Personality

Concept,[object Object], Personality is a continuous concept. It can be reflected in a person’s temperament and is a key factor influencing individual behavior in organizations.,[object Object]

Definition,[object Object],Personality can be defined as the sum total of ways in which an individual interacts with people and reacts to situations.,[object Object],It can be defined as traits exhibited by a person during interaction with others.,[object Object],According to Fred Luthans, “Personality means how a person affects others and how he understands and views himself as well as the pattern of inner and outer measureable traits, & the personality interaction.”,[object Object]

Characteristics of Personality,[object Object],It accounts for consistent patterns of behaviour and their relative stability is sought.,[object Object],It induces the commonalities and differences in the behaviour of people as compared to others.,[object Object],The ability to behave in the manner as required by social pressures or biological pressures.,[object Object]

Personality Determinants,[object Object],Biological Factors,[object Object],Family and Social factors,[object Object],Situational Factors,[object Object]

Types of Personality,[object Object],Type A,[object Object],Type B,[object Object],Introvert,[object Object],Extrovert,[object Object],Authoritative,[object Object],Manipulative(Machiavellianism),[object Object]

Type A Personality,[object Object],Restless,[object Object],Impatient,[object Object],Desire for quick achievement and perfectionism,[object Object],2. Type B Personality,[object Object],Easy going,[object Object],Relaxed,[object Object],Less competitive,[object Object],Have balanced outlook towards life,[object Object]

Introvert,[object Object],Shy,[object Object],Prefer to be Alone,[object Object],Quiet,[object Object],Well ordered,[object Object],Emotionally unexpressive,[object Object],Prefer small groups,[object Object]

Extrovert,[object Object],Outgoing,[object Object],Aggressive,[object Object],Emotionally expressive,[object Object],Seeking novelty,[object Object],Sociable,[object Object],Carefree ,[object Object]

Authoritative,[object Object],Obedient,[object Object],Respect for authority,[object Object],Endorse strong parental control,[object Object],Close minded,[object Object],Adhere to conventional values,[object Object],Make good followers,[object Object],Work better under directive supervision ,[object Object]

Machiavellianism,[object Object],Manipulate others,[object Object],Work for personal gains,[object Object],Have high self confidence,[object Object],High self esteem,[object Object],Calculative,[object Object],Do not feel guilt in using unethical means,[object Object]

Personality attributes influencing OB,[object Object],Locus of control,[object Object],Self esteem,[object Object],Self monitoring,[object Object],Risk taking,[object Object]

Locus of Control,[object Object],It refers to an individuals perception of what controls his or her fate.,[object Object],Internal:- Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them.,[object Object],External:- Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance. ,[object Object]

Self Esteem,[object Object],Refers to the degree of respect a person has for himself,[object Object],Measure of self confidence and respect for one’s ability and motivation,[object Object],Related to assertiveness, independence and creativity,[object Object],People with high self esteem take up challenging jobs and people with low self esteem lack confidence and look for approval from others,[object Object]

Self Monitoring,[object Object],Individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external factors,[object Object],Pays closer attention to behavior of others,[object Object],More successful in managerial positions,[object Object],High self monitors can play multiple and even contradictory roles,[object Object],Low self monitors find it difficult to disguise their true feelings, emotions and reactions and cannot adapt quickly to situations ,[object Object]

Risk Taking,[object Object],Refer to the extent to which an individual is prepared to take risks,[object Object],People differ in their willingness to take chances,[object Object],High risk taking people make decision quickly without searching for much information,[object Object],Research has indicated that the accuracy of decisions made by both risk taking and risk averse people is almost the same,[object Object]

Risk-Taking,[object Object],High Risk-taking Managers,[object Object],Make quicker decisions,[object Object],Use less information to make decisions,[object Object],Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations,[object Object],Low Risk-taking Managers,[object Object],Are slower to make decisions,[object Object],Require more information before making decisions,[object Object],Exist in larger organizations with stable environments,[object Object]

Theories Of personality,[object Object],Psychoanalytical Theory,[object Object],Trait Theory,[object Object],Self concept Theory,[object Object],Social Learning Theory,[object Object]

Psychoanalytical Theory,[object Object],Freudian Stage Theory,[object Object],Freudian believed that the personality structure is primarily founded on unconscious framework and human behavior and motivation is the outcome of 3 concepts i.e. id, ego & super ego,[object Object]

Id:-The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. ,[object Object],The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension.,[object Object]

Ego:- It is conscious in nature and is a mechanism to relate our conscious urges to the outside real world. It keeps id in check through the realities of the external environment. Id demands immediate gratification, whatever the cost, ego controls it so that these gratification are granted at an appropriate time and in an acceptable manner. ,[object Object]

Super Ego:- ego is supported by super ego to control id. It is the higher level restraining force and can be described as conscience of person. The conscience creates standards of what is right or what is wrong and is generally developed by the absorption of cultural and ethical values of social environment. ,[object Object]

Trait Theory,[object Object],It is understood as being an enduring attribute of a person that appears consistently in a variety of situations ,[object Object],A trait of an individual is abstracted from his behavior, and serves as an useful ‘unit of analysis’ to understand personality,[object Object],A personality can be described by its position on a number of continuous dimensions or scales, each of which represent a trait,[object Object],The individuals can be described by using trait terms as friendly, cautious, excitable, intelligent, etc.,[object Object],Chances are that you would list a number of traits, such as outgoing, kind and even-tempered. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways.,[object Object]

Self concept theory,[object Object],Carl Rogers is associated with this theory,[object Object],This is organized around the concept that personality and behavior are largely determined by the individual himself,[object Object],We tend to act in ways that are consistent with our own image of who we are,[object Object]

Contd’,[object Object],The best vantage point of understanding behavior is from the internal frame o reference of individual himself,[object Object],It is a result of person’s interaction with his environment. This interaction in the form of learning experience helps us to develop , grow and mature, and we modify our self- concept as a result of these experiences.,[object Object]

Social Learning Theory,[object Object],Personality is more a result of social variables than biological drives,[object Object],Motives can be traced to known and conscious needs and wants rather than unconscious and latent desires,[object Object],The sum total of what a person has learned,[object Object]

The Big Five Model,[object Object],Extroversion:- outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive,[object Object],Agreeableness:- trusting, good natured, co-operative, soft- hearted,[object Object],Conscientiousness:- dependable, responsible, achievement- oriented, persistent,[object Object],Emotional stability:- relaxed, secure, unworried,[object Object],Openness to experience:- sensitive, intellectual, imaginative, curious, broadminded,[object Object]

Matching Personalities with Jobs,[object Object],John Holland proposed the personality job- fit theory,[object Object],This theory establishes relationship between personality characteristics, the requirements of a job and job performance,[object Object],Acc. to John Holland, the job satisfaction of an individual and his tendency to quit a job are determined by the extent to which his personality matches with the work environment and requirements of the job,[object Object]

Holland’s Typology of Personality and congruent Occupation,[object Object],Realistic:- Prefers physical activities that require skill, strength and coordination. This kind of people are shy, genuine, persistent, stable, confirming and practical. They are generally mechanic, operators, assembly line workers, farmer, etc.,[object Object]

Investigative:- Prefers activities that involve thinking, organizing and understanding. People with such type of personality are analytical, original, curious and independent. They are in the job of economist, news reporter, mathematician.,[object Object],Social:- Prefers activities that involve helping and developing others. They are sociable, friendly, co-operative and understanding. They prefer to be social worker, counselor, psychologist ,[object Object]

Conventional:- Prefers rule- regulated, orderly and unambiguous activities. They are efficient, practical, unimaginative and inflexible. They are generally accountant, corporate manager, bank teller and file clerk.,[object Object],Enterprising:- Prefers verbal activities where there are opportunities to influence others and attain power. Such people are self- confident, ambitious, energetic and domineering. They should ideally be lawyer, real estate agent, PR specialist.,[object Object]

Artistic:- Prefers ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression. They are imaginative, emotional and impractical. Such people are painter, musician, writer, interior decorator,[object Object]

Attitude and consistency,[object Object],Research by Behavioural theorists has shown not only do people try to achieve consistency among their various attitudes but also try to behave in a manner that is consistent with their attitudes,[object Object],Eg. Sales Representative who has to promote their product,[object Object]

Personality

Personality

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