SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 15
Hello ECREA
           Barcelona!

                           (^_^)
Kieran Nolan
Section of Creative Media, Dundalk Institute of Technology
Kierannolan.com - kieran.nolan@dkit.ie
1 . What this is all about
2 . Burnstation
3 . Booki
4 . Reflections & Future Plans




                (^_^)
“All your mediums are belong to
us. Augmenting teaching and
learning through the reuse and
re-appropriation of open and
'closed' source digital media”




      (^_^)
Dundalk Institute
of Technology
Burnstation.net
Platoniq.org
Burnstation.net
Platoniq.org
2009
Burnstation DKIT
2009
Burnstation DKIT
www.booki.cc
blog.booki.cc
2010
Booki 'Emotive Design'
Reflections...
. Action Research. Liminality . Timing
. Using technology but people focussed
. Collaborating beyond the walls of the college
. Student groups communicating with OS devs
. Enabling peer learning and peer review
. Experiential Learning




                        (^_^)
Future Plans...
& .Future Plans informal collaborative
     Further research
    learning initiatives, from both
    physical and online spaces.

  . Harness that 'ingredient X' and and apply
    it to formal group based teaching, learning
    and assessment at higher level.




            (^_^)
Gracias!

    _(^_^)_/
     @kierannolan
     kierannolan.com
     kieran.nolan@dkit.ie

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

MIT-Haiti Symposium Summary
MIT-Haiti Symposium SummaryMIT-Haiti Symposium Summary
MIT-Haiti Symposium SummaryMIT OEIT
 
What is effective technology
What is  effective technologyWhat is  effective technology
What is effective technologyJMT3508
 
Best practices in architectural learning
Best practices in architectural learningBest practices in architectural learning
Best practices in architectural learningJIT KUMAR GUPTA
 
MACE Presentation
MACE PresentationMACE Presentation
MACE PresentationJoss Winn
 

Was ist angesagt? (6)

MIT-Haiti Symposium Summary
MIT-Haiti Symposium SummaryMIT-Haiti Symposium Summary
MIT-Haiti Symposium Summary
 
Digital Natives
Digital NativesDigital Natives
Digital Natives
 
What is effective technology
What is  effective technologyWhat is  effective technology
What is effective technology
 
Best practices in architectural learning
Best practices in architectural learningBest practices in architectural learning
Best practices in architectural learning
 
MACE Presentation
MACE PresentationMACE Presentation
MACE Presentation
 
Mooc
MoocMooc
Mooc
 

Andere mochten auch

'The Real Virtual Living', Kieran Nolan, ISEA 2009
'The Real Virtual Living', Kieran Nolan,  ISEA 2009'The Real Virtual Living', Kieran Nolan,  ISEA 2009
'The Real Virtual Living', Kieran Nolan, ISEA 2009Kieran Nolan
 
Alternate Gaming Interfaces, Kieran Nolan, F.R.O.G. 2010
Alternate Gaming Interfaces, Kieran Nolan, F.R.O.G. 2010Alternate Gaming Interfaces, Kieran Nolan, F.R.O.G. 2010
Alternate Gaming Interfaces, Kieran Nolan, F.R.O.G. 2010Kieran Nolan
 
PowerPoint Responsibly
PowerPoint ResponsiblyPowerPoint Responsibly
PowerPoint Responsiblyguest478fda
 
Open Source Hardware Technologies in Art, Design, Interaction, Learning and T...
Open Source Hardware Technologies in Art, Design, Interaction, Learning and T...Open Source Hardware Technologies in Art, Design, Interaction, Learning and T...
Open Source Hardware Technologies in Art, Design, Interaction, Learning and T...Kieran Nolan
 
I See Dead Pixels: CPU to MTV, Lo-fi computing audio-visuals as a mainstream...
I See Dead Pixels: CPU to MTV,  Lo-fi computing audio-visuals as a mainstream...I See Dead Pixels: CPU to MTV,  Lo-fi computing audio-visuals as a mainstream...
I See Dead Pixels: CPU to MTV, Lo-fi computing audio-visuals as a mainstream...Kieran Nolan
 
Public (Transport) Space
Public (Transport) SpacePublic (Transport) Space
Public (Transport) SpaceKieran Nolan
 

Andere mochten auch (6)

'The Real Virtual Living', Kieran Nolan, ISEA 2009
'The Real Virtual Living', Kieran Nolan,  ISEA 2009'The Real Virtual Living', Kieran Nolan,  ISEA 2009
'The Real Virtual Living', Kieran Nolan, ISEA 2009
 
Alternate Gaming Interfaces, Kieran Nolan, F.R.O.G. 2010
Alternate Gaming Interfaces, Kieran Nolan, F.R.O.G. 2010Alternate Gaming Interfaces, Kieran Nolan, F.R.O.G. 2010
Alternate Gaming Interfaces, Kieran Nolan, F.R.O.G. 2010
 
PowerPoint Responsibly
PowerPoint ResponsiblyPowerPoint Responsibly
PowerPoint Responsibly
 
Open Source Hardware Technologies in Art, Design, Interaction, Learning and T...
Open Source Hardware Technologies in Art, Design, Interaction, Learning and T...Open Source Hardware Technologies in Art, Design, Interaction, Learning and T...
Open Source Hardware Technologies in Art, Design, Interaction, Learning and T...
 
I See Dead Pixels: CPU to MTV, Lo-fi computing audio-visuals as a mainstream...
I See Dead Pixels: CPU to MTV,  Lo-fi computing audio-visuals as a mainstream...I See Dead Pixels: CPU to MTV,  Lo-fi computing audio-visuals as a mainstream...
I See Dead Pixels: CPU to MTV, Lo-fi computing audio-visuals as a mainstream...
 
Public (Transport) Space
Public (Transport) SpacePublic (Transport) Space
Public (Transport) Space
 

Ähnlich wie “All your mediums are belong to us. Augmenting teaching and learning through the reuse and re-appropriation of open and 'closed' source digital media”

Doukas School Research Projects [2014]
Doukas School Research Projects [2014]Doukas School Research Projects [2014]
Doukas School Research Projects [2014]TheSoFGr
 
Digital literacy in the disciplines glasgow
Digital literacy in the disciplines glasgowDigital literacy in the disciplines glasgow
Digital literacy in the disciplines glasgowNHS Leadership Academy
 
Engel_Steinbeck_eLearning_chapter
Engel_Steinbeck_eLearning_chapterEngel_Steinbeck_eLearning_chapter
Engel_Steinbeck_eLearning_chapterReinhold Steinbeck
 
OER reducing costs in an accelerated course
OER reducing costs in an accelerated courseOER reducing costs in an accelerated course
OER reducing costs in an accelerated courseUniversity of Warwick
 
Open Educational Resources (OER) for empowerment of Open schools
Open Educational Resources (OER) for empowerment of Open schoolsOpen Educational Resources (OER) for empowerment of Open schools
Open Educational Resources (OER) for empowerment of Open schoolsCEMCA
 
The Value of Design Patterns in Designing Online Teaching
The Value of Design Patterns in Designing Online TeachingThe Value of Design Patterns in Designing Online Teaching
The Value of Design Patterns in Designing Online TeachingUniversity of Newcastle, NSW.
 
2021 Digital Media Assignments In Undergraduate Science Education An Eviden...
2021  Digital Media Assignments In Undergraduate Science Education  An Eviden...2021  Digital Media Assignments In Undergraduate Science Education  An Eviden...
2021 Digital Media Assignments In Undergraduate Science Education An Eviden...Scott Donald
 
Create World 2010 Conference Presentation
Create World 2010 Conference Presentation Create World 2010 Conference Presentation
Create World 2010 Conference Presentation Stephen Jia Wang
 
Interior Design Portfolio.
Interior Design Portfolio.Interior Design Portfolio.
Interior Design Portfolio.Erica Brown
 
CCW Technical Staff Away Day Imperial War Museum
CCW Technical Staff Away Day Imperial War MuseumCCW Technical Staff Away Day Imperial War Museum
CCW Technical Staff Away Day Imperial War MuseumChris Follows
 
Digital literacy in primary school site presentation 2010
Digital literacy in primary school site presentation 2010Digital literacy in primary school site presentation 2010
Digital literacy in primary school site presentation 2010Leo Casey
 
Education on the Cloud: Researching Student-Centred Cloud-Based Learning Pros...
Education on the Cloud: Researching Student-Centred Cloud-Based Learning Pros...Education on the Cloud: Researching Student-Centred Cloud-Based Learning Pros...
Education on the Cloud: Researching Student-Centred Cloud-Based Learning Pros...Karl Donert
 
Lesson Plan: Wiki Project Group 1
Lesson Plan: Wiki Project Group 1Lesson Plan: Wiki Project Group 1
Lesson Plan: Wiki Project Group 1Adam Cavotta
 
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011Cyri Jones
 
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011Cyri Jones
 
Tertiary Learning Space Design Conference 2016
Tertiary Learning Space Design Conference 2016Tertiary Learning Space Design Conference 2016
Tertiary Learning Space Design Conference 2016Matt Bacon
 
EDUCATIONAL TECHONOLOGY and INNOVATIVE TEACHING.ppt
EDUCATIONAL TECHONOLOGY and INNOVATIVE TEACHING.pptEDUCATIONAL TECHONOLOGY and INNOVATIVE TEACHING.ppt
EDUCATIONAL TECHONOLOGY and INNOVATIVE TEACHING.pptJakhongirShaturaev
 
Educational uses of virtual realities
Educational uses of virtual realitiesEducational uses of virtual realities
Educational uses of virtual realitiesEileen O'Connor
 

Ähnlich wie “All your mediums are belong to us. Augmenting teaching and learning through the reuse and re-appropriation of open and 'closed' source digital media” (20)

Doukas School Research Projects [2014]
Doukas School Research Projects [2014]Doukas School Research Projects [2014]
Doukas School Research Projects [2014]
 
Digital literacy in the disciplines glasgow
Digital literacy in the disciplines glasgowDigital literacy in the disciplines glasgow
Digital literacy in the disciplines glasgow
 
Engel_Steinbeck_eLearning_chapter
Engel_Steinbeck_eLearning_chapterEngel_Steinbeck_eLearning_chapter
Engel_Steinbeck_eLearning_chapter
 
OER reducing costs in an accelerated course
OER reducing costs in an accelerated courseOER reducing costs in an accelerated course
OER reducing costs in an accelerated course
 
Open Educational Resources (OER) for empowerment of Open schools
Open Educational Resources (OER) for empowerment of Open schoolsOpen Educational Resources (OER) for empowerment of Open schools
Open Educational Resources (OER) for empowerment of Open schools
 
The Value of Design Patterns in Designing Online Teaching
The Value of Design Patterns in Designing Online TeachingThe Value of Design Patterns in Designing Online Teaching
The Value of Design Patterns in Designing Online Teaching
 
2021 Digital Media Assignments In Undergraduate Science Education An Eviden...
2021  Digital Media Assignments In Undergraduate Science Education  An Eviden...2021  Digital Media Assignments In Undergraduate Science Education  An Eviden...
2021 Digital Media Assignments In Undergraduate Science Education An Eviden...
 
Create World 2010 Conference Presentation
Create World 2010 Conference Presentation Create World 2010 Conference Presentation
Create World 2010 Conference Presentation
 
Interior Design Portfolio.
Interior Design Portfolio.Interior Design Portfolio.
Interior Design Portfolio.
 
CCW Technical Staff Away Day Imperial War Museum
CCW Technical Staff Away Day Imperial War MuseumCCW Technical Staff Away Day Imperial War Museum
CCW Technical Staff Away Day Imperial War Museum
 
Digital literacy in primary school site presentation 2010
Digital literacy in primary school site presentation 2010Digital literacy in primary school site presentation 2010
Digital literacy in primary school site presentation 2010
 
Design thinking in wild learning
Design thinking in wild learning Design thinking in wild learning
Design thinking in wild learning
 
Education on the Cloud: Researching Student-Centred Cloud-Based Learning Pros...
Education on the Cloud: Researching Student-Centred Cloud-Based Learning Pros...Education on the Cloud: Researching Student-Centred Cloud-Based Learning Pros...
Education on the Cloud: Researching Student-Centred Cloud-Based Learning Pros...
 
BCT_AERA 2011
BCT_AERA 2011BCT_AERA 2011
BCT_AERA 2011
 
Lesson Plan: Wiki Project Group 1
Lesson Plan: Wiki Project Group 1Lesson Plan: Wiki Project Group 1
Lesson Plan: Wiki Project Group 1
 
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
 
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
Erac presentation jan 10th 2011
 
Tertiary Learning Space Design Conference 2016
Tertiary Learning Space Design Conference 2016Tertiary Learning Space Design Conference 2016
Tertiary Learning Space Design Conference 2016
 
EDUCATIONAL TECHONOLOGY and INNOVATIVE TEACHING.ppt
EDUCATIONAL TECHONOLOGY and INNOVATIVE TEACHING.pptEDUCATIONAL TECHONOLOGY and INNOVATIVE TEACHING.ppt
EDUCATIONAL TECHONOLOGY and INNOVATIVE TEACHING.ppt
 
Educational uses of virtual realities
Educational uses of virtual realitiesEducational uses of virtual realities
Educational uses of virtual realities
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...JojoEDelaCruz
 
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTSGRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTSJoshuaGantuangco2
 
The Contemporary World: The Globalization of World Politics
The Contemporary World: The Globalization of World PoliticsThe Contemporary World: The Globalization of World Politics
The Contemporary World: The Globalization of World PoliticsRommel Regala
 
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptxROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptxVanesaIglesias10
 
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdfActive Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdfPatidar M
 
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and FilmOppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and FilmStan Meyer
 
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfInclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfTechSoup
 
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptxmary850239
 
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for ParentsChoosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parentsnavabharathschool99
 
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHSTextual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHSMae Pangan
 
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4MiaBumagat1
 
Millenials and Fillennials (Ethical Challenge and Responses).pptx
Millenials and Fillennials (Ethical Challenge and Responses).pptxMillenials and Fillennials (Ethical Challenge and Responses).pptx
Millenials and Fillennials (Ethical Challenge and Responses).pptxJanEmmanBrigoli
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY - GERBNER.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY -  GERBNER.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY -  GERBNER.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY - GERBNER.pptxiammrhaywood
 
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptxINTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptxHumphrey A Beña
 
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdfVirtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdfErwinPantujan2
 
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docxTEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docxruthvilladarez
 
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERPHow to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
 
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxLEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTSGRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
 
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxYOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE_GOT_EMAIL_PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
The Contemporary World: The Globalization of World Politics
The Contemporary World: The Globalization of World PoliticsThe Contemporary World: The Globalization of World Politics
The Contemporary World: The Globalization of World Politics
 
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptxROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
 
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdfActive Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
Active Learning Strategies (in short ALS).pdf
 
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and FilmOppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
 
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdfInclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
Inclusivity Essentials_ Creating Accessible Websites for Nonprofits .pdf
 
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
4.16.24 Poverty and Precarity--Desmond.pptx
 
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for ParentsChoosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
 
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHSTextual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
Textual Evidence in Reading and Writing of SHS
 
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
 
Millenials and Fillennials (Ethical Challenge and Responses).pptx
Millenials and Fillennials (Ethical Challenge and Responses).pptxMillenials and Fillennials (Ethical Challenge and Responses).pptx
Millenials and Fillennials (Ethical Challenge and Responses).pptx
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY - GERBNER.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY -  GERBNER.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY -  GERBNER.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -CULTIVATION THEORY - GERBNER.pptx
 
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptxINTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLIC CHRISTOLOGY.pptx
 
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdfVirtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
 
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docxTEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
 
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERPHow to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
 
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxYOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
YOUVE GOT EMAIL_FINALS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 

“All your mediums are belong to us. Augmenting teaching and learning through the reuse and re-appropriation of open and 'closed' source digital media”