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2.5.5-.7 Productivity

5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

1
• PRODUCTIVITY is production per unit time.
energy per unit area per unit time (J m-2 yr-1)
Or
biomass added per unit area per unit time (g m-2 yr-1)

• PRODUCTION is the incorporation of energy
and materials into the bodies of organisms
(biomass).

• BIOMASS is the mass of organic material in
organisms of ecosystems.
• Usually expressed per unit area.
• Standing crop = ecosystem biomass.
5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

2
GROSS PRODUCTIVITY (GP)
• is the total gain
in energy or
biomass per
unit time.
• Could be
through
photosynthesis
or absorption in
consumers.
5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

3
NET PRODUCTIVITY (NP)
• is the gain in energy or biomass per
unit time remaining after allowing for
respiratory loss.
• Organisms use some of the energy they
capture to keep themselves growing
and alive (metabolism).
• The energy used by organisms for
essential tasks is called RESPIRATORY
ENERGY, and eventually it is released
to the environment as heat.
5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

4
NP = GP – respiration

(for both producers and consumers)

When energy is released from ATP it is lost
as heat. (2nd Law of Thermodynamics)
5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

5
GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP)
• is the quantity of matter produced, or solar energy
fixed, by photosynthesis in green plants

• measured per unit area per unit time.
[Chemosynthesis and non-green plant autotrophs too]

5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

6
• Energy enters an ecosystem through
sunlight.
• Only 2% of the light energy falling on a tree
is captured and turned into chemical
energy (glucose) by photosynthesis.
• The rest is reflected, or just warms up the
tree as it is absorbed.

5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

7
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
• The quantity of biomass potentially
available to consumers in an ecosystem.
• It is measured in unit of mass or energy per
unit area per unit time.
• Plants have to use some of the energy they
capture to keep themselves growing and
alive (metabolism).

NPP = GPP - respiration
5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

8
SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY (SP)
• biomass gained by
heterotrophic
organisms through
feeding and
absorption.
• Not all food eaten is
absorbed (assimilated)
into an animals body.
• Unassimilated food =
feces or droppings

SP = food eaten – fecal loss

5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

9
In a food web you can
usually assume that:
• The energy input into
an organism = GP.
• The energy output to
the next trophic level =
NP.
• The difference between
GP and NP = R and/or
loss to decomposers.
5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

10
Measuring Primary
Productivity
1. Harvest method - measure biomass and
express as biomass per unit area per unit
time.
2. CO2 assimilation - measure CO2 uptake
in photosynthesis and release by
respiration.
3. O2 production - Measure O2 production
and consumption.

5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

11
Measuring Primary Productivity
4.

Radioisotope method - use C14 tracer in
photosynthesis.

5. Chlorophyll measurement - assumes a
correlation between amount of chlorophyll and
rate of photosynthesis.

5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

12
What affects productivity?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

5/11/2013

Solar radiation
Temperature
CO2
H2O
Nutrients
Herbivory

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

13
Therefore…
• The least productive ecosystems are
those with limited heat and light
energy, limited water and limited
nutrients.
• The most productive ecosystems are
those with high temperatures, lots of
water, light and nutrients.

5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

14
Biome Productivity
Estuaries
Swamps and marshes
Tropical rain forest

Temperate forest
Northern coniferous forest (taiga)
Savanna
Agricultural land

Woodland and shrubland
Temperate grassland
Lakes and streams
Continental shelf
Open ocean
Tundra (arctic and alpine)
Desert scrub
Extreme desert

800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 5,600 6,400 7,200 8,000 8,800 9,600
Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr)
5/11/2013

Author-Guru

IB/ESS

15
Three years of satellite data on the earth’s GP.
LAND: high = dark green low = yellow
5/11/2013

OCEAN: high = red IB/ESS blue
low =
Author-Guru

16
73%
Not used by humans

Human use of
biomass
produced by
photosynthesis
(NPP).

3%
Used directly
8%
5/11/2013
Lost or degraded land

16%
Author-Guru Altered by human activity
IB/ESS

17

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2.5.5 .7

  • 2. • PRODUCTIVITY is production per unit time. energy per unit area per unit time (J m-2 yr-1) Or biomass added per unit area per unit time (g m-2 yr-1) • PRODUCTION is the incorporation of energy and materials into the bodies of organisms (biomass). • BIOMASS is the mass of organic material in organisms of ecosystems. • Usually expressed per unit area. • Standing crop = ecosystem biomass. 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 2
  • 3. GROSS PRODUCTIVITY (GP) • is the total gain in energy or biomass per unit time. • Could be through photosynthesis or absorption in consumers. 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 3
  • 4. NET PRODUCTIVITY (NP) • is the gain in energy or biomass per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory loss. • Organisms use some of the energy they capture to keep themselves growing and alive (metabolism). • The energy used by organisms for essential tasks is called RESPIRATORY ENERGY, and eventually it is released to the environment as heat. 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 4
  • 5. NP = GP – respiration (for both producers and consumers) When energy is released from ATP it is lost as heat. (2nd Law of Thermodynamics) 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 5
  • 6. GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) • is the quantity of matter produced, or solar energy fixed, by photosynthesis in green plants • measured per unit area per unit time. [Chemosynthesis and non-green plant autotrophs too] 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 6
  • 7. • Energy enters an ecosystem through sunlight. • Only 2% of the light energy falling on a tree is captured and turned into chemical energy (glucose) by photosynthesis. • The rest is reflected, or just warms up the tree as it is absorbed. 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 7
  • 8. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) • The quantity of biomass potentially available to consumers in an ecosystem. • It is measured in unit of mass or energy per unit area per unit time. • Plants have to use some of the energy they capture to keep themselves growing and alive (metabolism). NPP = GPP - respiration 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 8
  • 9. SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY (SP) • biomass gained by heterotrophic organisms through feeding and absorption. • Not all food eaten is absorbed (assimilated) into an animals body. • Unassimilated food = feces or droppings SP = food eaten – fecal loss 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 9
  • 10. In a food web you can usually assume that: • The energy input into an organism = GP. • The energy output to the next trophic level = NP. • The difference between GP and NP = R and/or loss to decomposers. 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 10
  • 11. Measuring Primary Productivity 1. Harvest method - measure biomass and express as biomass per unit area per unit time. 2. CO2 assimilation - measure CO2 uptake in photosynthesis and release by respiration. 3. O2 production - Measure O2 production and consumption. 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 11
  • 12. Measuring Primary Productivity 4. Radioisotope method - use C14 tracer in photosynthesis. 5. Chlorophyll measurement - assumes a correlation between amount of chlorophyll and rate of photosynthesis. 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 12
  • 13. What affects productivity? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 5/11/2013 Solar radiation Temperature CO2 H2O Nutrients Herbivory Author-Guru IB/ESS 13
  • 14. Therefore… • The least productive ecosystems are those with limited heat and light energy, limited water and limited nutrients. • The most productive ecosystems are those with high temperatures, lots of water, light and nutrients. 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 14
  • 15. Biome Productivity Estuaries Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest (taiga) Savanna Agricultural land Woodland and shrubland Temperate grassland Lakes and streams Continental shelf Open ocean Tundra (arctic and alpine) Desert scrub Extreme desert 800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 5,600 6,400 7,200 8,000 8,800 9,600 Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr) 5/11/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 15
  • 16. Three years of satellite data on the earth’s GP. LAND: high = dark green low = yellow 5/11/2013 OCEAN: high = red IB/ESS blue low = Author-Guru 16
  • 17. 73% Not used by humans Human use of biomass produced by photosynthesis (NPP). 3% Used directly 8% 5/11/2013 Lost or degraded land 16% Author-Guru Altered by human activity IB/ESS 17