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Representation
Exam: Section A
A media Studies
Key Concept
A media Studies
Key Concept


Re-presentation
Representation is…
Representation is…
The process by which the
media presents the “real
world” to an audience
Media texts construct
meanings about the
world…
• photographs
• photographs
• films
• photographs
• films
• websites
• photographs
• films
• websites
• posters
• photographs
• films
• websites
• posters
• television programmes
all texts helping us to
make sense of the world
they construct meaning
and re-present the world
stereotypes
stereotypes
What are they?
stereotypes
What are they?
Why are they important?
stereotypes
a form of representation in which
groups of people are characterised
by attributing to them qualities that
some individuals possess and which
later become associated with the
whole group.
a stereotype - punks
a stereotype - punks
a stereotype - punks
a stereotype - punks
punks are associated with safety
pins in their clothes, body piercings,
Mohican hair cuts and aggressive
behaviour.

This is a stereotype of a punk
a stereotype - punks
punks are associated with safety
pins in their clothes, body piercings,
Mohican hair cuts and aggressive
behaviour.

This is a stereotype of a punk
but many punks are
      not like this and
    many people who
dress and behave this way
       are not punks.
single mother
single mother
single mother
single mother
stereotypes
widely circulated ideas about
particular social groups
stereotypes
widely circulated ideas about
particular social groups
stereotypes
widely circulated ideas about
particular social groups
stereotypes
widely circulated ideas about
particular social groups
stereotypes
widely circulated ideas about
particular social groups
Representation
ACTIVITY
      Working in pairs,
 use Google images to find
 another typical stereotype
   and then show that it is
      not always true
Representation
stereotypes
Why are they important?
stereotypes
they are an essential
tool for media producers
stereotypes
they are an essential
tool for media producers
this means that they are
essential for you in your practical
coursework
stereotypes
they are an essential
tool for media producers

they are essential for you
in your practical coursework
stereotypes
used as a shorthand to condense
what could be a lot of complex
information and detail into a character
who is easily recognised and
understood
stereotypes
used as a shorthand to condense
what could be a lot of complex
information and detail into a character
who is easily recognised and
understood
stereotypes
used as a shorthand to condense
what could be a lot of complex
information and detail into a character
who is easily recognised and
understood
stereotypes
An essential tool for media
producers because they
make it easier for the audience to
understand the character and his or
her role in the text
Representation
4
The   characteristics
       of a stereotype
stereotype characteristics

      categorisation and evaluation


1     of the group being stereotyped
stereotype characteristics

      emphasis on some easily


2     grasped features of the group,
      suggesting that these are the
      cause of the group’s position
stereotype characteristics

      A tendency to evaluate the


3     group negatively
stereotype characteristics

      A tendency to evaluate the


3     group negatively


      (not always the case)
stereotype characteristics

      an insistence on absolute


4     distances and boundaries
      (from other groups) where
      the idea of a spectrum of
      difference is more appropriate
Representation
representation is…
not just about how we
see people, places and
objects but how we
interpret what we see
representation is…
not just about how we
see people, places and
objects but how we
interpret what we see
interpretation…
depends as much on who
we are as what
we, see, hear or read.
interpretation…
we all see things differently
We all see things
differently, depending on…
We all see things
differently, depending on…

 • our culture
We all see things
differently, depending on…

 • our culture
 • our education
Questions we
should always
ask…
How accurate are
representations?
How accurate are
representations?
What is the truth?
How accurate are
representations?
What is the truth?
Is it possible to be wholly
accurate?
Representation
A film representation of
a character    consists

          4
of at least     factors
representation consists of…

      the character - gender,


1     ethnicity, age, sexuality
      and look
representation consists of…

      the collective cultural


2     background and views
      of the producer/director
      and institution
representation consists of…

      the audience’s reaction


3     to the character
representation consists of…

      the audience’s reaction


3     to the character

      (also depends on cultural
      background)
representation consists of…

      When and where the


4     representation takes place.
representation consists of…

      When and where the


4     representation takes place.

      Cinema/home/laptop/
      classroom/friend’s house, etc.
representation consists of…

      When and where the


4     representation takes place.

      (the viewing context)
How far can we trust the
representation to be an
accurate portrayal?
In whose interest is it that
the representation is
made in this way?
How do we relate to
the representations?
Representation
mediation
mediation

The process by which a media text
represents an idea, issue or
event to an audience
a real event
               mediation




                     audience
mediation
Seeing something through a lens
changes the perspective, shape and
size of a person and so how the
audience perceives that person.

It has been mediated
3
There are
to mediation
             elements
mediation…
     SELECTION



1    Whatever ends up on the screen
     much more will have been
     left out
mediation…
     ORGANISATION



2    the various elements will be
     organised carefully in ways
     that real life is not
mediation…
     ORGANISATION



2    real life is chaotic and often
     random – film and TV is not
mediation…
     ORGANISATION



2    real life is chaotic and often
     random – film and TV is not

     this leads to…
mediation…
     FOCUSING



3    The audience is encouraged
     towards concentrating on
     one aspect of the text in
     favour of the others.
mediation…
     FOCUSING



3    Panning, zooming,
     cutting to a close-up, directing
     the audience’s attention
mediation is …
      • SELECTION
mediation is …
      • SELECTION
      • ORGANISATON
mediation is …
      • SELECTION
      • ORGANISATON
      • FOCUSING
mediation is …
      • SELECTION
mediation is …
      • SELECTION
      • EMPHASIS
mediation is …
      • SELECTION
      • EMPHASIS
      • CONTROL
making any media text is…
      • SELECTION
      • EMPHASIS
      • CONTROL
Representation

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Representation