Market Power • Net differentiation of your flagship offers Offer Power • Ability to drive changes to tipping points Execution Power Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Geoffrey Moore
  • 30. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Through this work our strategies have become to: Prefer economies of flow Reduce the batch size of knowledge discovery Deliver services with fitness for purpose Sense and respond to feedback
  • 31. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Sustainability Service- Orientation Survivability www.djaa.com/kanbans-3-agendas
  • 32. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment kanban-thinking.net
  • 33. How will we know whether our competitive capabilities are improving? What proxy variables will give a leading indication success? Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 34. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Larry Maccherone
  • 35. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Productivity Predictability Responsiveness Quality Customer Satisfaction Employee Engagement Larry Maccherone
  • 36. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 37. What investments will we make to improve competitive capabilities? What new processes, practices or technologies could we use? Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 38. Taken as a whole the portfolio of experiments can, and should be contradictory. Some of them should use the principle of obliquity. Some should take a naive perspective. David Snowden Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment http://cognitive-edge.com/blog/start-with-action-then-reflect/
  • 39. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 40. How well do all the elements correlate with each other? Where is there strong alignment? Where is there no alignment? Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 41. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Increase revenue Reduce costs Reduce churn SmooththeFlow ofValue BetheFirstto Market GivetheBest UserExperience Metrics DevOps Product Ownership Innovation DecreaseLead Time IncreaseNPS Increase Throughput Decrease SupportCases IncreaseH3 Investment
  • 42. CATCHBALL Decentralise Decision Making Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 43. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 44. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 45. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Catch Reflect Improve Pass
  • 46. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 47. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 49. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment You fail, and then what? Life goes on. It’s only when you risk failure that you discover things. Lupita Nyong’o
  • 50. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment F.A.I.L. First Attempt In Learning
  • 51. Cadence is the use of regular, predictable rhythm within a process. This rhythm transforms unpredictable events into predictable events. Don Reinertsen Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 52. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment It’s the memory of what was said and felt that creates alignment, not the final piece of paper. Thomas L. Jackson
  • 53. “it is a communication tool for dialog between individuals to support collaborative problem-solving and mentoring processes. And the process of creating the report becomes the real value of the thing.” Durward Sobek Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 54. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment https://flic.kr/p/bK3ELX
  • 55. What How Why Whether Simon Sinek Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 56. Purpose is your passion Vision is the world you wish to create Strategy is how you get there Tactics ensure you survive the journey Stephen Parry Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 57. A goal is a broad primary outcome. A strategy is the approach you take to achieve a goal. An objective is a measurable step you take to achieve a strategy. A tactic is a tool you use in pursuing an objective associated with a strategy. Mikal E. Belicove Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 58. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment 1. Populate an X-Matrix 2. Play Catchball 3. Provoke Feedback
  • 59. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment How Do I Know If Agile Is Working?
  • 60. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment How Do I Know If Agile Is Working?
  • 61. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment Listen to everyone, follow no-one. Dean Karnazes
  • 62. Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment
  • 63. THANK YOU! Questions? kjscotland@googlemail.com Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment https://www.justgiving.com/kjscotland-bm2016/
  • 64. TURN YOUR ORGANISATION INTO A LABORATORY WITH STRATEGY DEPLOYMENT https://flic.kr/p/9ZEmW8 Karl Scotland @kjscotland http://availagility.co.uk #StrategyDeployment

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. 1.40 – 3.20. 100 minutes 10 min Open 10 min Hoshin Kanri 05 min Form Groups 15 min X-Matrix (Silent Brainstorming) 15 min Work (Product / Service / NfP / Other) 10 min Share (Similarities / Differences / Surprises) 10 min Discuss (tables) 05 min Summarise (per table) 10 min Catchball 10 min Close
  2. SHARP POV: In a Complex 21C We Need a new Business Operating System - As Laboratories Dean Karnazes (b. Constantine Karnazes August 23, 1962) (pronounced car-NAH-sis), is an American ultramarathon runner, and author of Ultramarathon Man: Confessions of an All Night Runner, which details ultra endurance running for the general public
  3. GA: Don’t Copy
  4. GB: Learn https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people
  5. Ship in a storm going in the right direction Direction Management Hoshin: Compass needle / direction Kanri: Management / Control
  6. Ship in a storm going in the right direction Direction Management Hoshin: Compass needle / direction Kanri: Management / Control
  7. Strategy is an Enabling Constraint Exoskeleton – external skeleton Endoskeleton – internal skeleton
  8. Distributed Cognition. Not one person has the answer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Roundabout_(Swindon)
  9. Decentralise decision making - relocate power from functional to cross-functional and inter-organisational
  10. A model for improving competitive capabilities
  11. https://tagul.com/show/luexhbrq6fc4/Agile%20Indicators
  12. Taken as a whole the portfolio of experiments can, and should be contradictory. Some of them should use the principle of obliquity, trying to solve related problems is often a better way of dealing with a direct one, ask any parent of teenagers. Some should take a naive perspective, looking at things through the eyes of a different discipline. http://cognitive-edge.com/blog/start-with-action-then-reflect/
  13. https://tagul.com/show/xcdlnba7y4fi/Agile%20Practices
  14. Develop People. Failure Tolerance.
  15. A basis for discussion
  16. http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikalbelicove/2013/09/27/understanding-goals-strategies-objectives-and-tactics-in-the-age-of-social/
  17. Encompass all improvement activity and align it with strategic intent
  18. Encompass all improvement activity and align it with strategic intent
  19. Encompass all improvement activity and align it with strategic intent
  20. SHARP
  21. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/05/the-guardian-view-on-the-olympic-legacy-running-out-of-steam
  22. Freedom Runs – worth doing? Build Strong Community – Doing enough? Operating Costs – Doing enough?
  23. First to market (Responsiveness) On time, on budget (Reliability/Predictability) Release more often (Productivity) Great user experience (Quality) Employee first (Employee Satisfaction) Customer first (Customer Satisfaction)