2. nYn-eXOn
dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic
nig
²Nëècink~¬gq~S 2000
[ saklºg ]
karp§ayrbs'G~kniBnì
rk§asiTì
eVHBumõelIkTI 1 cMnYn 2, 000 cºab'
tmûl'Tuktamelx 1162 cuH«c©TI 9 v^ciÏka q~S1970
eVHenA¨kumhußneragBumõExµr
Bùsù 2514 Kùsù 1970

3. k
Garm¸kfa
v^PaKTand*v^essv^salEdlCnCatiExµrm~ak'@ Gacp¶l'cMeJHmatu¨b-
eTsrbs'xÂçn edImºI[Catirbs'xÂçnenAKg'vg§Cév^tk~¬gbN¶aPUmiPaKmYyEdl¨b
kbedaye¨KaHf~ak'enaH KWkarsðal't«mÂvbºFmá Gar´Fmá nigCaBiess¨bvti¶
saås¶CatixÂçnenHäg .
¨bvti¶saås¶kt'¨taTuk¨Kb'kMhus EdldUntaeyIgVn¨b¨Bwt¶rYcmkehIy
k~¬gGtItkal ¨BmTSgPaBfû¬÷efûégrugerOgEdlVneFÃI[vasna¨bCaCatiExµr nig
vbºFmáExµrGEN¶t¨tEstxõg'xõs' k~¬gBBk«nBnÂW¨tcH¨tcg'. GMeBIɨBwt¶ikarN_
TSgenHeTaHCap¶l'dl'¨bCaCatieyIgnUvekr¶i_eQµaHrnæWsuHsayk¶I Ék*PaBGamas
muxBn'¨bmaNk¶I EdlmanEcgenAelI¨Kb'TMB&r«nBg§avtarCati k*GMeBITSgLay
enaHägCaekr¶i_mrtk²tkat't«mÂVnEdleyIgTTYlGMBIdUntaeyIgmk .
KWGMeBI ɨBwti¶karN_TSgenHehIy EdlbegûItnUvsmºCJï:Exµr. CnCati
Exµrsm&yenH CalTìpl«nGtItkal ÉCalTìpl«nsmºCJï:ExµrenHäg .
BitEmnehIyEdlfak~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨beTseyIg eyIgVnqÂgkat'nUv
PaBGamasmuxy"age¨cIn cab'tSgBIstvt§TI13 rhUtdl'sm&ybcͬbºn~kal
enH e¨kayBIVnsðal'PaBrugerOgGs'ry:eBld*yUr (BIstvt§TI8 mk
stvt§TI13) k¶I, Et¨bCaCatieyIg, BUCsasn_eyIg, vbºFmánigGar´FmáeyIg
minVnrlaysUn´ Vt'¨semalBIsaklelakeLIy. Gar´FmáCae¨cInk~¬g
elakenH EdlFÂab'Vnsðal'PaBrugerOg¨tcH¨tcg'k~¬gGtItkal xÂH¨tèvTTYl
vasnaGa¨kk'FÂak'cuHeTAk~¬gBiPBggwt«nkarePÂcPÂSgrbs'mnus§ Ék*rlayVt'
¨semalsUn´sugBIsmºCJï:mnus§Cati dUcmanGar´Fmákaled (Chaldée),
Gas§¬IrI (Assyrie), ¨kik (Grèce), É rU"m (Rome) .l.
dUec~H ¨bCaCatieyIg Gar´FmáeyIg EdlVntsUßTb'Tl'nwgkarQÂanJn
²tQb'QrGMBIG~kC^txag²tsbº¬rsFmá tSgBICag 6 stvt§rYcmkehIy
Etmin¨BmcuHcaj' min¨BmTmÂak'GavuFcuHj"mvasnaGP&BÃrbs'xÂçnenaH enHCa

4. x
vasnad*Ót¶¬gðÓt¶mmYyNas'eTAehIy . enAstvt§TI19, ¨bCaCatiExµreyIg
manbN¶aCnminVndl'mYylannak'pg ( ¨bEhlCa 800, 000 nak' ebItam
Gs'elakG~k¨VCÆVrSg EdlVnmkTs§nanigsik§a¨beTseyIgCaelIkd÷-
bUg ) sm&yenaH eyIgsµanEteyIgVnsðal'TIbMput«nCév^trbs'¨bCaCatieyIg
rYceTAehIy EteyIgEbrCars'ranmanCév^teLIgv^j. ehIymin¨twmEtrs'eLIg
v^jbu"eNöaHeT EfmTSgVnerobcMrd½eyIgGnuelameTAtamsm&yTMenIbv^T´a-
saås¶eTotpg. ehIyfµé@enHeTot rbbsk¶iPUmiraCaniymp¶ac'karEdlCaTm©n'
mYyF©n'Bn'¨bmaNmkelIvasnaExµr¨Kb'@rUb nigCa¨bPB«nPaBeGanfyrbs'
¨bCaCatieyIgenaHeTot, ²LèveyIgVnvaykMeTcbMpÂajrbbc«¨genH ykC&y
CMnHCae¨scelIrbbenaHrYceTAehIy .
m¶genH eyIgnwgsðal'Cafµém¶geTot nUvBnÂW«nesck¶I«fÂf~èr «nesck¶IkÂahan
nigesrIPaB. eyIgGs'ÓbsKðGÃImkrarSgk~¬gdMeNIreyIgeTAkan'karcab'kMeNIt
rs'eLIgv^j «n¨bCaCatieyIgeTotehIy .
mYycMENkeTot, ¨bCaCneyIgk~¬gsm&yenHmanrhUtdl' 8 lannak',
enaHebIeyIgminrab'ExµrenAeyokNamxagtºèg nigenA«fLg' EdlmancMnYnBI 3
eTA 4 laneTotpg . k~¬g 30 q~SeTot ¨bCaCnenAk~¬gEdndIkmõ¬CasBëf©enH
nwgekIneTAdl' 15 lannak'ehIy. ebIy"agdUec~H, etIs¨tèvNa G~kC^txag
äNa ÉmhaGMNacäNak~¬gelaknwgGackab'smÂab' bMpÂicbMpÂajCatiExµrBI 8
eTA 15 lanGs'VnEdrÉ ?
vasnarbs'¨bCaCatieyIgk~¬gGnaKtkal KWeyIg¨tèvEtrs'. Et¨tg'
cMNucfars'EbbNa@ enaH KW rs'¨Kan'Etrs'| Érs'k~¬gesck¶IcMerInk~¬gPaB«fÂ
f~èrenaH enHCabJúamYyeTotd*FMEdleyIgral'K~a¨tèvEtKitedaH¨say e¨JHebI
rs'¨Kan'Etrs'| eday¨tehb¨thb esæIrrs'esIærsÂab' rs'k~¬gbN¶akarxÃH
esck¶I«fÂf~èr Gyuti¶Fmá evTnafyefakùùù bu"eNöaHeT, enaHsÂab'eTAva¨besIrCag
edImºIkuM[esck¶IlMVkevTna QWcab'exÂacp§a EdlFÂab'manGs'ry:Cag 6
stvt§eTAehIyenaHecHEtbn¶eTAeTot .

5. K
karerobcM¨bCaCatiExµr rd½ExµreLIgv^j ¨sbeTAtameKalkar«nlTiì¨bCa
Fibety´ tampÂèvneyaVy (Démocratie Politique) nigtampÂèvsgðm (Démocratie
sociale) KWCakarcSVc'CamUld½an «n¨beTskmõ¬Casm&yfµé .
G~kniBnì«nesovePAd*tUcenHyl'fa drabNaKMnit¨bCaFibety´ esrI
PaB sÄitenAEtelI¨kdas min¨BmkÂayeTACakarBitCak'Es¶gk~¬gkicÍkar¨btibt¶i
k~¬gCévPaBral'«f©rbs'raås¶Exµr¨Kb'rUb ÉenAtamPUmiCnbTeTenaH drabenaH
eyIgminGacrMedaHCnCatiExµr ɨbCaCatiExµrBIPaBVk'sºattk's¬t cuHj"mmun
¨byuTì esck¶Il©g'exÂA ÉkarKµanCMenOeTAelIxÂçnägenaHVneLIy .
KµanGÃIBiVkCagkarpÂas'b¶èr eVHbg'p~t'KMnitcas'mYyEdlmanGayurab'
stvt§rYcmkehIyenaHeT. EtenaHk*minEmnkicÍmYyEdleKminGacse¨mcVn
enaHk*eTEdr . esck¶IkÂahan bUknigkarbuin¨bsb'rbs'G~kneyaVyExµr k~¬g
¨kbxNë«nyuTìv^FImYy Edlt¨mèvnwgcit¶KMnitExµr sgðmExµrBit¨VkdCakarBi-
VkNas' EtCakarcSVc'CabzmedImºIsMercnUvbd^vt¶n_Exµr .
X X X
KMnitEdlelakG~kGannwgeXIjk~¬gesovePAd*tUcenH ¨bEhlCaelOn
eBk Ék*hßaneBk ÉmYyk*GacbN¶al[mankar¨sgakcit¶xÂHk*swgman . G~k
GanxÂHGacecaTG~kniBnìfa CaG~kmanKMnitTuTid½^niym .l.
G~kniBnìTMB&rTSgenH CaExµrmYyrUbmankMeNItenAcm©ay 6 KILèEm"¨tBI
Ggðrvt¶ VnTTYlkarGb'rMminq©aybu"nµanBIGgðrvt¶ Vnsðal'ehIy¨sLaj'Ggðr
vt¶dUcCa¨TB´smºti¶rbs'xÂçnpæal' VnFMeBjv&ycMeNammha¨Vgðsila Ca
kMNb'«nvbºFmá Gar´Fmá ¨bvti¶saås¶Exµr suTìswgCaekr¶i_mták«nPaBrugerOg
sm&yedImmhanKr . CakarFmµta karsðal'nigkar¨sLaj'¨bPB«nGar´Fmá
Exµr nig¨bCaCatiExµrenH C¨mujcit¶[mankarnwk¨seNaHdl'GtItkal cg'
eXIj¨bCaCatiExµrkÂayeTACaBiPBmYyrugerOg¨tcH¨tcg'dUcEdlExµrFÂab'sðal'
k~¬gGtItkalsm&y mhanKr| dUec~aHEdr .

6. X
k~¬gKMnitenH G~kniBnìKµan¨beyaCn_GÃI nwgkarJrÓt¶mKtiäNaEdlpæ¬y
nwg¨beyaCn_xõg'xõs'rbs'CatipgxÂçnenaHeLIy .
KW BIe¨JHEtCakarmYyEdlTak'Tgdl'GnaKtCati dl'GnaKtBUCGmºèr
ExµrenHehIy EdlG~kniBnìGtÄbTenHminxÂacGÃInwglat¨tdagnUvKMnit Éeya-
bl'rbs'xÂçnEdlCalTìpl«nkar¨tiHriH¨sav¨Cavrbs'xÂçnsuTìsaF CUndl'mti
saFarNCnCati¨Kan'CakarBicarNa. äkarBitscÍ:enaH e¨scEtkarv^nicÏ&y
yl'eXIjrbs'mtisaFarNCnCaticuH .
G~kniBnìesovePAd*tUcenH manC÷enOy"agmSfa ¨bsinebIkarGanesovePA
enH bN¶al[mankarBicarNa eFÃIkarv^nicÏ&yEmnenaH enaHeKaledAbMNgG~k
niBnìVnsMercehIy . eKaledAFMrbs'G~kniBnì KWelIkykbJúaGnaKtExµr
ykmkecaTcMeJHsmºCJï:Exµr KWbegûIt[manCabJúaeLIgedImºIKit kuM[ePÂc
xÂçn k~¬gzan:xÂçnCaExµrrs'enAelIEdndIsuvNöPUmienH .
sUmelakG~kGanemt¶aGP&yeTas ¨bsinebIenAelITMB&rTSgenH mankar
GFibºayedaymanlaytNúaxÂH e¨JHeyIgminGacbMePÂc[sUn´QwgnUvmena
seJÍtnarbs'eyIg cMeJHvasnaCatiVneLIy. KWCakarFmµtaeT EdlebHdUg
mnus§m~ak'¨sJb'¨seJn kalebI¨semal«nGtItkal EdlCa¨semal«n
karQWcab'rbs'CatixÂçn elceFÂamkk~¬gsmºCJï:mnus§enH bUkbJÍèlCamYy
nwgPaBrnìt'jab'j&renAcMeJH muxGnaKtkalxÃHTIedA .
cMeJHvasnaExµrk~¬gGnaKt, G~kniBnìesovePAd*tUcenHEtgEtEckrMElk
CamYypgEdrnUvesck¶Isgôwm EdldUntaeyIgBIe¨BgnayrEmgVnciJÍwmTuk
k~¬gsn¶ancit¶Exµr . esck¶IsgôwmnigC÷enOenH sÄitk~¬gJk´esÂak É Jk´TMnay
mYyXÂa EdldUntaeyIgFÂab'VneJlt@K~amkfaÐ ¨sukExµrminEdlsUn´! |
( Le Pays Khmèr ne périra jamais ! )
P~MeBj Ex F~è 1970
nùXù

7. g
"Qu'il soit du Nord ou du Sud, il n'est pas un
Vietnamien qui ne se sente solidaire du frère dont on l'a
arbitrairement séparé, singulier couronnement de
l'indépendence recouvrée alors que le « colonialisme »
français avait poursuivi le rêve d'hégémonie de l'empereur
Gia-Long et que tout son effort avait tendu vers la mise en
commun de richesses inégalement réparties mais
complémentaires les unes des autres. Comment nourrir la
population du Nord-Vietnam sans les réserves alimentaires
du Sud et comment mettre en valeur les terrains du Sud sans
l'excédent de main d'œuvre du Nord? Pour comprendre le
problème, imaginons, une ligne de démarcation qui couperait
en France le grenier à blé de la Beauce et les paturages
normands, des houillères du Nord et de la métallurgie de
l'Est. Pour une superficie de rizières trois fois moindre,
le Tonkin a deux fois plus de bouches à nourrir, mais il
détient le charbon, le fer, les matières et les sources
d'énergie nécessaires à la grande industrie.
Que l'on n'objecte pas les tendances particularistes
du Nord et du Sud, maintes fois relevées au cours de
l'histoire. Ce serait oublier que l'Allemagne et l'Italie
ont connu les mêmes dissensions intérieures et que leur
unification aux XIXe siècle a conditionné leur accession au
rang de grande puissance.
Le problème se pose dans les mêmes termes pour
l’avenir du Vietnam".
André MASSON
in « Histoire du Vietnam »
P.U.F, Paris, 1960

8. c
nYn-eXOn
dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic
nig
²Nëècink~¬gq~S 2000
ekItenA«f©TI 29 Exmkra q~S 1944 enAesomrab-Ggðrvt¶, elak nYn eXOn Vn
bMeBjv^CØamF´mPUmienAv^T´al&y«nTIrYmext¶ rYceTAbn¶karsik§aenAmhav^T´al&yKruekasl´
nig enAmhav^T´al&yGk§rsaås¶ nig mnus§saås¶«nsaklv^T´al&y¨kugP~MeBjeTot .
Vn¨bLgCab'Casis§salaKruekasl´Can'xõs' ( Ecole Normale Supérieure ) CMnan'TI1
k~¬gq~S 1965 rYcCab'briJïab&¨txag¨bvti¶saås¶enAq~S 1968 . sBëf©Casaås¶acar´
¨bvti¶saås¶ .
k~¬gBiPBelakmYyEdlxÃHesck¶IBit nigxÃHesÄrPaBCaGci«ån¶y_pgenaH sÄanPaBPUmi-
saås¶«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca Ca¨beTsmYytUcruMB&TìCMuv^jeday¨beTsC^txagFM @ manbN¶aCne¨cIn
elIslb'EbbenH KWBitCasÄanPaBmYy¨bkbedaye¨KaHf~ak'Cak'Es¶g ehIyCakarKMramkMEhg
mYyd*sahaveTAelICév^t«n¨beTseyIgeTotpg . Ga¨s&yehtuenH bJúakarKg'vg§Cév^t«nrd½
Exµrk~¬gPUmiPaK²temt¶aenH ¨tèvEtCnCatiExµrm~ak'@cab'GarmµN_elIsGÃI@TSgGs'k~¬gqakCév^t
rbs'xÂçn .
edayVneXIjcºas'nUvmhn¶rayEdlXÂScS¨bl&yCév^t¨bCaCatiExµr elak nYn
eXOn VnsresrGtÄbTenHk~¬gbMNgEtmYy KWp¶l'karriHrkeXIjCaKMnitpæal'rbs'elakCUn
dl'smºCJï:CatiExµr edImºIkarBicarNaelIvasnamatu¨beTsExµrterogeTA .

9. 1
- esck¶Iep¶ém -
etI¨beTseyokNam nwgkÂayeTACa¨beTsGalWÂm"ajÉCb"unTI 2 k~¬gPUmi
PaKGasIuEb"kGeK~y_ k~¬gGnaKtenHÉ?
k~¬gzan:xƬMCaCnCatiExµrmYyrUb ekItrs'sÂab'enAelImatuPUmiExµr nigk~¬g
zan:CaG~ksik§a¨bvti¶v^T´a xƬMsUmÓTæisGtÄbTenH dl'karPÆak'r®k«nsmºCJï:
«nCnCatiExµr nigdl'esck¶IcMerInlUtlas' «nkareyaKyl'rvagCatinigCati
EdlCakt¶aEtmYyKt' «nkarrYmrs'edaysn¶iPaBk~¬gPUmiPaKeyIgenH«nBiPB
elak .
etICneyokNam nwgkÂayeTACaCnCatiGalWÂm"gd_k~¬gPUmiPaKGasIuEb"k
GeK~y_ ehIyCaBiess cMeJHkmõ¬CaeyIgÉ?
xƬMBuMGacnwgecaTnUvbJúaenHeLIg edayxÃHkarQWcab'exÂacp§ak~¬gsmº
CJï:rbs'xƬMVneLIy .
menaseJÍtnalnÂg'lenÂac¨segH¨segac s¶IBuMecj EtgEtekIteLIg
k~¬gsmºCJï:xƬM kalebIyUr@m¶g xƬMnwkKiteTAdl'bJúad*FMeFgnigsµ¬KsµajenH
CaBiessKWbJúa«nkarKg'vg§Cév^trbs'kmõ¬CaeyIg k~¬gzan:Ca¨bCaCatimYy
(Nation) k~¬gPUmiPaKGasuIEb"kGeK~y_enH . m´"ageTot, enHCabJúa«nGnaKt
kal EdlBiVknwg¨bemIlemIledayBit¨VkdTukCamun ehIymYycMENk
eTot ¨bvti¶saås¶GacmankrNIelIkElgEdrù ù ù ù .
EtebITukCay"agdUcem¶cm¶ak¶I eyIgGac¨tiHriHVncMeJHbJúaenH edayGag
eTAelIFmµPaB«n¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati P&s¶¬tag¨bvti¶saås¶ EdlknÂgrYcmk
ehIy nigehtukarN_Casarvn¶xÂH@ EdleyIgVneXIjk~¬g{kasfµé@ Ék~¬g
bcͬbºn~kalenH .l.

10. 2
emeron«n¨bvti¶saås¶KWGÃI?
eyIgBuMmanbMNgykTMB&renHmkbe¨gonGMBI Ts§nv^CØa«n¨bvti¶saås¶ (Philo-
sophie de l'Histoire) eT EtKbºIeyIgeFÃIkarrM®kxÂH EdlmanGtĨbeyaCn_ cMeJH
karyl'rbs'eyIg eyIg¨tèvecosvagnUv kareJledaymWugm"at' (le dogmatisme)
EteyIg¨tèvEtCa G~k¨Vkdniym . Ts§nv^TUCae¨cInVnecaTsYrcMeJHemeron«n
¨bvti¶saås¶enHfa Ð
etI¨bvti¶saås¶manemeronp¶l'mk[eyIgeT? Ék*¨bvti¶saås¶man¨beyaCn_eT? . ebI
e¨sceTAtamelak EhßEhðl (Hegel) É b"Ul vaeLrI (Paul Valéry) ¨bvti¶saås¶Gac
manÉKµan¨beyaCn_GÃITal'EtesaH. cMeJHeyIg eyIgyl'fa¨bvti¶saås¶man
¨beyaCn_pg ehIyKµan¨beyaCn_pg ¨bvti¶saås¶EdlKµan¨beyaCn_ Edl
hßanGHGagy"agenH KWedayehtufa KµanVtuPUt¨Bwt¶ikarN_¨bvti¶saås¶äNa
(Phènomènes ou évènements historiques) GacekIteLIgv^jBIrdg ehIyman
lkÅN_dUcK~aeLIy (Les évènements historiques ne se répètent pas, ou tout du moins
de la même façon) .
karBn´l'enH Ga¨s&yedayehtufa k~¬gsm&ymYy mansÄanPaB É
lkÅn¶ik: (Conditions) sgðmkicÍneyaVy vbºFmáesd½kicÍù ù ù ù EbÂkBIsm&y
mYyeTot . dUec~HehIy eyIgBuMGacrkBIsÄanPaBBIr [manlkÅN:dUcK~aVneT
ya"gNamij eyIgk*BuMGacTajnUvemeronGÃImYy[¨Vkd¨bCaGacykGÃICaKMrU
VneLIy .
KYreyIgykÓTahrN_mkBn´l' :
sågðamelakelIkTI1 TukNaCaTmÂak'karxus¨tèvd*F©n'eTA¨beTsGalÂW-
m"ajk¶I k*mUlehtuEdlbN¶alenHsµ¬KsµajNas' minEmnEt¨beTsGalÂW-
m"ajm~ak'ägeT KWTÃIbGWrubenHägCaG~kTTYlxus¨tèv, edaybegûIt[mannUvkar
¨bNSg¨bECg (Rivalités) xagpÂèvesd½kicÍ Ós§ahkmµ JNiCØkmµ, ehIycug

11. 3
e¨kaybgís' kar¨bNSg¨bECgpÂèvneyaVyTUtnigeyaFa ehIyTSgGs'k*Ca
plv^Vk«nkarlUtlas'Év^vDón_ «nrbbmUlFnGn¶rCatiEdr (développement du
capitalisme International) . dl's¨gðamelakelIkTIBIrpæ¬HeLIg BiPBelak
hak'dUcCayl'fa ¨bvti¶saås¶fye¨kayv^j¨cMEdl (se répéter) .
¨beTsGalÂWma"jbgûsågðamelakeTotehIy EtebItamkarBiteTA,
sågðamelakelIkTIBIrenH KWbN¶almYyPaKd*FMGMBIkarqûçtlIla (la folie) «n
mnus§m~ak' KW hIuEt (Hitler) enHäg . rIäsgðmGalÂWm"gd_v^j BIsm&y hðIeyam
TI2 (Guillaume II) mksm&y hIuEtÂr KWmankarE¨b¨bYle¨cInNas'eTAehIy. ä
cMENksÄankarN_Gn¶rCatiEp~kesd½kicÍneyaVy v^T´asaås¶k*dUec~aHEdr .
etITSgenHÉ EdleKsn~id½anfa¨bvti¶saås¶Kµan¨beyaCn_? enHKWCamti É
CaniekÅbbT(Thèse) mYyEdr. EtebIeyIgBicarNa[e¨CA¨CHedayykFmµPaK«n
karv^vDón_enHCaTIGag, eyIgBuMGackat'p¶ac'¨bvti¶saås¶Cakg'duM@(Morceaux)ecj
BIK~aeLIy . bcͬbºn~kaleyIgenHCalTìpl«nGtItkalsm&yburaN.l.
ehIyeKfyeTAe¨kayrhUteTAdl'kMeNIt«nBiPBelakù ù ù . CakarBitNas'
vtĬk~¬gelakenH GÃI@k*edaymankarTak'TgK~ay"agC^ts~iTì (Tout est lié à tout) .
y"agNamij eyIgBuMGacp¶ac'GtItkalfµé@ ÉburaNnigbcͬbºn~kal nig
GnaKtkalVneLIy . dUec~H ¨bvti¶saås¶¨VkdCaBnÂWbJÍSgmkelIbcͬbºn~
kalnigGnaKtkal .
KWk~¬gn&yenHehIy
EdleyIgKYrelIkykbJúaedImrbs'eyIgmkedaH¨say KWbJúa«nkarKg'vg§
Cév^t¨bCaCatieyIgk~¬gPUmiPaKenH«nBiPBelak, bMPÂWdl'smºCJï:eyIgral'K~a.
X
X X

12. 4
¨beTseyokNamnigeyIgk~¬gGtItkal
k~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«nmnus§Cati manclna eTsn¶r¨bevsn_ (Migration)
mYyEdlmanlkÅN:CaTUeTA ehIyeKsegûtmanmkehIy k~¬gsm&yGtIt
kalbUraN nigfµé@enH KW dMeNIreTATisxagtºèg| (La marche vers le sud) «nCn
CatiTSgLay Edlrs'enAEp~kxageCIg«nEpndI (Hémisphère Nord) .
dUcenH enATÃIbGWrub CnxageCIgdUc n&rm"g' (Normands) Eh§rma"nIk
(Germaniques) Vnruj¨cancuHmkxage¨kam cab'tSgBIstvt§TI5-6 rhUtmk
dl'stvt§TI11-12 . enATÃIb²Nëa CnCati Gayin (Aryens) smº¬rs VncuH
mkBIEb"kxagtºèg«n¨beTsrus§I mktSgenAxagtºèg«nCYr P~MhimJn¶ k~¬gTIval
«n TenÂsinì¬ nig TenÂKgða (Plaine indo gangetique) ehIyruj¨canCati ²Nëa edIm
smº¬rexµA (Les dravidiens) [cuHmkenAEp~kxagtºèg (Le Dekkan) .
enAxageCIg nigxaglic«n¨beTs kmõ¬Ca CnCatiesom EdlmankMeNIt
enAk~¬gGaNaEx¨t yUNan (Yunnan) «n¨beTscin, Vncab'ep¶Ims¨mukcuHmk
xagtºèg tSgBIstvt§TI12 mkemÂ"H edayVnmktSgenAk~¬gGaNaEx¨tExµrTSg
Lay xaglic¨beTs kmõ¬Ca sm&ybcͬbºn~ ehIyruj¨canrhUtdl'eTA
m"aLayU rYctSgTIenAelIext¶ ma"LayU enHpg. k~¬gÓbTIÃb ²Nëècin dEdlenH Cn
Cati eyokNam EdlmanedImkMeNIt enAPUmiPaK tugkwg (Tonkin) k*VneFÃIkar
s¨mukcuHmke¨kamEdrÐ mkdl'cugstvt§TI14 CnCatieyokNam Vnvay
deN¶ImehIytSgTIrbs'xÂçnk~¬gGaNaext¶xageCIgTSgLay «nnKr cam
(Champa) manext¶ kÃagbßéj (Quang Binh) kÃag¨TI (Quang Try) ev" (Hué) ehIyrhUt
mkdl' TUr"an (Tourane) sBëf© . BIstvt§TI15 mkdl'stvt§TI17 nKr cam
TSgmUl rhUtmkdl' bßIjfaj' (Binh Thuan) Eb"kxagtºègbMput ¨tèvrlay
Vt'eQµaHBIEpnTI«nBiPBelak (1696) .

13. 5
karvatTItSgenAk~¬gnKr cmº"a minTan'TSgcb'e¨scVc'ehIypg, niKm
Cn yYn | k*cab'ep¶ImrulsMrukcuHmke¨kameTot edImºImkdl'Tl'Edn kmõ¬Ca
e¨kam Etm¶g . EdndId*manCéCati smºèNáeTAedayFnFanxagksikmµ man
¨sUv ¨tI nigdMNS¨Kb'Ebby"agenAEdndIsN¶ (Delta) «nTenÂemKgð nigbN¶a
CnCatiExµrEdlmancMnYnticenAeLIy (tamsiÄtiEdlmannacugstvt§TI 17
manCnCatiExµr¨bEhl 40, 000 ¨KYsar KW¨bEhl 200 000 nak' Et
bu"eNöaH elI«pædICag 60, 000 Km2
)(1)
ehtuTSgenHäg VnTak'TajGarmµN_
dl'GaNaniKmyYnCaxÂSg EdlCae¨cInstvt§mkehIy VnXÂatkan'Etq©ay
eTAGMBIEdndIsN¶«nTen¨khm (Delta du Fleuve Rouge) CaPUmiPaKkMeNItrbs'
xÂçn ¨bkbedayFnFanksikmµ dUcCaEdndIsN¶TenÂemKgðEdr .
Ga¨s&yehtuenHehIy eKalbMNgykPUmiPaKxagtºèg«nkmõ¬Ca ¨tèv
cat'CaKMeragkarEdl¨tèvGnuvt¶PÂam@ «nCnCatievotNam cab'tSgBIstvt§TI
17 mkemÂ"H. enAedImstvt§TI17 eKk*cab'ep¶ImcUlmktSgenAedayes©¿ms©at'
CaFmµta k~¬gcMeNamGaNaext¶Exµr Eb"kxagekIt«nEdndI kmõ¬Cae¨kam KWPUmiPaK
Vero (Baria) ebonhÃa (Bien Hoa) , «¨BnKr sBëf©enH. kartSgTIenH eFÃIeTAVnk*
edaysarEtkareFÃs¨bEhs «nraCkarExµreyIgk~¬gext¶TSgLayenaH, ehIy
Ga¨s&ym´"ageTot mkGMBIsågðamk~¬g¨sukrvagK~aäg k~¬gkarv^vaTdeN¶ImblÂ&gû
raC´«nk§¨tExµr. k~¬gq~S 1651 CnCatiExµrVneTAsUmC÷nYyGMBIes¶c egÿg ev¯g
(Hien Vuong) edImºITb'Tl'nwgk§¨tdeN¶ImraC´mYyGgð . egÿg ev¯g k*¨bjab'
¨bjal'bJØènkgT&BmYyBlFMeTACYy ehIyeq¿t{kasenaH eFÃIkarbgÅMdeN¶Im
ykGaNaext¶Vero nigebonhÃaEtm¶geTA TukCasKuN«nC÷nYyenaH. neya-
VyGn¶raKmn_«pæk~¬g«nCnCatiyYn ecHEtmanbn¶eTAeTot¨sbtamclacl
Edlmanjy@ k~¬g¨beTs kmõ¬Ca . ehtuenHehIy k~¬gq~S 1696 GaNaext¶«¨B
(1) eyageTAtamesovePArbs' (Lế Thánh Khōi, Le Viet-Nam, Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1955.)

14. 6
nKr k*¨tèvFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dCnCatiyYn ehIymkdl'edImstvt§TI18 kar
vatTItSgenH Vnmkdl'TenÂemKgðCae¨sc. naedImstvt§TI18 edaysMGag
eTAelIkicÍkarJrrbs'xÂçn¨bqSgnwgesom eTAelIGaNaext¶ExµrEb"kxaglic «n
kmõ¬Cae¨kam ext¶ Jm (Ha Tien) raCa (Rach Gia) sBëf©enH CnCatiyYnk*mkeFÃI
Gn¶raKmn_fµéeTot eTAelIext¶TSgenaH . q~S 1739 ¨BHmhak§¨tExµr¨Tg'VneFÃI
sågðamykext¶Jmmkv^j EtBuMVnse¨mcdUcbMNg . tBIenHeTA GaNaext¶
Eb"kkN¶al«nkmõ¬Cae¨kam manext¶ ems (My Tho) v^jL¬g (Vinh Long) (1731)
p§arEdk (Sa Dec) nig mat'¨Cèk (Chau Doc) (1757) k*rebHBImatuPUmiExµrm¶gmYy@
FÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«d«nCnCatiyYn, GaNaniKmB¨gIkTwkdI fÃIebImankartva" nig
tsUßGMBIraCblÂ&gû¨kugÓt¶¬gðk*eday . naq~S 1765 EdndIkmõ¬Cae¨kamTSgmUl
FÂak'eTACaEdndIGaNaniKmyYn elIkElgEtext¶¨TSg (Soc Trang) nig e¨Cay
TwkexµA (Camau) EdlTal'EtC^tmYystvt§eTot KWq~S 1840 eTIbFÂak'eTAk~¬g
GMNacyYnCadac'e¨sc .
ù ù ù BIeBlenaHmk ¨bvti¶saås¶«n kmõ¬Cae¨kam dUcCa¨bvti¶saås¶«n nKrcmºa" Edr
k*rlaycUlCamYynwg¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨bCaCatievotNamrhUtmkTl'«f©enH .
X
X X

15. 7
GaNaniKmniymTSg3 b"HTgðicK~aenA²Nëècin
karEdleyIgykGtItkald*CUrct'enH mkrM®kk~¬gTIenHeqÂIynwgeKal
bMNgmYycºas'las'Nas' KWedImºIbMPÂWdl'karv^vDón_«n¨bvti¶saås¶k~¬gPUmi
PaK«nBiPBenHEtbu"eNöaH ¨Kan'CaBnÂWdl'smºCJï: «neyIgral'K~a. karv^nicÏ&y
[t«mÂÉdak'eTas eTAelICnNam~ak' ¨bCaCatiNamYy Épæ¬yeTAv^j kar
sresrk¶I ÉkarjSug[mankarsíb'exõIm rvagCatimYynigCatimYyeTotùùù TSg
Gs'enHminEmnCaeKaledA«n¨bvti¶v^TUeT. dUcenH karrM®kCakarcSVc'xagpÂèv
bJïa (Besoins de l'intelligence) edImºIBn´l'Etb"ueNöaH .
tSgBIedImerogmk GaNaniKmniymnigkarB¨gIkTwkdIniym «n esom
ehIynig yYn CakarKMramkMEhgd*e¨KaHf~ak'bMput dl'GayuCév^t«n¨beTs kmõ¬Ca
nig lav . munkarmkdl'«nCnCatiEsºksk~¬gPUmiPaKenH enAedImstvt§TI 19
kmõ¬Ca nig lav swgEtsðal'nUvvasnaGP&Bën cmº"a nig¨beTsd*e¨cIneTot«n
BiPBelakeTAehIy. EteBlenaH ¨bvti¶saås¶hak'dUcCaedIrelOn, ¨sbeTA
tamelº¯n«n¨bvti¶saås¶ nigbecÍkeTs«nbcÍwm¨beTs.
k~¬graC´¨BHVT mij m"ag (Minh Mang) (1820-1841) ¨beTskmõ¬Ca
TSgmUl¨tèvEbgEckCaBIrPaK EdlmanTl'EdnenA¨tg'Ex§bnæat'x&NëEx¨teJFi
sat'nigVt'dMbg ehIyEx§enHqÂgbwgTenÂsabeLIgeTAdl'mÂ諨B munnwgt¨mg'
eqõaHeTAsæwgE¨tg eTAdl'¨BM¨beTsExµr-evotNamsBëf©enH. dUcenH dI1PaK3
«nkmõ¬CaPaKxageCIgTenÂsabkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨tesom. 2PaK3 «nEpndI
Exµr e¨kamEx§bnæat'dEdlenaHkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨tyYn eQµaH ¨tan tay faj'
(Tran Tay Thanh) EdlmanemT&B e¨TOg mij y"ag (Truong Minh Giang) Caes¶c
¨taj'manFanIenA NSy"ag (P~MeBj) .
enH¨VkdCa dMeNIreqõaHmkTisxaglic v^j edayehtu dMeNIrsMrukcuHmke¨kam
Vnse¨mcdl'eKaledA e¨JHeday TwkexµA (Camau) CaEdndIxagtºègbMput«n

16. 8
²Nëècin Vn¨tèvFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dyYnrYceTAehIy. EtGaNaEx¨tfµé ¨tan
tay faj' enHBuMmanGayuyWnyUreT e¨JHkarGnuvt¶n_neyaVytwgruwg bJÍèl
Exµr[eTACayYn (politique d'assimilation forcée) bN¶al[man¨btikmµy"agxÂSg
BIsMNak'mhaCnExµr. karbHeVr¨bqSgbMVt'yYnC^HCan'dwknSeday ¨BHGgðdYg
edaymanCMnYyesompg VneFÃI[GMNacyYnmankarxUcxaty"age¨cIn ehIy
e¨TOg mij y"ag k*dkxÂçnfyeTAenA Gan y"ag k~¬gq~S 1841 . neyaVyeFÃI Exµr
[eTACa yYn k*¨tèvTTYlbraC&yy"agCak'Es¶g . CamYyK~aenH karmkdl'«n
BYkVrSgcab'BIq~S 1858 eTA, enAEdndIkUsSgsIunVnebIkyuKfµémYyeTot k~¬g
¨bvti¶saås¶«n²Nëècin. GaNaniKmniymyYn k*¨tèvQb'esÂHmYyGenÂIsinùùùù,
e¨JH¨beTsyYnxÂçnäg ¨tèvkÂayeTACaEdndIGaNaniKmVrSgm¶gv^j .
cMENkäPUmiPaKesom«n kmõ¬Ca manVt'dMbg esomrab mÂ諨B TenÂreBA
nigsæwgE¨tg esom¨tçt¨tarhUtdl'q~S 1907 eTIb¨bKl'mk[Exµrv^j eday
sarkarsgût'sgû^nxagpÂèvTUtnigpÂèveyaFa«n¨beTsVrSgGaNaniKm Edlb¶èr
EdndITSgenaHCamYynwgEx¨t¨tatnigcnætabßun CaGaNaEx¨tesom Tl'muxnwg
Ex¨tekaHkugbcͬbºn~enH .
cMeJHälavv^j k*sÄankarN_minxusBIkmõ¬CaEdr . BITl'Edncinmkdl'
Exµr ¨beTslav¨tèvEbgEckenAedImstvt§TI19 eTACaGaNaext¶esom nig
yYn ehIyenAsl'EtraCaNac¨ktUc «n hÂçg¨BHVg nig cMV""sak' EdlenArg'cS
karEbgEckbn¶eTAeTotbu"eNöaH . k*bu"En¶dUc kmõ¬Ca Edr karmkdl'«nGaNaniKm
niymVrSgVne¨sac¨sg' lav [putBImhn¶rayù ù ù .
enHCakarBit, GaNaniKmniymVrSg KWCa¨hÃSgd*sk¶isiTìi Tb'GaNa
niKm B¨gIkTwkdIesomnigyYnenAstvt§TI19 min[elbEdndIExµrniglavteTA
eTotVn .
X
X X

17. 9
äNae¨KaHf~ak' ?
etIe¨KaHf~ak'eyIgenAäNa ? yYnÉesom ? etI¨beTsesomCamhae¨KaH
f~ak'dl'GnaKt«n kmõ¬Ca EmnÉ ? ¨beTsesomsm&ybcͬbºn~enH Ca¨bCaCati
mYyFM ( Cag 30 lannak' ) EdlmanTItSgenAkN¶al«nÓbTÃIbGasuIGeK~y_dI
eKak elIEdndImYyEdlmanTenÂemNam (= emTwk) hUrkat'CakN¶al ehIy
Edl¨bkbeTAedayCICati ehIynigFnFanksikmµy"agFMeFg . TItSgenA
kN¶aly"agenH «n¨beTsesomelIvalTMnabs¶¬ks¶m¸ (au milieu d'une plaine
riche) Gacp¶l'[¨beTsesomnUvnaTImYyy"agFM k~¬gPUmiPaKenH«nBiPBelak .
EtkarBit hak'dUcmindUec~HesaH . ¨beTsesommanlkÅN:CaEdndI mYy
EdlmankarlatsnìwgCaGtibrmaeTAehIy BIxageCég KWTl'Ednesom lav-
PUma mkdl'xagtºègTl'Ednesom-ma"LayU mancm©ay¨bEhl 2000
KILèEm"¨t ehIy¨beTsenHxÃHäkPaBxagPUmisaås¶ (absence de l'unité
géographique) neyaVynigesd½kicÍpg . PUmiPaK¨bkbedayFnFanKWdIsN¶
«nTenÂemNam EdlmanbeN¶ay¨bEhl 460 Kùmù nigTTwg 200 Kùmù .
dIenH KWCaC¨guk¨sUv«n¨beTsesom, CaebHdUgesd½kicÍCati .
PUmiPaKep§gBIenH CaPUmiPaKbnæab'bn§M cMeJHCnCatiesomehIyG~k
Edlrs'enAenaH minEmnCaCnCatiesomsuTìsaFpg- tMbn'xageCIg KWBBYkCn
CatiPaKtic kaern, cam, lav xageCIgeqogxagekIt KW lav nig Exµr xagtºègeqog
xagekIt KW Exµr yYn nig cin äxagtºègmanCnCati ma"LayU kan'sasna²sÂam .
CnCatibreTsTSgenHEdlrs'enACuMv^jTenÂemNam mankarGak'Gn'cit¶CaxÂSg
edayCnCatiesomTukBYkTSgenH Ca Blrd½bnæab'bn§M (Citoyens de second
zone) | ehIykarlUtlas'xagesd½kicÍeTotesat k*yWtyUrfyefakCae¨cIn
ebIe¨bobeFobnwgPUmiPaK¨kugVgkk nigtam«dTenÂemNam EdlCnCatiesom
nigcinrs'enAedaykkkuj . ehtukarN_TSgenaHbN¶al[manclnaG~kCati
niym (Mouvements Séparatistes) enAtamEdndITSgenaH Cae¨KaHf~ak'mYyy"agFM
cMeJHäkPaBxagneyaVy«n¨beTs .

18. 10
bJúaFM EdlecaTsBëf© KWkarekInd*qab'rh&s (une démographie
galopante) «nCnCatiesom . EdndIsN¶«nTenÂemNamnwgBuMGacTb'Tl'dl'
Tm©n'd*kan'EtF©n'eLIg@enHeT . dUec~H edImIºedaH¨saybJúaenH eK¨tèvB¨gIknUv
FnFanksikmµ ädIEdlenACuMv^jEdndIsN¶ CadI¨kTSgGs' . enHehIyEdl
eFÃI[CnCatiesomnwkKiteTAdl'TIvalTMnab«nTenÂemKgð nigTenÂsabmanEx¨t
Vt'dMbgExµrCaedIm EdlsmºèreTAedayFnFanksikmµ GacciJÍwmmnus§e¨cIn
lannak' . fÃIebIsm&ybcͬbºn~enH Ke¨magEpnkarenHhak'dUcGnuvt¶minse¨mc
edayehtufa esommanbJúa«pæk~¬gù ù ù k*bu"En¶eTAGnaKteT ebIesd½kicÍesom
minVnlUtlas'[¨sbeTAtamkarekIny"agqab'rh&s«nbN¶aCneT karvay
deN¶ImykEb"kxaglic«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca GaceTACakarBitVn .
enHe¨sceTAelIkarv^vDón_«n¨bvti¶sa¨s¶ . k~¬gbcͬbºn~enH esomenATn'
ex§ayxag«pæk~¬g BuMGaclatsnìwgVneToteT ebImindUec~aHeT äkPaBesom
cºas'Ca¨tèvTTYlkarKMramkMEhg BICnCatiPaKticy"agF©n'F©rminElgeLIy .
karlatsnìwghYsmaD nwgnSmk[esomnUvPaBTn'ex§ayv^jeT . Ga¨s&y
ehtuenHehIy ebItameyabl'rbs'eyIg e¨KaHf~ak'rbs'eyIgminEmnenATis
xaglic KWxagekItCa¨Vkd .
¨beTseyokNamrYbrYmK~aùùù e¨KaHf~ak'dl'kmõ¬Ca !
ebI¨beTseyokNamxageCég nigxagtºègrYbrYmK~av^j ¨beTsenHnwgeTA
Ca¨beTsCatiy"agFM«nGasuIPaKGeK~y_ (40 lannak') .
ebI¨bsinNaCacMnYnbN¶aCnCakt¶amYybnæab'bn§M cMeJHmhiTiìriTìneya
Vy (la puissance politique) «nrd½nImYy@ KuNsmºti¶«n¨bCara¨s¶ (les qualités
d'un peuple) nigkarv^vDón_«nbN¶aCn (L'évolution de la population) ¨VkdCakt¶a
EdlsMxan'CageKbMput . cMENkäkt¶aTSg3enH CnCatievotNammanTSg
Gs' eday²t¨bEkkVn -TI1 bN¶aCne¨cInGacelb²NëècineTAGnaKtVn,
TI2 karekInd*elOnrh&s«nbN¶aCnenH, nigTI3 sMxan'bMputKWKuNsmºti¶Ca
Biess«n¨bCaraås¶evotNamenHäg . cMeJHkrNIxage¨kayenH ebImanCn
CatiäNa EdleKGac¨bdUcVnCamYynwgCnCatiyYn KWCnCatiCb"unnigGalÂW-
m"g'enHäg . CnCatieyokNam Ca¨bCaraås¶mYy¨bkbeday¨VCÆafamBl

19. 11
esck¶IkÂahannigBiessbMputcit¶tsUß .l. ¨bvti¶saås¶«nCnCatieyokNamenH Ca
¨bvti¶saås¶«nsågðamEdl¨bCaraås¶eyokNamVneFÃIeday²t¨sak¨san¶CamYynwgbreTs
enACitxag man cin cmº"a lav esom ExµrnigrvagK~anigK~axageCIgTl'nwgxag
tºèg . karenHekItmaneLIgCae¨cInstvt§mkehIy ehIyhak'dUcCaKµansJïa
äNabJØak'fa sågðamenHnwgQb'esÂHehIy eTaHCae¨kaykarbJÎb'sågðam
enAeyokNamsBëf©enHk¶I . vasna«n¨beTseyokNamCavasna«n¨bCaCatimYyEdl
B¨gIkTwkdIedaysågðam ehIyEdl¨tèveKeFÃIsågðameTAGnaKteTot . sågðamjwkjy
y"agenH Vnse¨mceFÃI[CnCatieyokNammancritrwgbwug ecHGt'Fµt'esck¶I
lMVk mankartsUßedaysÃitsÃaj KWlkÅN:TSgenHäg EdlCaPaBGnue¨KaH
dl'kar¨byuTìedayv^FIhig§a . enHCakt¶axagpÂèvcit¶saås¶ Edlsar:sMxan'
cMeJHkaryl'rbs'eyIg .
cUreyIgnwkKiteTAdl'¨bvti¶saås¶ etICn¨bePTNaEdlmkvatTItSgenA
cmº"a nigenA kmõ¬Cae¨kam? KWCnGanafa¨klMVketaky"ak G~keTasEdleKedj
BIEb"kxagelI [cuHmkrkTItSgdIfµéenAPUmiPaKxage¨kam G~kTSgenHmkCa
Tahanpg CaniKmCn (Colons) pg .
mundMbUgmktSgenAedayes©¿ms©at' rYcehIyk*tSgbgûerOgehtuTal'Et
mÍas'dIdkxÂçnecjBITIenaHeTAùùù. ²LèvenH¨Bwti¶karN_enHcab'manCafµéeLIgv^j
ehIy sBëf©enHenAkmõ¬CaeyIg, y"agenHKYrEteyIgmanbuBÃehtu«nesck¶I¨Bçy
Vrm¸rbs'eyIg(1)
.
(1)-GtÄbTenHsresrk~¬gq~S1969 KWmunGn¶raKmn_«nkgT&BeyokNamxagtºègk~¬g¨beTskmõ¬Cae¨kay
«f©TI18mIna1970

20. 12
GaNaniKmniymB¨gIkTwkdI É GaNaniKmniymesd½kicÍ
( Colonialisme territorial ou Colonialisme économique ? )
karQÂanJnvaydeN¶ImykTwkdI edaykmÂSgT&Bk~¬gsm&ystvt§TI
20 enH hak'dUcCahYssm&yniymeTAehIy . nabcͬbºn~kalenH sÄab&nCa
e¨cIn«nmnus§Cati manGgðkarsh¨bCaCati, mtisaFarNCnGn¶rCati Ggðkar
karJrsn¶iPaB neyaVysmõnìmit¶ .l. suTìswgEtCakmÂSgxagpÂèvcit¶ Ca
ÓbsKðdl'karrMelaPdeN¶ImykTwkdIeday¨sYl GMBIsMNak'CatimYy eTAelI
CatimYyeTot .
k*bu"En¶GaNaniKmniymsm&yfµé EdleyIgKYrVrm¸ KWGaNaniKmtam
ry:esd½kicÍ . eyokNamxageCég ¨bkbedayÓs§ahkmµd*xÂSgkÂa nig eyok
NamxagtºègsmºèrN_FnFanksikmµ GacbMeBjK~aeTAv^jeTAmk ehIykÂay
eTACaesd½kicÍmYylUtlas'elOn«nGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . PaBsmºèNáeTAeday
vtĬFatuedImCatiEr" nigfamBl PaBcMerInlUtlas'«nv^T´asaås¶ p§ard*FMeFg
KuNsmºti¶rbs'ksikmµ .l. EdleKsegûteXIjmanenA¨beTseyokNam
sBëf©enH suTìswgCakt¶a«nkarrIkcMerInlUtlas'«nÓs§ahkmµCati «n¨beTs
enH . fÃIebIb"unµanq~SenH ¨beTseyokNam¨tèvxUcxatexæcxæIswgEtTSgGs' nUv
sgÅarN:¨Kb'Ebby"agk¶I shrd½GaemrikminGaccakecjBIeyokName¨kay
Edlsågðamcb' ehIyedayTuk[¨beTsenHsÄitk~¬gsÄanPaBdundabdUec~H
eLIy . sùrùGaù ¨VkdCasÄabnaeyokNameLIgv^j edImºIlublagxÂçn
cMeJH¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati . dUec~HehIy esd½kicÍeyokNammuxCaelb
esd½kicÍ«n¨beTsd«T@ CitxagminElgeLIy . enHCaCMhaneTAkan'karVt'
bg'nUväkraCPaB«neyIg .
KWeBlenHehIy Edl¨bvti¶saås¶nwgEcgnUv dMeNIreqõaHmkkan'Tisxag
lic| «n¨bCaraås¶eyokNamCaBit¨Vkd .
X
X X

21. 13
neyaVy Çmha¨beTseyokNamÈ ?
La politique du Grand Vietnam?
eyIgBuMhßansn~id½anGÃITukCamun [¨Vkd¨bCa nwgGacykCakºçnt¨ma
¨twm¨tèv cMeJHGnaKt«nvasnaCatieyIg enaHvaBitEmnehIy EteyIg¨tèvEt
mankatBÃkicÍeBjeljk~¬gbJúaenH edImºITajnUvemeronxÂH@ Edl¨bvti¶sa¨s¶
VnFÂab'sðal' mankarBiesaFn_rYcmkehIy . ÓTahrN_ EdlmanlkÅN:
Casarvn¶enaH minxÃHeTk~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶ «nBiPBelakeyIgnasm&yGtItkal
fµé@enH . eyIgenAcSy"agCak'Es¶g k~¬gsµartIeyIgm~ak'@ enAeLIyfa k~¬g
sm&ymunsågðamelakelIkTI2 ¨beTsGalÂWma"j (Allemagne) Vnp¶l'cMeJH
mnus§CatinUvemeronmYyCadMNM.
karGÃIEdleKsµanfaBuMGacekItmaneLIgesaH CYnkalk*GacekItman
eLIgVnEdr ehIykarenHvae¨sceTAelIeTs:kal:nakalsm&ypg e¨sc
eTAelIqnæ:«nG~kneyaVyCatienaHpg . ¨beTsGalÂWm"aj VnGnuvt¶nUv¨Tws¶I
neyaVyrbs'G~kdwknSeQµaHhIuEtÂr (Hitler) TamTar[¨bCaCatiGalÂWm"gð man
siTìirs'enAelIEdndImYyFM ehIyEdleKcat'EdndIenH CaGayuCév^trbs'eK
(Théorie de l'Espace Vital) .
clna«nkarTamTarB¨gékTwkdéenH CnCatiGalÂWm"gðeKVneFÃIeLIg eday
GageTAelIKMnitxusmYyEdlEcgfa ¨bCaCatiGalÂWm"gð Ca¨bCaCatixÂSgBUEkxõg'
xõs'dac'eKäg eTAelICnCatid«TeTot manCnCatisÂav (Slaves) nigLatSg
(Latins) TSgLayEdlrs'enAk~¬gTÃIbGWr"ubEb"kxagekIt nigGWr"ubEb"kxaglicCa
edémenH . ebI¨bsinCaCnCatiGalÂWm"gð CaCatixÂSgBUEky"agenHehIy FmµCati
¨tèvEt¨bKl'eTA[¨bCaCatiGalÂWm"gðnUvEdndémYyFMlµm Gac[¨bCaCatirs'
eday¨sçl (Lebensraum)! . kt¶aCasarvn¶mYyeTot KWkarcMerInlUtlas'd*
GsÍar´ nigmhiTìiòTì «nÓs§hkmµnigesd½kicÍTUeTA «n¨beTsGalÂWm"gðenHäg
ehIyCamYynwgkmÂSgesd½kicÍenH kmÂSgeyaFaKYr[¨BWxÂac«n¨beTsenHeTot
pg EdlC÷ruj[G~kdwknSneyaVyGalÂWm"gðsm&yNasuIs¶ Gnuvt¶edayKµan

22. 14
xÂacrEGg nUv¨Tws¶I B¨gékTwkdéniym d*c«¨gGBmgðlenH . edémºIse¨mcnUveKal
bMNgGP&BÃenH G~kneyaVyGalÂWm"gð cab'ep¶ém¨bkasTamTart¨mèv[v^l
cUlmkk~¬gmha¨KçsarGalÂWm"gð nUvEdndIbreTs naGWr"ubEb"kkN¶alnigxag
ekItTSgLayNa EdlmanCnCatiPaKticGalÂWm"gðrs'enA ehIyEdlniyay
PasaGalÂWm"gðpg . KWk~¬gKMnitd*exµAggwtenHäg EdlG~kneyaVyGalÂWm"gð
bMbHbMeVrbgûbegûétCaclacl ÉKNbk§GalÂWm"gðNasIu k~¬gcMeNamBBYk
GalÂWm"gðTSgLay EdlenAäbreTs KWk~¬g¨beTsC^txagenHEtm¶g . kalebI
manCaGgðkarTamTarsÃ&yt (Mouvements autonomistes) ÉclnaTamTarkarp¶ac'
ecj (Mouvements séparatistes) EdlmansJØatiGalÂWm"gð ehIyclnaTSgenH
EtgVnGMJvnav[matu¨beTsGalÂWm"aj CYye¨CamE¨CgGgðkarxÂçnedayeFÃI
Gn¶raKmn_pÂèvswk neyaVyÉTUtCaedém .
KWeTs:kal:enHägehIy Edlhuc{kaslí[G~kdwknSGalÂWm"gðsMerc
nUvbMNgd*Ga¨kk'«n¨Tws¶Irbs'xÂçn . k~¬gn&yenH ¨beTsGU¨TIsTSgmUl
(l'Autriche) ¨tèvFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«d«nBYkNasuIs¶niymk~¬gq~S 1936 . Edndé
Eb"kxaglic«n¨beTseqkUsÂèva"KI KWtMbn'sußyEdt (La région des Sudètes) Edl
manCnCatiGalÂWm"gðrs'enA BIcMnYnCag 3 lannak' ¨tèvkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨t
GalÂWm"gð . e¨kaymk KW¨beTseqkUsÂèva"KITSgmUleTot k*¨tèvkÂayeTACaEdndé
GaNaB´aVlGalÂWm"gðeTot .l.
ÓTahrN_enH manlkÅN:Cak'Es¶gNas'ehIy. etIeyIgGacsYrfa
etI¨Bwti¶karN_d*exµAggwtenH EbbGacekIteLIgsafµéeTot É k~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n
mnus§Cati . CakarBitNas' CYnkal¨bvti¶saås¶v^lcuHv^leLIg ¨tLb'mk
e¨kayv^jk*manù ù ù ù . karEdleyIg¨Kan'Et¨keLkemIleTACnCatiGasIu Eb"k
kN¶al (Les Peuples de l'Asie Centrale) EdlsBëf©enH sÄitenAe¨kamkar¨Kb'
¨KgTSg¨sug«n¨kugmU"sðè (Moscou) b"ueNöaHeyIgk*GacmanKMnitxÂHEdrehIy GMBI
ehtu«nkmÂSgesd½kicÍneyaVynigeyaFa «nmha¨beTsmYyeTAelI¨bCaCati
tUctac .
cuHenAÓbTÃIb²Nëècinv^j etIÓTahrN_ GalÂWm"gð|GacmaneLIgsaCafµéeT enAk~¬g
tMbn'eyIgenH ? karenHe¨sceTAelI¨bvti¶saås¶¨Vb'eyIgk~¬gGnaKtcuHù ù ù eyIg

23. 15
¨Kan'EtsUmp¶l'nUv v^PaK «nsÄankarN_neyaVynigesd½kicÍk~¬ge¨Cay²Nëècin
Etb"ueNaH edImIºCakarBicarNateTA Ð
¨bCaCati É ¨bCaraås¶eyokNam Ca¨bCaCatimYyEdleKGaccat'Tuk
edayKµanlak'elomfa man famBl (dynamisme) manKuNsmºti¶xagpÂèvbJïa
(les qualités Intellectuelles) ¨Kb'¨Kan' .l. esd½kicͨbeTsevotName¨kaysågðam Ca
esd½kicÍEdlnwgmankmÂSgek¿vkÂa ¨sbCamYynwgkMritxõg'xõs'xagkarGb'rMv^T´a
saås¶ nigbecÍkeTs«nCnCatienH . m´"ageTot xagpÂèveyaFa, ¨beTseyok-
NamnwgmankgT&Bd*xÂSgBUEk k~¬gcMeNam¨bCaCatiTSgLay enAe¨Cay²Nëè
cinnigk~¬gGasuIPaKGeK~y_enH . k*bu"En¶ehtukarN_mYyeTot EdleyIgmankar
Vrm¸Bn'eBkenaH KWCakarEdlmanGaNaniKmCnCatiyYn (les colonies
vietnamiennes) y"agsMxan' k~¬g¨beTsC^txagTSgLay :
enA¨beTskmõ¬Ca - Cag 500 000 nak' (1)
¨beTslav-Cag50 000nak' (ebIbUkrYmnwgTahaneyokNamxageCég)
¨beTsesom - Cag 50 000 nak' .
enA¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg ¨Kan'EtcMnYn«nCnbreTsyYnenH eFÃI[eyIgman
karVrm¸enaHBn'eBkNas'eTAehIy . ehIy¨bsinebIkarlYccUlmkkan'Et
e¨cInbn¶eTAeTot eKBiVknwgsn~id½anNas'cMeJHplv^Vk xagpÂèvesd½kicÍk*
dUcCaxagpÂèvneyaVyEdl¨beTseyIg¨tèvTTYlrge¨KaH . CaBiessNas'
eTAeTot CnCatiyYnTSgenHBuMgaynwgrlaycUleTAk~¬gsgðmCatinanaTSgenaH
eLIy eKenAEfrk§a¨b«BNI TMenomTmÂab'yYn nwgbMNgxagpÂèvcit¶ÉneyaVy
CamYynwgmatu¨beTsedémkMeNIt . KWk~¬gKMnitenHehIy EdleK¨tèvcat'TukCn
CatiyYnfaCa e¨KaHf~ak'y"agFM mYyxagEp~kneyaVy .
karEdl¨beTsev¿tNam nwg¨tèvlUtlas'duHdale¨kaysm&y
sågðamenHeTA nwgGaceFÃI[bMNgpÂèvcit¶nigpÂèvneyaVy«nCnCatiyYnTSgenH
rwtEtmanlkÅN:mSTSxÂSgeLIgCaBuMxan . äcMeJHbJúaCnCaticink~¬g¨beTs
(1) e¨kay«f©18 mIna1970, CnCatiyYnCag 100 000 nak' ¨tLb'eTA eyokNamxagtºègv^j .

24. 16
eyIg manlkÅN:ep§g edaysarsÄanPaBPUmisaås¶neyaVy«n¨beTs
eyIg (La situation géo-politique) nigedaysarCnCaticinTSgenaH yUrÉqab'Gac
¨Cçt¨CabrlaycUlnwgsgðmCatieyIgbn¶icm¶g@ . ehtudUec~HehIy VnCa
eyIgGacGHGagedayKµanrEGgfa mhae¨KaHf~ak'dl'GayuCév^t¨bCaCatiExµr
eyIgk~¬gGnaKtxagmux BIkarlUtlas'duHdalCasafµéeLIgv^j «n¨bCaCatieyok
NamenHäg ( la renaissance nationale vietnamienne ) ehIyCabzm, k~¬gbcͬbºn~
kal k*dUck~¬gGnaKtkalC^t@enH, snæ¬H«nesd½kicÍ nigkareXasnap§BÃp§ay
«nmenaKmv^CØabd^vt¶enHEtm¶g .
X
X X

25. 17
etIeyIg¨tèveFÃIdUcem¶c ?
karEdleyIgelIkyke¨KaHf~ak'd*FMeFgenH mkBicarNaBn´l'bMPÂWdl'smº-
CJï:«neyIgral'K~ay"agdUec~H minEmnVnesck¶Ifa eyIgcat'¨bCaCatieyokNam
Cas¨tèvBIdUntaGs'mYyCév^tCatieyIgeLIy (Ennemi hériditaire) . äeyIgv^j k*
dUec~aHEdr eyIgmin[¨bCaraås¶yYndEdlenH cat'eyIgTukCas¨tèvGs'mYyCév^t
dUcK~aEdr . GtItkalKWGtItkal eyIgmin¨tèv¨cLMGtItkal CamYynwgbcͬbºn~
kalÉGnaKtkalesaHeLIy . Ót¶mKtieyIg k*dUcCaÓt¶mKtiCnCati manGar´-
Fmánanak~¬gelakEdr eyIgedAeTArkkarksag GnaKtmYyEdlPÂWsÃag Edllí
¨b«B edayBwgEpíkeTAelIkareyaKyl'K~aeTAv^jeTAmkrvagCatinigCati . kar
TSgenHnwg¨tèvse¨mceLIgedayeyageTAtamemeron¨bvti¶saås¶ EdleyIgmin
cg'[¨bvti¶saås¶enH vilfye¨kayesaHeLIy . eyIghak'dUcCaVnTTYlkar
kk'ek¶Ae¨cInNas' GMBIsMNak'G~kneyaVy¨beTsyYnsm&yenH edayeK
Vnsn´afanwgmineFÃI GukL¬k| dl'¨beTseyIgeLIy(1)
eKnwgeKarBTTYl
sðal'GFibety´PaBnigbUrNPaBTwkdIeyIg . eyIgk*yl'EdrnUvsn¶ancit¶«n
G~kC^txageyIgenH . EtKYrKbIºeyIgyl'faenHCa bcͬbºn~kal cuHdl'
GnaKtkal yUreTA ? etIyuvCnɨbCaraås¶yYnenH enAEtrk§anUvesck¶IeKarB
nigkarTTYlsðal'enHteTAeTot ? sm&ymYyxussm&ymYyeTot ehIykar
edaH¨saybJúak*sMerceTAelI karvivt¶n_ enHEdr . k*bu"En¶CakarBitNas' Tuk
NaCaG~kdwknSyYnTSgLayenHmansn¶ancit¶lídUcem¶cm¶ak¶I cMeJHeyIg k*G~kTSgenH
BuMGacrarSgXat'XSg min[e¨KaHf~ak'enHmancMeJHmatu¨beTseyIgVneLIy e¨JHenH
Cacºab'FmµCati CalTìpl«nkarvivt¶n_Gar´FmáBIr Edlmant«mÂmindUcK~a (Ce serait
l'aboutissement logique d'un long processus d'évolution de deux civilisations voisines de
valeur inégale).
(1)- GtÄbTenHsresrmun«f©18mIna1970

26. 18
ehtudUec~H ¨bsinebIe¨KaHf~ak'enHmanPaBCak'Es¶g ehIyEdlGackÂay
eTAfakarKMramkMEhgd*kacsahavcMeJHvasnaCatieyIg eyIg¨tèvEtykbJúa
enH mkcgcSp¶^tCab'k~¬gsµartInigk~¬gsmºCJï:«n¨bCaCatieyIg . GavuFEdl
v^essv^saläNa BuMGaceFÃI[eKalbMNgmnus§se¨mceCaKC&yVneLIy
ebImnus§Edlkan'GavuFenHxÃH smºCJï: ¨Kb'¨Kan' cMeJHe¨KaHf~ak'EdlGac
¨bl&yCév^txÂçnnigcMeJH katBÃkicÍ Casarvn¶rbs'xÂçnägy"agenH . dUec~HehIy
cMeJH¨bCaCatieyIg GavuFEdlsk¶isiTì bMputGacCYyeyIg[putBImhn¶rayVn
KW smºCJï:Cati | enHägehIy (la conscience nationale) . mansmºCJï:Cati
KW sðal't«mÂd*v^essv^sal«nCatixagpÂèvvbºFmák*dUcCaxagpÂèvsgðm (la valeurs
socio-culturelles) . m´"ageTot mansmºCJï:Cati KWmin¨Kan'EtB¨géknUvkar
es~haCati (le patriotisme) b"ueNöaHeT EfmTSgB¨géknUvlTìi Catiniym (le
nationalisme) enHeTot .
lTiìCatiniymxagpÂèvneyaVy nigpÂèvesd½kicÍCaGavuF«nkarKg'vg§Cév^t
«n¨bCaCatieyIg (le nationalisme politique et économique constitue l'unique arme de
notre survie en tant que nation dans cette partie du monde)
lTiì CatiniymCa¨Tws¶I neyaVy minEmn¨Kan'EtVnesck¶Ifa kars~haCati
Edl¨Kan'EtCamenaseJÍtnamYy k~¬gcMeNammenaseJÍtnaTSgLay «n
mnus§m~ak'@eLIy . lTiìCatiniym CalTiìEdledAeTAelIkar elIkt«mÂxõg'xõs'«n
lkÅNCati «nmenaKmv^CØaCati nigGÃI@TSgLayEdlTak'TgcMeJH¨bCaCati . TSg
Gs'enH KWeFÃI[se¨mcnUv Ót¶mKtid*xõg'xõs'rbs'CatidUcCakar lUtlas' karrIk
duHdal«nkmÂSgrbs'Cati xagpÂçvneyaVydUcCaxagpÂèvesd½kicÍÉeyaFaEdr .
KWk~¬gÓt¶mKtienHehIy EdlkatBÃkicÍCabzmrbs'eyIg KW karB¨gwg«n
lTiìCatiniymrbs'eyIg (Renforcer notre nationalisme) eFÃI[lTiìenHman¨KwHmSmYn
(Fondements solides) GackÂayeTACamenaKmv^CØaCati¨bkbeday¨bsiTìiPaBCak'
Es¶g . KWebIniyay[xÂé KWeFÃI[Jk´ ÇCatiniymÈ man n&yeBjelj .
m´"ageTot lTiìenHGaclUtlas'elOneTAmuxVn k*Ga¨s&yeTAelIkarlUt
las' lTiì¨bCaFibety´ (la démocratie) EdlGnuJïat[¨bCara¨s¶GaccUlrYb
rYmBit¨Vkd k~¬gkicÍkarrd½ (la participation réelle et profonde du peuple dans les

27. 19
affaires de l'Etat ) ehIyGa¨s&yeTAelIkarduHdal«nyuti¶FmápÂèvsgðm ( la justice
sociale ) Cak'Es¶g . ebIkt¶aCasarvn¶TSgBIrKµaneT Jk´Catiniym ɨsLaj'
Cati¨Kan'EtCasðrkMEbkEtbu"eNöaH BuMGacykCaduMkMPYnGÃIVneLIy .
kt¶a mnus§| ( le facteur humain ) Cakt¶aFMbMputku~¬gkicÍkarksagCatieTArk
esck¶IcMerIndl'kMritxõg'xõs'«nGar´FmáCati .
kalebIkt¶amnus§mansPaB«fÂfÂaehIy karsÄabnaesd½kicÍCati CakatBÃkicÍ
cuge¨kaybgís' . eFÃI¨beTskmõ¬Ca[kÂayeTACa¨beTslUtlas' mankmÂSg
esd½kicͨKb'¨Kan' GacQmmuxTb'Tl'nwgkmÂSgp§BÃp§ay«nesd½kicͨbeTs
CitxageyIg enHehIyEdlCaesck¶I¨Vf~acuge¨kay«n¨bCaCatieyIg . eK
niyayfa esd½kicÍdwknSneyaVy ( L'économie dirige la politique ) . ehIyeK
niyayeTotfa ebIesd½kicÍeyIgex§ay eyIgBuMGacnwgse¨mcVnnUv äkraC´
neyaVy VneLIy ( L'indépendance politique ) . Vnesck¶Ifa ebIesd½kicÍ
eyIgex§ay Jk´äkraC´neyaVy | enH KW¨Kan'EtJk´TeT Kµansar:
sMxan'GÃIesaH . eyIgkuMniyayeLIydl'eTAcg'se¨mc[man äkraC´esd½kicÍ
( L'indépendance économique ) eBjelj BIe¨JHenH¨Kan'EtJk´esÂakEt
bu"eNöaH . sm&yenHminEmnsm&y Edlrs'enABwgEpíkeTAelIxÂçnägTSg¨sug
(L'autarcie) bMVt'karTak'TgxagpÂèvesd½kicÍCamYybreTs ù ù ù . manEtmha
GMNacmYy É BIrbu"eNöaHk~¬gelakenHeT EdlGacse¨mcnUväkraC´esd½kicÍ
enHVn edayGageTAelIePaK¨TB´d*²tKNna EdlFmµCatielakVn¨bTan
mk[¨beTsTSgenH . cuHcMeJH¨beTseyIg EdlKµanFnFanBIFmµCatiGÃIb"unµan
e¨kAGMBI dIlºb'TenÂemKgð ¨bkbeTAeday CICati nig Twkd*bribUNá ²tKNna nig
kMedA¨BHGaTit´ KWeyIgmanEt FnFanTSg 3 bu"eNöaHesaH (dI Twk kMedA) . ehtu
y"agenHehIyVnCa mUld½an«nesd½kicÍCatieyIg KW ksikmµenHäg .
eyIgmanFnFan 3 ehIy xÃHEtmYyeTotbu"eNöaH edImIºse¨mcnUvkar
lUtlas'Vn KWkarGb'rMksikreyIgeTAtambecÍkeTs nigv^T´asa¨s¶TMenIb
(l'information technique des agriculteurs) ¨bsinebIksikmµeyIglUtlas'eBj
TMhwgehIy ¨beTsnwgGackÂayeTACa ÇkMBUlÈ k¬~gPUmiPaKGasuIGeK~y_eyIg
enH ( le Cambodge serait "roi" de l' Asie du Sud-Est ) . etIVtuPUtTSgenHÉ EdlCa

28. 20
mUld½and*v^essv^sal ¨T¨Tg'nUvlTiìCatiniymesd½kicÍrbs'rd½ExµreyIg ?
eyIgman¨Kb'¨Kan'ehIymUld½anTSgenH eyIgenAxÃHEtqnæ: e¨bobVnnwgEdk É
kareb¶CÆacit¶TSg¨sugEtbu"eNöaHeToteT Edlesd½kicÍksikmµeyIgnwg¨tèvcab'
ep¶émedIreTAmux . 10 É 20 q~SeTot neyaVyenH¨VkdCa[plCak'Es¶gCa
Bit¨Vkd .
m´"ageTot 30q~SeTot bN¶aCneyIgekIndl'eTA 15lannak' ¨beTs
eyIgnwgkÂayeTACa¨beTsFMsmºèrsbºaymYy Camha¨beTsmYyk~¬gPUmiPaK
GasuIEb"kxagtºègminElgeLIy .
eBlenaHehIy Edl¨bCaCatieyIgQb'mane¨Bob eGanfyCageK
(Complexe d'infériorité) manmuxmat'Ca¨beTsmYy EdlmanC&yCMnHeTAelIPaB
x§t'ex§ay VnerIb¨mHecjBInwm«n¨bvit¶sa¨s¶ e¨kaysm&ymhanKr ( Ce
sera la libération définitive de notre peuple de tant de siècles de décadence et
d'écrasement physique et moral ) .
eFÃIy"agenH KW¨VkdCaeyIg¨bKl'eTA[¨bCaCatieyIgv^jnUvesck¶IkÂa
han famBl nigesck¶I«fÂf~èrEdlVt'bg'Gs'ry:eBlCag 6 stvt§rYc
mkehIy .
X
X X

29. 21
esck¶IbJÍb'
enAk~¬gBiPBmYyEdlkmÂSgesd½kicÍ E¨bkÂayeTACakmÂSgelIslb'k~¬g
kar¨T¨Tg'nUvkarKg'vg§Cév^t ( la survie ) Cati, ehIym´"ageTot enAk~¬gPUmiPaKenH
EdlsPaBrMeBItrMeBInxÃHesÄrPaBCaGci«ån¶y_ eFÃI[eyIgBiVk¨bemIlnUvGna-
Ktkal ¨beTskmõ¬CasÄitenAk~¬gsÄanPaBPUmisa¨s¶nigneyaVymYy Edl
manlkÅN:sµ¬Ksµaj rkGÃI¨bdUcminVneLIy . sÄanPaBenH BitCae¨KaHf~ak'
mYyEdlKMramkMEhg¨beTseyIgral'CMhan «nkarv^vt¶n_«n¨beTs . edImIºnwg
karJrmatu¨beTs¨bqSgnwge¨KaHf~ak'enH eyIg¨tèvEt¨bmUlnUvkmÂSgcit¶kmÂSg
kay edImIºsÄabna¨beTskmõ¬Ca[kÂayeTACa ¨beTsmYylUtlas' mankmÂSg
esd½kicͨKb'¨Kan' GacTb'Tl'nwgkarp§BÃp§ay«nkmÂSgesd½kicÍrbs'¨beTs
Citxag EdlsuTìswgEtCa¨beTsFM@ mankmÂSgesd½kicÍnigneyaVyKYr[
eyIgmankar¨BYyVrm¸ .
karKg'vg§Cév^t«n¨bCaCatieyIg k~¬gsÄankarN_d*lMVkenH vae¨scTSg
¨sugeTAelImUld½anEdlmanlkÅN:¨Vkdniym ehIymSTSrwgbuwgeTotpg .
ämUld½anenaH eyIgrM®km¶gehIym¶geTotcuH KWKµanGÃIe¨kABIFnFanksikmµ eLIy.
ksikmµeyIglUtlas' Vnesck¶Ifaesd½kicÍCatieyIglUtlas' Vnesck¶I
eTotfa eyIgmanGavuF¨Kb'¨Kan' edImIº¨byuTì¨bqSg niwg karsgût'sgûin xag
pÂèvesd½kicÍGMBIsMNak' «nc¨kBti¶niym nig GaNaniKmsm&yfµé nigGMBI
sMNak'«nG~kC^txageyIg .
eyIgsUmdk¨sg'Jk´bNëitenru ( Nehru ) edImIºbJÍb'GtÄbTenH Ð

30. 22
Ç drabNaesd½kicÍeyIgenATn'ex§ay drabenaH eyIgrs'enA hak'bIdUcCaKµan
neyaVye¨kA¨beTseLIy e¨JHeyIgminTan'tSgxÂçnCaecAhÃayelIxÂçneyIgVnenA
eLIy . ä äkraC´neyaVy| enaHesateTot ¨Kan'EtCaÓt¶mKtienAeLIys¨mab'
lYgcit¶eyIg kuM[eyIgxkcit¶Etb"ueNöaH È .
nYn eXOn
P~MeBj «f©TI 24 kJïa 1969

31. dMeNIreq<a¼
eTATisxaglic(1)

32. 23
k~¬gelxe¨kaybgís'«nTs§navd¶é (Etude Cambodgienne) EdlVneVHBumõ
eLIgeday¨ksYgeXasnakarCati, elak súal Emeyor ( Charles Meyer ) k~¬g
TMB&rv^carNkfaVnsresrk~¬g¨kbx&Në «nkarTak'Tg Exµr eyokNam Ca
GaTidUcteTAenH : Ç vt¶man«nCnCatiyYn eTAelITwkdIExµrCae¨KaHf~ak'xagpÂèv
neyaVy ehIyplv^Vk«nehtukarN_enHVnelceFÂa [eXIjrYcmkehIy
enAtamtMbn'xÂH@ . eKVnsegûteXIjfaBBYkG~keFÃIkareXasnayYnmanskmµ
PaBy"agsMxan' enAtamPUmiCnbTExµrnana ehIyEfmTSgVn ENnSnigdwknS
dl'BBYkbHeVrEdl¨bkan'menaKmv^CØaEbbyYnenHeTotpgù ù ù È . q©aymk
eTot G~kniBnìdEdlenH VnsresreTotfa Ð Ç lkÅN:d*F©n'F©rmYyeTot «n
bJúa Exµr-yYn KWkarmktSgenAedayes©¿ms©at' «nCnCatiyYnenAelITwkdI«n
kmõ¬Ca ( L'implantation pacifique des émigrés Vietnamiens en territoire Khmer ) È
Ç ¨Kçsarrab'ry¨Kç edaysarkarTmÂak'¨Kab'Ebk«nyn¶ehaHGaemrikSg
bgÅ÷[eKcakecallMenAkMeNItrbs'xÂçn, Vnmks~ak'Ga¨s&yenA¨beTs
kmõ¬Ca . mYyPaKFM«nG~kTSgLayenH VnxitxMvatTItSg enAe¨kaykarbJÍb'
sågðameTot ehIykarEdlKYr¨bhak'¨bEhlmYyeTot KWfanwgmanCnCatiyYn
xÂH EdlFÂab'Vn¨tèvr"UvCamYynwgGaemrikSg nigGaCÆaFr«n¨kug«¨BnKr kal
sågðamcb'ehIy nwgqÂgkat'¨BMEdnmk¨CkenAelIEdndIExµreTotù ù ù ehIykar
TSgenHnwg¨VkdCabegûét[mannUvesck¶I¨BçyVrm¸mYyy"agFMeFg k~¬gbN¶a
¨bCara¨s¶ExµrenAtam¨BM¨bTl'Edn È .
esck¶IEtbu"eNöH eyIgGacyl'Vne¨sceTAehIyfa etIe¨KaHf~ak'PÂam@
nigeTAGnaKtrd½ExµreyIgKW¨tg'Na ? dUceyIgFÂab'VnykbJúa«ndMeNIreqõaH
mkTisxaglic «nCnCatiyYnenHmkecaTrYcmkehIy clnamkTisxaglic
enH min¨twmEtmanlkÅN:neyVy nigmenaKmv^CØaeT KWEfmTSgCalTìpl
y"agCak'Es¶g «nkarv^vd¶«n¨bvti¶sa¨s¶«nEpndIGtIt²NëècinVrSgess . mun
(1) GtÄbTenHVncuHp§ayk¬~gsarBátman ÇnKrFMÈ BI«f© 20 eTA 28 F~è 1969 - KW 5 ExmunsågðamekIt
eLIgk~¬g¨beTseyIg . nùXù

33. 24
dMbUg CnCatiyYnTSgenHVneFÃIdMeNIrmkBITisxagtºègCahUrEh tamCYrP~M
GNöam ( Les Cordilières annamitiques ) ehIyk~¬gdMeNIrenH EdlmanGayue¨cIn
stvt§ VnelbVt'eTAehIy nKrcmº"a¨BmTSgEdndIkmõ¬Cae¨kameTotpg enA
edImstvt§TI19 (k~¬grvagq~S1840) . ehtuy"agenHehIy VnCae¨CayTwkexµA
( Camau ) CadIxagtºègbMput«n²Nëècin ¨tèvCnCatiyYnmkvatTItSgenA .
dUec~HebI«f©mux mankarvatTItSgeTot KWdMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic ehIy
mkb"Hnwg¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgEtm¶g . ²Lèv¨Bwti¶karN_enH edaysarmansågðam
enAeyokNam tSgBIq~S1945 rhUtmkdl'bcͬbºn~kalenH Cakt¶ay"agFM,
VnmanrYcmkehIy ehIy¨VkdCanwgmankan'EtFMeLIg@ eTA«f©muxeTot ebI
v^FankarEdlnwgcat'BuMman¨bsiTìPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eTenaH .
lkÅN:F©n'F©rmYyeTot«nbJúasµ¬KsµajenH KWkarEdlbN¶aCnyYnenH
mankarbegûéncMnYnmYyy"agelOnKYr[¨beTsC^txag mankar¨BçyVrm¸CacS
Vc' . ebI¨bsinCaeyIgyksÄiti EdleKVneFÃIeLIgedayv^FIv^T´asaås¶mk
Binit´karN_enH rwtEtKYr[eyIgeXIjCak'Es¶gNas'eTAeTot Ð PaKry«n
kMeNIncMnYn¨bCaCnExµreyIg man¨twmEt 2,5 eTA 2,6 PaKryEtb"ueNöaH ( le
taux d'accroissement démographique ), äcMENkyYn ebItamG~kCMnajkar PaKry
enHeLIgdl'eTA 3 PaKryelIseyIgeTAeTot . m´"ageTotdl'e¨kaysågðam
cb' PaKry«nkarbegûInenH¨bhak'¨bEhlCanwgeLIghYsBI 3 PaKryenHeTA
eTot . ehtukarN_enH Gacmanplv^VkCaF©n'F©rBn'eBk mkelI¨beTseyIg
nig¨beTsC^txag : m´"ageTotk~¬g¨beTsyYn karekInd*elOn«nbN¶aCnenH
GacecaT[manCabJúadIFÂI ( problèmes agraires ) Edl¨tèv[manTMhM¨Kb'¨Kan'
edImIºGacciJÍwmmnus§kan'Ete¨cIneLIg@ . ¨Kan'EtsBëf©enH cMnYn¨bCaCn
xageCIgnigxagtºègbJÍèlK~a Cag 40 lannak'eTAehIy ehIybJúadIFÂImanecaT
xÂH@rYcmkehIy, cuHdl' 20 É 30 q~SeTot ¨bCaCnenH¨tèvKuNnwgBIr BI 70
eTA 80 lannak' ! etIbJúaenHnwgmanTMhMFMdl'NaeTA ? elIkElgEtGnaKt
esd½kicÍyYn kÂayeTAeTACaesd½kicÍÓs§ahkmµy"aglUtlas'xÂSgNas' eTIb
GacedaH¨saybJúaenHVn ebIminy"agenHeT CnCatiyYnTSgenHnwg¨tèvcak
ecjBI¨beTsxÂçnmkenAelIdITSgLayEdlenATMenr ehIydIEdlenATMenrTSgenaH

34. 25
KWEdndIExµreyIgEtm¶g . äcMENkEdndI¨beTslavCadIP~M ehIyebItam¨bvti¶
saås¶eTot CnCatieyokNamenH Camnus§EdlcUlcit¶rs'enAelIvalTMnab
( l'homme de la plaine ) KWEdndIsN¶«nTenÂemKgðEtm¶g ( le Delta ou la vallée du
Mékong ) . m´"agv^jeTot cUreyIgkuMePÂcfa ebIdl'q~S 2000 ¨bCaCnExµreyIgekIn
dl'eTA15 lannak' enHebItamkarsµantamkmµv^FIv^T´asaås¶, ä¨beTseyok
Nam nwgekIndl'BI70eTA80lannak'eTAehIy . m´"ageTot ebIkar¨saybJúa¨bCa
CnenHBMuVn¨sçleT enaHeyIgVrm¸xÂacE¨kgEtnwgmankarbegûétk~¬gcMeNam
bJïavn¶yYnEdlmanKMnitCatiniymhYsehtu ( l'ultra-nationalisme ) nUv¨Tws¶I
B¨gIkTwkdIniym edImIº[¨bCaraås¶eKGacrs'enAVn ( une nouvelle théorie de
l'Espace Vital ) . ehIyebI¨Tws¶IenHekIteLIgEmnenaH, plv^VknwgmanlkÅN:
F©n'F©r«¨kElg mkelIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg .
m´"agv^jeTot äk~¬g¨beTseyIg CnCatiyYnEdlrs'k~¬g¨sukExµr eyIg
k*ekIneLIgmindac'Edr .
sBëf©enH GaNikCnCatiyYnTSgenaH mancMnYnBI 450,000 eTA 500,000 nak'
eTAehIy(1)
KWCiteTA 7 PaKry«nbN¶aCnExµreyIgTSgmUl . ehIyPaKry«n
karekIncMnYn¨bCaCnyYnenAk~¬g¨sukeyIgeTot k*elIsPaKry«nkMeNIt¨bCa
CneyIgEdr dUec~HehIy karekInenH¨tèvEtelOneTAmuxCadrab edaybUkbJÍèlCa
mYypgnUvkarlblYccUlmkenA elIdIExµreyIg eday²tcºab'TmÂab'enaHeTot. eyIg
VnsegûteXIjCaTUeTAfa CnCatiyYnEdlenA¨sukExµreyIg PaKe¨cInCaG~k¨kI
¨k ehIyPaB¨kI¨kenH GacbegûéteLIgnUvbJúaxagpÂèvsgðmy"agF©n'F©r manecar
kmµ Xatkmµ PaB²tkareFÃI ElºgsIusg karlk'sm¹s§xÂçnedImIºrs' .l.
ehIyedayehtufaExµrnigyYnrs'enAC^t@K~a CYnkalmankarTak'TgK~aeTAv^j
eTAmkpgk*man plv^VkenH nwg¨tèvFÂak'mkelIsgðmExµreyIg²tebI¨bEkk
VneLIy. enHCabJúaxagsgðmv^T´a ( un problème sociologique ) KbIºEteyIg
cab'GarmµN_edImIº[sgðmExµrrk§anUvPaBsíatsíMPaBbrisuTì .
¨Bwti¶karN_mYyeTot EdleyIgKYrcab'GarmµN_CaBiess karbegûéncMnYn
kan'Ete¨cIn «nGaNikCnbreTsyYnelIEpndIeyIg ehIyebIeyIgbUkbJÍèl
(1) mun 18mIna 1970 .

35. 26
TSgGaNikCnbreTscinmkeTotpg nwgGacmanplv^VkmYyeTotF©n'F©r«¨k
Elg k~¬gGnaKtkal. ¨Kan'EtsBëf©enH CnbreTsTSgLayenH mancMnYn
C^t ÉCagmYylannak'eTAehIy k~¬gcMnYnbN¶aCneyIgTSgGs'Cag8lannak' . ebIeyIg
niyay[Vncºas'eTAeTot KWk~¬gExµrTSgGs' 7 nak' manbreTscin-yYn 1
nak' . ehtukarN_enH GacnwgbN¶al[maneLIgCa bJúasasn_ ( un problème
racial ) ehIyEdlnwgmanlkÅN:CabJúapÂèvsgðmeTotpg . enA¨beTs
ma"LayUfµé @ enH manpæ¬HerOgsasn_enH bN¶al[mankarvwkvr xUcxatnUvesÄr
PaBxagpÂèvneyaVy ehIysBëf©enHk¶I bJúaenHk*minTan'cb'sBèKb'eTA
ehIyEdr . GaNikCnbreTsCatiyYn enA¨sukeyIgsBëf©enH BuMEmnenA
es©¿ms©at'bu"nµaneLIy eKmanGgðkarsm©at'¨Kb'Ebby"ag xagpÂèvsasna k*dUc
CaxagpÂèvneyaVy . erOgGs'enHnrNak*dwg¨Kb'@ K~aehIyEdr .
sBëf©enH eKeXIjBYkeK enAhak'dUcCaes©¿ms©at' BIe¨JHeBlenH yYn
kMBugCab'eFÃIsågðam enA¨beTsev¿tNam ehIyCa ¨beyaCn_rbs'eKFMNas' Edlt¨mUv
[eKmankarTak'Tgy"ag¨b«B CamYyGaCÆaFrExµreyIg . cuHdl'eKcb'sågðameTA
¨beTseKrYbrYmK~av^jÉeT ?
ebIminrYbrYmxagpÂèvneyaVyk*xagpÂèvesd½kicÍ vbºFmáEdr ehIy¨beTs
eKnwgkÂayeTACamhaGMNacGasIumYy EdlBiPBelakVnTayrYcmkehIy
enaH CnCatiev¿tNamenA¨sukExµr cºas'CanwgmansmºCJï: cMeJHkmÂSgrbs'
xÂçnminElgeLIy ( La prise de conscience de leur force en tant que minorité
ethniquement et politiquement dominante ) ehIynigmankarTamTarGÃIep§g@ xag
pÂèvsgðm ÉpÂèvneyaVyminElgeLIy .
enHCae¨KaHf~ak'mYyFMGenk BIe¨JHnwgGacbN¶al[karlík' k~¬gkarTak'
TgExµr-yYn eTAGnaKtkalminecHcb' minecHehIy. VnCaeyIghßanGHGag
y"agenH minEmnedayeyIgmanKMnitsíb'CnCatiyYnBIdUnta ( une haine hérédi-
taire ) enaHmkeT KWmkGMBIkarEdleyIgeFÃIv^PaKk~¬gbJúaExµr-yYnenHEtm¶g. enH
Cakarv^vt¶imYy EdlmanlkÅN:CakarcSVc' e¨JH¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati Vn
¨bTHbJúaEbbenHe¨cInNas'mkehIy k~¬gstvt§TI 20 enHEtm¶g .

36. 27
äNakaredaH¨say ?
karedaH¨sayEdl¨b«B minEmnkare¨bI ÇFmáek¶AÈ enaHeT e¨JHfaebI
e¨bIFmáek¶A nwgbN¶al[man¨btikmµlkÅN:Ca ÇFmáek¶AÈ tbmkv^j mincb'
minehIy nigeFÃI[e¨CaHrvag ExµrnigyYn kan'EtmanTMhMFMeLIg@ Gs'man
esÄrPaBneyaVy k~¬g²NëècinCa¨Vkd . eyIgniyay ÇFmáek¶AÈ enH KWcg'
niyaydl'karbgÅM[GaNikCnyYnTSgenH v^l¨tLb'eTA¨sukkMeNItv^j (le
rapatriement forcé) . . v^FankarenH bN¶al[manplv^VkGa¨kk'eTAelIesd½kicÍ
Cati Ð eyIgnwgVt'bg'nUv¨kbxNëesd½kicÍ nigbecÍkeTse¨cIn, EfmTSgp§ar
k~¬g¨beTseyIgy"agsMxan'eTot EdlCakarcSVc'cMeJHGnaKt karlUtlas'
Ós§ahkmµnigesd½kicͨbeTskmõ¬CaeyIg . ehIyeTaHbIkarbgÅM[v^leTA¨suk
kMeNItv^j GaceFÃIeTAekItvanwgbN¶al[manbJúad*FM EdlnwghYssmtÄPaB
rbs'eyIgeTotpg. dUec~H v^FankarEdleyIgGacGnuvt¶eTAVn edayminbegûét
CabJúaF©n'F©reBkeT KWkar¨tçt¨ta[Vnditdl' dl'skmµPaB¨Kb'Ebby"ag
xagpÂèv sasna k¶I xag pÂèvsgðm É neyaVy k¶I EdlGaNikCnCatiyYnTSgGs'
mank~¬g¨beTseyIg edImIºGac[eyIgrMgab'Tan' ( neutraliser ) nUv¨Kb'bMNg
Ga¨kk'TSgLay EdlnwgGaccab'p¶çcep¶émeLIg .
ehIysMxan'CagenHeTAeTot KWkarbiTTl'Edn[Vnrwgbwug KYr[mankar
Tukcit¶ Qb'[mankarlYcnScUlbreTsmktamv^FIJNiCØkmµ É edaykarsuß÷
¨KlMxÃHsmºCJï: . eyIgKYryl'fa ebImankarlblYccUlmkm¶gmYykal
(Temporaire) enaHminEmnCae¨KaHf~ak'xÂSgkÂabu"nµaneT e¨KaHf~ak'EdlFM KWkarmk
tSgTIlMenACanicÍkal ( Implantations permanentes ) edaymankarsg'pæHsEmºg
cab'¨bkbksikmµ ÉmuxrbrGÃIep§g@eTot e¨JHCn¨bePTenH Edlman ÇòsÈ
Cab'nwgdIeyIgehIy nwgmankUnecA mit¶Pk¶i mingay¨tLb'eTAv^jäg@ eLIy.
ehIyebIy"agenHeTA Tl'EdneyIgnwg¨tèvbreTsyYnmktSgenAkkkuj rYc
ehIyk*bN¶al[manCemÂaH rkerOgehtuCamYynigbgbíènExµreyIg begûét[
mankarBiVkrs'enA äExµreyIgCaCatisÂèt¨tg' minCaG~krkerOgehtueK k*¨tèv

37. 28
eVHbg'ecalTIenaH rt'mkenAq©ay@eTot .l. enH¨VkdCakardeN¶ImTwkdI
edayv^FIes©¿ms©at' EdleyIgKYrcab'GarmµN_[VnCak'cºas' .
dUceyIgVneFÃIkarEvkEjkrYcmkehIy esck¶IsgwômeyIgTSg¨sugsÄit
enAelIrd½aPiVle¨sac¨sg' Cati EdlnwgmansmºCJï:cºas'las' cMeJHe¨KaHf~ak'd*
FMeFgenH dl'matu¨beTskmõ¬Carbs'eyIg . ebIbJúaTSgenHminVnTTYlkaredaH¨say KYrCa
TIkk'ek¶AeT GnaKtrbs'eyIgnwgmanBBkexµAggwtmkVMgminxaneLIy k~¬g¨kbxNë«nkarv^vt¶i
neyaVyTUeTA k~¬gPUmiPaK²Nëècind*rMeCIbrMCYlenH .
sù m"anI
P~MeBj «f©TI23 F~è 1969

38. 29
}NÚÐcin
kñúgqñaM2000¿¿¿

39. 30
KMnit ɨTws¶IEdlEcgfa bN¶aCn ( la population ) nigkarv^vt¶n_«nbN¶aCn
enHman naTId*sMxan' mYyenAk~¬gCévPaB neyaVyCati nigGn¶rCatienHminEmn
CaKMnit ɨTwsI¶efµagfµéeT . CakarBitEmnehIy EdleKeJlfa Çmnus§È
CamUld½ansarvn¶«n¨Kb'rbb¨Kb'¨KgneyaVy«n¨bCaCati Ésgðmmnus§TSg
Lay . ehtudUec~HVnCacMnYnmnus§eJlKWbN¶aCnk~¬g¨beTsnimYy@ Ék~¬g
tMbn'PUmiPaKnimYy@, ¨tèvEtman²TiìBlCakarcSVc'eTAelIsÄanPaB ÉkicÍdwknS
neyaVy k~¬g¨beTsÉk~¬gPUmiPaKEdl¨bmUlp¶¬÷¨beTsTSgenaH . dUec~H ebI
eyaleTAtam¨Tws¶IenH cMnYnbN¶aCnnigkardwknSneyaVy BuMGac¨tèveKGar
kat'p¶ac'ecjBIK~aVneLIy .
bN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaD
La surpopulation
edayeyageTAtam¨Tws¶IxagelIenH ¨bvti¶v^TUnigsgðmv^TU ( Sociologue )
PaKe¨cInVnBn´l'GMBIbuBÃehtu«nsågðamrvagCatinigCati ( Causes des guerres )
nig clnabd^vt¶n_ (mouvements révolutionnaires) EdlVncab'kMeNIteLIgk~¬g
¨beTsÉPUmiPaKnimYy@ «nBiPBelak edayBwgEpíkeTAelIsÄanPaBnigclna
«nkarv^vt¶n_«nbN¶aCnenHEtm¶g . ¨bvti¶saås¶rbs'mnus§Cati hak'dUcCaVn
kt'sMKal'nUv¨Bwt¶ikarN_ CaKMrUxÂHrYcmkehIy EdlGac[eyIgykmkbJØak'
bk¨sayBn´l'nUv¨Tws¶IxagelIenH Ð k~¬grvagq~S 1930, ¨beTsGalÂWm"aj
sm&yhuIEtÂr enATÃIbGWru"b, nig¨beTsCb"unsm&yeyaFaniymenATIÃbGasuI, Vn
eFÃIneyaVyeyaFaniymd*eXareXA bgûbegûIt[mansågðamk~¬gBiPBelak
¨BmTSgVnp§BÃp§aynUvesck¶Ie¨kom¨kM nigkarexÂacp§aGs'ry:Cae¨cInq~S mk
elImnus§Cati .
¨beTsTSgBIrenH k¬~gsm&yenaH suTìswgCa¨beTsEdlmanbN¶aCn
e¨cInhYsmaDhYssmtÄPaB«nkaredaH¨saysamJï«n¨beTsTSgBIr Ð ä

40. 31
neyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym nigsågðamQÂanJneTAelI¨bCaCatiCitxag Edl
¨beTsTSgenHVnbgûbegûéteLIg KWBitCaenAk~¬geKalbMNgneyaVymYy
y"agcºas'las' KWvaydeN¶ImykTwkdIbreTsmkeFÃICarbs'xÂçn edImIºCa
meF´aVyGac[¨beTsxÂçnmanEdndI¨Kb'¨Kan' ( Espace vital ) sMrab'ciJÍwm
bN¶aCnrbs'¨beTseK Edlkan'EtekIncMnYne¨cIneLIg@CalMdab'erogral'q~S@
KWk¬~geKalbMNgenHehIy EdldMbUgeLIg¨beTs Cbu"n VncºSgvaydeN¶Im
ykEdndI kUer" ( Corée ) nig m"g'CUrI ( Mandchourie ) na¨beTscinEb"kxageCIg,
¨BmTSgKMramkMEhgdl'GaNaext¶xÂH«nshPaBsUevotpg ehIybN¶al[
ekItmansågðamy"agyUr BIq~S 1936 eTATl'nwgq~S 1945 rvagcinnigCb"un .
ä¨beTsGalÂWm"ajv^j k*VnGnuvt¶neyaVyQÂanJnTwkdItSgBIq~S
1938 mkdl'q~S 1945 edayVnvaydeN¶Imyk¨beTs GU¨TIs, b"ULèj
nig1PaKFM«nmha¨beTs rus§I .l. CaBiesseTAeTot eKVnkt'sMKal'fa
mankMeNIncMnYnbN¶aCneTÃk~¬g TIÃbGWru"bBIq~S 1814 mkdl'q~S 1914 ehIy¨sab'EtenA
edImstvt§r_TI20enHEtm¶g TÃIbGWru"bVnqÂgkat'nUvsm&ymYyd*rMeCIbrMCYl ehIy
¨bTHnUvmhasågðamdl'eTABIrelIk ¨Kan'Etk~¬gry:Jk'kN¶al«n stvt§r_TI20
Etb"ueNöaH .
CaTIbMputeKsegûteXIjm´"ageTotfa k~¬gsm&ybcͬbºn~enH ¨Kb'¨beTs
x§t'ex§ayTSgLay«nttiyelak ( les pays sous développés ) EdleTIbnwg
Vnsðal'nUvkMeNIncMnYnbN¶aCn d*elOnhak'bIdUcCasnæ¬H¨Bçj kMBugEtCYb
¨bTHnUv clnabd^vt¶n_ mYyEdlkMBugEtraldalp§BÃp§ay¨Kb'TisTI edayman
Ggðkar kumµ¬ynis¶niymGn¶rCati CYye¨CamE¨Cgpg . ehIyclnarMeBItrMeBInTSg
enH ¨tèvVneKerobcMeLIgk~¬geKalbMNgnwgrMlMrbb neyaVyesd½kicÍ sgðm
cas'TamTar[manrbbfµé ¨bkbedaylkÅN:bdivt¶n_ EdleKyl'fanwgGac
edaH¨saybJúasgðmmnus§Vneday¨bsiTìPaB Biess bJúaEdlTak'Tg
eTAnwgkMeNInd*elOnhYs¨bmaN «nbN¶aCnenHäg . KWk~¬g¨kbxNë«n¨Tws¶I
enHägeTot EdlmanG~k¨VCÆxÂHmanelak kúass¶¬gbßUFul ( Gaston Bouthoul )
Casgðmv^TUnig¨bvti¶v^TUCatiVrSg Vncat'Tuk ÇsågðamÈ CaVtuPUtmYyd*sMxan'

41. 32
mannaTICaG~keFÃI[sMerceLIgnUvsmta ( l'équilibre ) k~¬gsgðmmnus§TSgLay
«nBiPBelak .
enA²Nëècin bN¶aCnExµrGacTb'
nwgbN¶aCnyYnnigesomVnÉeT ?
edImIºyl'[Vncºas'las' nUvTMhM«ne¨KaHf~ak'CaGci«ån¶y_ EdlKMram
kMEhg¨beTskmõ¬Ca k~¬gGnaKtkalxagmuxenH KbIºeyIgrM®kdl'sÄankarN_
¨bvti¶saås¶Cak'Es¶g (Situation de fait ) xÂHTukCaeKaledACabzm . k~¬gkar
v^vt¶n_CahUrEhmkehIy k~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨beTsTSgbI Exµr esom yYn
TMnas'Exµr esom, rYcTMnas'Exµr-yYn ehIycuge¨kaybMput KWTMnas'esom-yYn
Ca¨Bwti¶karN_mYymanlkÅN:CaGci«ån¶y_ ( Une permanence historique ) k~¬g
¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨bCaCati²Nëècin Gs'kale¨cInstvt§r_rYcmkehIy . ¨beTs
esomCa¨bCaCatimYy¨bkbedayyuvPaB ( ¨beTsesomcab'kMeNIteLIgna
stvt§r_TI 14 ) e¨kayBIVnvatTItSgelIEdndIExµr mYyPaKy"agFMenAEb"kxag
eCIg nigxaglic¨beTskmõ¬Cabcͬbºn~ rYcehIyk*VnxitxMeFÃIneyaVy¨bTak'
¨bTaj¨beTsExµr [cUleTAk~¬gkar¨Kb'¨KgpÂèvneyaVyrbs'esom KWeFÃI
¨beTsExµr[eTACaGaNaB´aVlesomEtm¶g ( Faire du Cambodge un
protectorat Siamois ) edImIºTukEdndIenHCa¨Tnab'Tb'Tl' nwgkarvatTItSgrbs'
s¨tèvfµémYy«nxÂçn KWyYnenHäg . dUec~HTMnas'esom-Exµr manlkÅN:CaCemÂaH
rvag¨bCaCatiekµg nig¨bCaCatiburaNmYy ehIyCakarFmµtaGar´FmáEdlman
yuvPaBEtgEtmanfamBl e¨bobeTAelIGar´FmámYyeTotEdlmanv&ycas' .
ehtuenHehIyVnCaeyIgVt'bg'Gs'GaNaext¶Cae¨cIn . pæ¬yeTAv^j CnCati
yYnk~¬gdMeNIrrbs'xÂçncuHmkTisxagtºègtambeN¶ayeq~rsmu¨Tcam nigkmõ¬Ca
e¨kam maneKalbMNgnwgvatTItSgykEdndI¨tg'@Etm¶g KWminEmn¨Kan'Etcg'

42. 33
ykGaNac¨kExµr eFÃICaEdndIGaNaext¶yYneT EtmanbMNgbMVt'sasn_Exµr
Gar´FmáExµr, eJlKWeFÃI¨beTsExµr[kÂayeTACaEdndIfµérbs'yYnenHEtm¶g .
enHehIyCaehtukarN_ EdlGacBn´l'eyIg[yl'nUvneyaVyyYn
EdlVn¨b¨Bwti¶mkelICnCatiExµr enAstvt§r_TI 18-19 nigenAstvt§r_TI 20
k~¬gEdndIkmõ¬Cae¨kamsBëf©enH . buBÃehtuCaCe¨mA «nneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdI
yYn enAEdndI²Nëècin KWkMeNIncMnYnbN¶aCnyYn ehIynigkgÃHxatEdndIEdl
manCICatis¨mab'ciJÍwmbN¶aCnEdlrIkcMerIny"agqab'rh&s. KYr[kt'sMKal'
pgEdrfa k~¬gkar ÇEhkdIExµrEckK~aÈ enHehIyEdlesomnigyYnb"HTgðicK~a ä
karb"HTgðicK~aenHk*manCahUrEhmkehIyEdrelIEdndIlav. CnCatiesomk*kan'
EtmankarminTukcit¶xÂSgeLIgcMeJHKUs¨tèvfµé KWyYnenHäg . k~¬gkrNIenH k~¬g
GnaKtkal ebIesomnigyYnmanCemÂaHK~a KWenAelITwkdIExµr ÉlavenHEtm¶g .
X
X X

43. 34
15ù000ù000 nak'dl' Kùsù 2000 !
eyIgVnniyayCa¨tçs@rYcmkehIy GMBIEdndIPUmiPaKxÂHk~¬gBiPBelak
eyIgenH EdlVnsðal'nUvkMeNInbN¶aCnCaGtibrma ¨BmTSgplv^Vk«n
¨Bwti¶karN_enHeTotpg. eyIgk*GacBicarNadl'plv^VkEbbenHEdlnwgGac
ekItmaneLIg enAelIPUmiPaK²Nëècin ebI¨bsinCakarv^vt¶n_bN¶aCnenAelIEdndI
enHmanlkÅNCaFmµta ( un évolution normale ) KWfaebIKµansågðamÉGsn¶isux
ɨBwti¶karN_d«TeTot mkeFÃI[sÄankaB«nkarv^vt¶n_enHpÂas'b¶èreT .
EdleyIgrM®kdl'bJúaenH minEmneyIgyl'sb¶ienaHeT, KWeyIgniyay
k~¬gzan:Camnus§ EdlmansmºCJï:¨Kb'¨Kan'Camnus§ ÇFmµtaÈ Edl
BicarNarkehtupl .
eyIgGacKn'KUreFÃIelxrkcMnYnbN¶aCnExµreyIg k~¬grvagq~S 2000 Vn
edayykG¨ta«nkMeNInbN¶aCn ( le taux d'accroissement démographique ) 2,5
É 2,6 PaKry(1)
mkeFÃImUld½an. ehtudUec~HeyIgGacsµantamv^FIv^T´asaås¶
fa rvagq~S 2000 bN¶aCneyIgnwgeLIgeTAdl' 14 É 15 lannak'ehIy enH
¨bsinebIKµansågðamelak ÉGsn¶isuxNamYymkrMxankarv^vt¶n_enHeTenaH. ä
cMnYnbN¶aCneyIgnwgeLIgeTAdl'80nak'k~¬g 1 Kùmù eTÃKuN . ebIy"agenHEmn
eyIgGacsn~id½anVnfa k~¬g30q~SeTotEdndIeyIgmincegí¿tcgíl'enAeLIyeT.
m´"ageTotEdndIeyIgCavalTMnab smºèreTAedayClFa manTenÂemKgðCaedIm,
eyIgnwgGaceFÃIrebobGaCévkmµksikmµ( méthodes d'exploitation agricole ) rwtEt
¨besIreLIg edayeFÃI[se¨mcnUvkarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s ( l'irrigation ) ädIdS
dMNSeyIgenAesssl'e¨cIn . sBëf©enH dIdSdMNSeyIgmanEt 18% «n«pæ
(1) eyageTAtamsÄitiq~S 1962, G¨taenHman 2,3% Etb"ueNöaH EtebItamG~kC÷najkar G¨taEdl¨twm
¨tèvCag KW 2,5% É 2,6% enHäg sUmemIl ( Les facteurs de croissance démographique au Cambodge thèse de
doctorat de 3e
cycle, Sorbonne Paris 1967.)

44. 35
¨kLaTSgGs'Etb"ueNöaH . eyIgnwgGacbegûéneTAeTot ebIbN¶aCneyIgekIn
e¨cIneLIg@ .
ehtudUec~HeyIgsgwômfa EdndIeyIgminTan'cegí¿tcgíl'eT k~¬g 30 q~S É
50 q~SxagmuxenH, eyIgnwgGacB¨gIkplitplksikmµEfmeTot . e¨JHfa k~¬g
GnaKtkal meF´aVybecÍkeTseyIgk*kan'EtmanlkÅN:¨besIreLIgCahUr
EhEdr . eyIgnwgminrnìt'cMeJHGnaKteyIg e¨JH¨beTseyIgnwgGacciJÍwm
eday¨Kb'¨Kan'nUvbN¶aCnrbs'eyIgVnCa¨Vkd . ¨beTseyIgmincSVc'
nwgGnuvt¶n_ neyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniymeTAelI¨beTsC^txageLIy .
EtkarEdleyIgKYrP&yVrm¸ KWeyIgecaTsYrxÂçneyIgfa : etIG~kC^txag
eyIg, xagekIteyIgk¶I xagliceyIgk¶I, nwgTuk[eyIgsðal'sn¶iPaBCaerogdrab
É ? ebI 30 É 50 q~SeTot EdndIrbs'eKnwgeBje¨Bob, e¨bobhak'dUcCaTwk
EdleBjlíageTAehIy @ hUrehorecjmke¨kA t¨mg'eTArkTITMnabd«TeTot.
etIeyIgKYrcat'Tukfa TITMnabEdlminTan'dk'TwkTSgenH man valTMnabTenÂemKgð
nigTenÂsab ( la vallée du Mékong ) eJlKW¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg GaceCosputBI
e¨KaHf~ak'enHÉ ?
X
X X

45. 36

46. 37
e¨KaHf~ak'rbs'eyIgenATisxagekIt
Cag 80ù000ù000 nak'rs'enAelIEpndImYyy"agcegí¿tcgíl'
enATisxagekItnigxagtºèg¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg CnCatiyYnVncuHs¨muk
mkBITisxageCég tameq~rsmu¨TGtItnKrcmº"a ehIyVneFÃIkarTånæanluk
luydeN¶ImdIFÂIBIdUntaeyIg tSgBIcugstvt§r_TI 17 mkemÂ"H ¨Kan'Etk~¬gry:
150 q~SVÂyEtb"ueNöaH yYnVnmkvatTItSg ¨BmTSgkÂayxÂçneTACamÍas'TwkdI
kmõ¬Cae¨kam eBjTICae¨sc (k~¬g Kùsù 1840). KYrEteyIgrM®kEdrfa CnCati
yYnTSgenHEdlVnelbsIuTwkdIeyIgmYyPaKy"agFM manTMhM 64ù000 Kùmù
eTÃKuNKWesµInwg¨beTslgûa (Ceylan) TSgmUlenHVn k*edaysarsm&yenaH
bN¶aCneyIgenAkmõ¬Cae¨kam mancMnYnticBn'eBkNas' fÃIebIEdndItMENldUn
taeyIgenH CaEdndImYyEdl¨bkbeTAedayCICatid*v^essv^sal rkdIäNa
mk¨bdUcBuMVneLIyk*eday .
cMENkäkarEdlyYns¨mukcuHmkxagtºègenaH bN¶almkBIbuBÃehtufa
bN¶aCnekIte¨cIneBk yYnBuMGacmandIlí¨Kb'¨Kan's¨mab'ciJÍwmK~aeKVn
eLIy . ehtuenHehIyVnCayYnVneFÃIneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym mkelI
raCaNac¨kExµr²tQb'Qr rhUtdl'sm&ybcͬbºn~kalenHeTot k*yYnBuM¨Bm
bJÎb'GMeBIlYccUlmktSgenAelIdIEdlTMenrrbs'eyIgeLIy .
sBëf©enH ¨beTsevotNamman«pæ¨kLa¨bEhl 330ù000 Kùm2
KWFM
Cag¨beTseyIgcMnYnC^t2dg. KWCa¨beTsmYyEdlmanbeN¶ayd*EvgcMgay
BIxageCIgmktºègC^tEt 2ù000 Kùmù . naq~S 1970 bN¶aCnTSgGs'«n¨b
eTsenH mancMnYnC^teTA 40ù000ù000 nak' KW 20 lan Eb"kxageCIg nig 18
lan Eb"kxagtºèg . ¨beTsevotNam CaEdndImYysmºèreTAeday«¨B¨Bwk§a
nigP~M. «¨BnigP~MenH¨KbdN¶b'elI«pædI 80% «n«pæ¨kLaTSgGs' KWesµInwg«pæ
¨kLa 260ù000 Kùmù eTÃKuN . ehtudUec~HehIyVnCa, mnus§TSg 38 lan
nak'enHrs'enAelI«pædIEt 20% Etb"ueNöaH KWesµInwg«pæ¨kLa 60ù000 Kùm

47. 38
eTÃKuN . k~¬gkrNIe¨kayenH dg'suIet ( densité ) eLIgeTAdl' 600 nak' k~¬g 1
Kùm2
. dUceyIgeXIj¨sab' sBëf©enH dI¨beTseyokNamenHcegí¿tcgíl'
Nas'eTAehIy. cMENkplitpl¨sèvGgûr k*swgEtmin¨Kb'¨Kan'pg . C¨guk
¨sèvd*FM«n¨beTsenHKWEdndIsN¶ ( le Delta ) «nTenÂemKgð nigdIsN¶TenÂ
sug«k ( le Delta du Fleuve Rouge ) . EdndIsN¶TenÂemKgðGacp¶l'¨sèvGgûrCa
mF´m 6 lanetank~¬gmYyq~S ehIydIsN¶TenÂsug«kp¶l'[ 4 lanetanCa
mF´mEdr . bUkeTAVn¨twmEt 10 lanb"ueNöaH, dUec~HeTA «f©mux¨sèvGgûrenH
¨VkdCaminGacbMeBjesck¶I¨tèvkarrbs'bN¶aCnyYn EdlkMBugekIncMnYn
y"agelOnesaHeLIy .
k~¬gcMeNam¨beTsGasIuTSgLay yYnmanG¨ta«nkMeNIn¨bCaCn
(taux d'accroisement démographique) xõs'CageKäg(1)
KWmanrhUtdl'eTACag3% .
ebIeyageTAtamPaKryenH k~¬gq~S 1970 bN¶aCnyYnrYmTSgxageCégnigxag
tºèg nwgeLIgdl'eTA 40ù000ù000 nak' .
k~¬glkÅN:enH ¨bsinebIkarv^vt¶n_rbs'¨bCaCnenH manelº¯neTAmux
eTotedayKµan¨Bwti¶karN_FMduMGÃImkrMxaneT bN¶aCn¨beTseyokNamnwgeLIg
rhUteTA Cag 80ù000ù000 nak' k~¬g 30 q~SeTot . äkmõ¬CaeyIg dl'q~S
2000 man¨twmEt 15 lannak'b"ueNöaH .
X
X X
(1)-eyageTAtamesovePA :- Ç Les Deux Viet-Nam, Bernard Fall, Payot Paris, 1967.È
ebItamelak B. Fall, G¨ta«nkMeNInenH eLIgdl'eTA 3,5% ebItamsÄitip¶l'BIkarCMerOn¨bCaCnq~S1960
enA¨beTseyokNamxageCIg. cMeJHeyokNamxagtºèg elak B. Fall niyay¨twmEt 3 PaKryEt
b"ueNöaH .

48. 39
etInwgmanplviVkF©n'F©rGÃIxÂH
- eyIgKYrecaTsYredayq©l'fa Ð etIdI 20 PaKry«n«pæ¨kLaTSgGs'
330ù009 Kùm2
Ék*dI¨twmEt 60ù000 Kùm2
b"ueNöaH Gacp¶l'Gahar¨Kb'
¨Kan'[dl'mnus§Cag 80 lannak'VnÉeT ?
eqÂIyv^jPÂamfaÐ ¨twmEtsBëf© 40 lannak'b"ueNöaH BiVknwgciJÍwm [
Vnrs'k~¬gPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eTAehIy cuHdl'eTA 80ù000ù000 etInwgekItCabJúa
FMy"agNaeTA ?
etI¨beTseyokNamnwgkÂayeTACa ÇCb"unÈ TI2 k~¬gTÃIbGasIu ÉGalÂWm"ajTÃIbGasIuÉ ?
eqÂIy Ð
¡ TI 1 ÉmYyk*¨beTseyokNam nwgB¨gIkkmÂSgÓs§ahkmµnigesd½-
kicÍCaGtibrma e¨bob¨bdUcVneTAnwgCb"unTI 2 k~¬gGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . KMnitenH
¨tèvVnG~ksegûûtkarN_Gn¶rCatinana ykmkKitrYcCamuneTAehIy KWmunkal
bJÍb'sågðameyokNamenHeTAeTot . CaBit¨VkdEmnehIy enHKWv^Fankar
¨b«BNas' . ¨beTseyokNamsmºèreTAedayFnFanEr" elahFatu Efm
TSg¨kbxNëv^T´asaås¶ nigbecÍkeTs ( techniciens, ingénieurs, chercheurs...)
¨bkbedaycMnYne¨cIn¨Kb'¨Kan' ehIymanfamBleTotpg bUkrYmnwgp§ark~¬g
GnaKtd*FMeFg (Cag 80 lannak'), nwgGackÂayeTABit¨Vkd CamhaGMNac
Ós§ahkmµy"agsMxan'k~¬gBiPBelakeyIgxagmuxenH . kalebIeyokNam
kÂayeTACaÓs§ahkmµehIy ¨beTsenHGaclk'ecjeTAbreTs nUvplitpl
Ós§ahkmµ edImIºGacTijcUlmkv^jnUvplitplksikmµ edImIºkar¨tèvkarxag
cMNIGaharenAk~¬g¨beTs . KWTal'EteFÃIy"agh~wg eTIbbN¶aCn¨beTsenHGac
rs'enAVn edayecos[putGMBIbJúasgðm nigneyaVyEdlnwgritEtman
lkÅN:sµ¬KsµajeLIg .

49. 40
cUreyIgnwkKitdl'¨beTsCb"un Edlk~¬gbcͬbºn~kalenH man«pæ¨kLa
¨bhak'¨bEhlnigeyokNamEdr ( 370ù000Kùm2
) ehIymanmnus§rs'enA
cMnYnCag 100 lannak'eTAehIy . sÄanPaB«n¨beTsenH BMuxusBI¨beTs
eyokNamb"unµaneLIy Ð k~¬gdI 370ù000Kùm2 dI¨twmEt 16 PaKryb"ueNöaH
EdleKGacdSdMNS ehIyrs'enAVn . e¨kABIenH KWsuTìswgEtP~Me¨CaH¨Clg
¨kMfµBuMGac[mnus§rs'VneLIy . kalBIrvagq~S 1930 Cb"unVnsðal'nUv
kMeNIn¨bCaCnmYyy"agelOn ehIyedImIºnwgedaH¨saybJúaxÃHdIFÂIenH Cb"un
VnGnuvt¶nUvneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym eyaFaniymQÂanJnvaydeNI¶m
EdndIBI¨beTscin, ¨beTskUer" .l. b"uEn¶neyaVyenHVn¨tèvTTYlbraC&y
e¨kaysågðamelakelIkTI 2 Cae¨scrYceTAehIy . ehtuenHehIy VnCa
Cb"unt¨mg'neyaVyrbs'xÂçnmkv^j rhUtdl'kÂayeTACamhaGMNacesd½kicÍ
TI 3 k~¬gBiPBelak ( 3
ème
puissance économique modiale ) e¨kay sùsùs
(sUevot) .
dUceyIgeXIj¨sab'ehIy lkÅN:TwkdI nigPUmisaås¶eyokNam nig
Cb"unmansPaB¨bhak'¨bEhlK~a . dUec~H¨bEhlCaKµankmÂSgGÃIGacmkrarSg
min[¨beTseyokNamkÂayeTACamha¨beTsesd½kicÍVneLIy, ehIyp§ar
d*sMxan'«nesd½kicÍÓs§ahkmµenH KWEdndIGasuIEb"kGeK~y_Etm¶g .l.
ebI¨bsiny"agenHEmnenaH ¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgnwg¨tèvTTYlrge¨KaHCa
dMNM nwgminGaceKcputVneLIg GMBIkmÂSgeyokNamenH e¨JHkarv^vt¶n_va
¨tèvEty"agdUec~aH ! cMeJHeyIg ebIesd½kicÍenAEteGanfy eyIgnwgkÂayeTACa
p§aresd½kicÍyYnEtm¶g. enHehIyCaTid½PaBfµémYyeTot«nlTìiGaNaniKmniym
sm&yfµé EdlmanPaBsahav minxusBIGaNaniKmniymneyaVy ÉTwkdI
enaHesaHeLIy. enHk*rebobm´"agEdlnwgnS¨beTseyIg[eFÃIdMeNIreqõaHeTA
rkkarVt'bg'äkraC´pgEdr .
Etk~¬gry:evlasBëf©enHk*edaycuH k*KYrEteyIg¨BYyVrm¸Tuk[ehIy
e¨JH¨Kan'EteyokNamxagtºègb"ueNöaH eKbJØènnis§iteKeTAbreTsk~¬g mYy
q~Srab'Jn' (1)
nak' [eTAsik§aÓt¶mv^CØaenAGWr"ubÉGaemrik. äeyokNamxageCIg
(1) eyageTAtamesovePAelak B. Fall, <Les deux Vietnam>, Payot, 1967, Paris, TMB&r ( 361 )

50. 41
v^j nis§itbecÍkeTs v^sÃkrrab'Jn'nak'¨tèvbJØèneTAeronenAshPaBsUev¿tÉ
GWru"bEb"kxagekItnigenA¨beTscin .l. TSg¨kum@ Etm¶g. luHdl'sågðamcb'
PÂam ¨beTskumµ¬ynis¶TSgLay rgcSEtCYyksagesd½kicÍ, Ós§ahkmµ,
ksikmµ ¨beTsenHeLIgv^j . karCYyenHCakatBÃkicÍsMxan'Nas' e¨JH
¨beTskumµ¬ynis¶TSgLay rEmgEtgmanesck¶IsamKðIK~ay"agC^tsi~Tìk~¬gKMnit
Gn¶rCatiniym¨bCaBlkr ( dans l'intérêt de l'internationalisme prolétarien ) .
m´"ageTot sågðamenAeyokNamxagtºèg minTan'cb'e¨scVc'pg
¨sab'EtmUlFnbreTs manCb"unedImeK rYcmkhugkug Gaemrik swgðburI cUl
mkeFÃIv^nieyaK ( investissements ) y"agK¨KwkKe¨Kgk~¬g¨beTsenHeTAehIy cuH
TMrSsågðamcb'eTA etImUlFnbreTsnwghUrcUlmky"agNaeToteTA ? cuH
cMENkGaemrikSgv^j ¨VkdCaminEmncakecjBI¨beTseyokNam edayTuk
[¨beTsenHVk'EbkexæcxæIy"agdUec~HeT, ebIBuMenaHesat sùrùGaù enHnwg¨tèv
Gamasmuxy"agGaeNacGaFmµ cMeJHmtisaFarNCnBiPBelak . Gaemrik
¨tèvEtlublagkiti¶ysrbs'xÂçn . k~¬gq~S 1969 knÂgeTAehIyenHsPa
GaemrikSgVnTSge¨Kagfv^kacMnYn 2ù000ù000ù000 dulÂar ( KW¨tèvCa¨Vk'
erolCag 100 ekadi ) sMrab'sÄabna¨beTseyokNameLIgv^j .
ehtudUcxagelIenHehIy VnCamtiG~ksegûtkarNGn¶rCatixÂHVnTay
fa Ð karrYbrYmK~aeLIgv^j«n¨beTseyokNam Camhn¶ray²tGÃI¨bdUcVn cMeJHP&BÃ
vasna«nmatu¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg .
ebI¨bsinCay"agenHEmn etIeyIgnwgGacmanGÃIGacTb'Tl'rMgab'kmÂSg
esd½kicÍyYn kuM[vacUlmkelbesd½kicÍeyIgVneT ? ebIminVneTenaH, etI
rvag 30 q~SeTot eyIgnwgKg'vg§Cév^tbn¶eTAeTotVnÉeT ?
cMeJHkmõ¬CaeyIg maKáamanEtmYyKt' s¨mab'karedaH¨say[VnKg'
vg§Cév^t . maKáaenaH KWkarB¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍeyIg[VnelOnqab'rh&sTan'kal
sm&y E¨kgGacrMgab'VnxÂHnUvkmÂSgesd½kicÍyYnenH . karbgíg'[yWtya"vteTAeTot
KWCaGMeBIGt¶Xatkmµ KWCakMhusFMNas'cMeJH¨bvti¶saås¶ rbs'matuPUmiCaTIes~ha«n
eyIgral'K~a . ¨bvti¶saås¶manEP~k . ¨bvti¶saås¶nwgdak'eTasmkelIeyIgral'K~aEdl
eFÃs¨bEhsk~¬gbJúaenH .

51. 42
TI 2 - ÉmYyk*¨beTseyokNam nwgGnuvt¶neyaVybnÄycMnYnekµgkuM
[ekIte¨cIneBk ( limiter les naissances ) karenHGacnwgse¨mcVn k*e¨sceTA
elIkaryl'eXIj«nG~kneyaVyyYnk~¬gGnaKtEtb"ueNöaH . ebITukNaCa
neyaVyCayfaehtuEbbenH Gnuvt¶eTA¨bkbedayeCaKC&yk¶I, k*cMnYnbN¶a
CnenAe¨cInCadrab. ¨beTseyokNamenAEtB¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍ Ós§ahkmµ
dEdl e¨JHenHCakatBÃkicÍxanBuMVn . ehtudUec~aH e¨KaHf~ak'enAEtmanlkÅN:
F©n'F©rdEdl mkelIvasna«nkmõ¬CaeyIgeTAGnaKt .
TI 3 - Et¨bsinCapæ¬yeTAv^j kmÂSgesd½kicÍrd½eyokNamBuMVnlUtlas'[
¨Kb'¨Kan'eTenaH ehIyneyaVybnÄykMeNItkUnekµg k*BuM¨tèvVnGnuvt¶eTot
enHmhn¶rayrwtEtmanTMhMKuNBIrdgùùù db'dg .l. xÂSgNas'eTAeTot mk
elIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg .
ehtudUcem¶cVnCakarenHvaeTACay"agdUec~aHv^j ?
ÇsågðamÈ nwg ÇGacÈ pæ¬HeLIgrvagExµrnigyYn BiVknwgecosvagVn
e¨JHbN¶aCnyYnkan'EtekIneLIgCalMdab'lMeday 50 60 70 80 90 lan
nak'k~¬g30q~SeTot. äFnFanxagesd½kicÍ nigxagksikmµenAdEdlÉlUtlas'
yWteBk CaehtuBuMGacnwgGnuJïat¶[ciJÍwmmnus§Vnk~¬gPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eLIy .
karenHnwgbegûIt[manv^bti¶pÂèvsgðm rYcv^bti¶pÂèvneyaVy bgûbegûéteLIg
edayesck¶Iminsbºaycit¶ ÉPaB¨kevTnarbs'CnCatiyYnenaHäg. eBlenaH
ehIy nwgmanG~kneyaVyyYnxÂH EdlCaG~kCatiniymhYsehtu ( Les
Vietnamiens Ultra-nationalistes ) bgûbegûét[man¨Tws¶IB¨gékTwkdIniym tam
rebobGalÂWm"ajC÷nan' hIuEtÂr ( Hitler ) TamTarnUvTwkdImYyEdleKnwgsnµtfa
¨Kb'¨Kan' s¨mab'karrs'enArbs'¨bCaCneK ( une nouvelle théorie de l'Espace
Vital ) . ehIyEdndIEdleK¨tèvkarenaH KWmanEtkmõ¬Ca-lav Éesom(?) Et
b"ueNöaH . edImIºnwgse¨mcnUvKe¨magkarenHVn neyaVyQÂanJnbgûerOg
ehtu [ekIteTACasågðam²Nëècin ÇTI 3È(?) eKBuMgaynwgecosvagVneLIy.
ebIy"agenHEmn enAäeCIgemX«nGnaKtEdndI²NëècinnwgmanBBkexµA
ggwt mkbiTVMgesck¶Isgwômrbs'eyIgrlt'esaHsUn´ KYr[¨seNaHGa
eNacGaFmµ«¨keBk.

52. 43
¨bsinebIneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym edImIºrs'enH¨tèvGnuvt¶EmnenaH Edn
dIeyIg bN¶aCneyIgnwg¨tèveKelbbn¶icm¶g@ ehIyTIbMputnwgrlayrUbVt'
eQµaHecjBIEpnTI«nBiPBelak dUc¨bvti¶saås¶«nraCaNac¨kcmº"a ÉEdndI
kmõ¬Cae¨kam²tebI¨bEkkVneLIy .
KWeBlenHägehIy Edl¨bvti¶saås¶nwgEcgGMBI Ç dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxag
lic È «n¨bCaCatieyokNam e¨kamsnæ¬H«nkMeNItCaGtibrma«nbN¶aCnmYy
EdlXÂScS{kas¨bl&yCév^teyIg Gs'ry:kale¨cInstvt§mkehIy .
rYmesck¶I Ð EdndI²NëècinCaEdndImYyEdl xÃHesÄrPaBCanirn¶r_ . enAelI
EdndIenH ¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgk~¬gGnaKtkalxagmuxenH nwg¨tèvqÂgkat'nUve¨KaH
f~ak'd*FMeFge¨cInEbby"ag dUcCakarKMramkMEhgdl'karKg'vg§Cév^t ( la survie )
«n¨bCaCatieyIgeTotpg . ebITukCakarv^vt¶n_enA¨beTseyokNameTACay"ag
Nak*eday, mhn¶ray¨Kb'EbbenAcSXÂSCév^teyIg¨Kb'C÷han . eBlevlaedIr
elOneTAmuxq©ayeTA@ mhn¶rayk*elcrUbragkan'EtFMcºas'eLIg@ CalMdab' .
KWmanEtneyaVy B¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍCati[Vnqab'rh&sb"ueNöaHeT
EdlGac[eyIgmanmeF´aVyTb'Tl'nwgyfaehtu¨Kb'Ebby"agVn . Et
enHKW¨Kan'EtCaniekÅbbT ( des thèses ) Ca¨Tws¶IÉmti ( l'opinion ) rbs'mnus§m~ak'
Etb"ueNöaH dUec~HBuMTan'cat'TukCa¨twm¨tèvVnkareBjeljenAeLIyeT . äkar
BitsÄitenAelI¨bvti¶saås¶k~¬gGnaKtkaläenaHv^jeT EdlGacv^nicÏ&yVnùùù.
k*bu"En¶ eyIgminEmnmanEt ÇyYnÈ eTEdlXÂScS¨bl&y enAäTisxag
lic ÇesomÈ k*cSEt{kaslínwg ǨkejcÈ EdndIeyIgdUcK~aEdr .
X
X X

53. 44
¨beTsesomnwgmanbN¶aCn 70 lannak'
enABIxageCIg nig xaglic¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg bN¶aCn¨beTsmYyeTotnwgGac
kÂayeTACaTm©n'd*F©n'mYyfµéeTotsgût'mkelIEdndIeyIg ù ù ù .
kalebIeyIgVnelIkbJúayYnmkBicarNa Bn´l'bMPÂWdl'smºCJï:
CatieyIgrYcehIy eyIgBuMGacbMePÂcVnesaHeLIyfa e¨KaHf~ak'EdlnwgGac
yayImatu¨beTsExµreyIg minEmnFÂab'manEtmkGMBITisxagekItnigxagtºèg
b"ueNöaHeLIy, enHKW Çs¨tèvÈ cuge¨kayrbs'eyIg EdlVnelbrYcmkehIy
nUvEdndIeyIg Edlman«pæ¨kLaCag 60ù000 Kùm2
esµInwg¨kLa«pæ¨beTs
GuI¨saEGlbIdg. eyIgenAmanG~kC^txagrbs'eyIgmYyeTot EdlCaÇs¨tèvÈ
cas'BIbrmbUraN ehIyEdlVn¨tVk'elbCae¨cInstvt§r_mkehIy nUv
GaNaEx¨trbs'eyIgy"age¨cInGenk Ð Çs¨tèvÈ enH, EdleyIgminTan'Gac
bMePÂcVnfa munq~S 1907 VnmkvatTItSgenAelI 1/3 «nEdndIeyIgsBëf©
enH ehIyEdlkalBIq~S 1941 dl' 1945 VnmkcºSgdeN¶Imtamv^FIkmÂSg
VynUvEx¨tesomrab, kMBg'FM, Vt'dMbgCasafµIeTot KW¨beTsesom É «fLgð
enHäg .
ebIenAk~¬gBg§avtaExµreyIg CnCatiyYn CaCnCati¨bkbedaye¨KaHf~ak'
y"agCak'Es¶gcMeJHeyIgy"agNa CnCatiesomk*CaG~kC^txag¨bkbeday
e¨KaHf~ak'EdlmansPaBsahavmincaj'K~ay"agenaHEdr .
dUec~HehIy, karEdleyIgcab'GarmµN_eTAelIe¨KaHf~ak'TSgBIrenH¨BmK~a
CameF´aVyEtmYy Gac[eyIg¨buge¨bobeCIgkarN_TukCamun[ehIy enH
¨VkdCa Ót¶mKtid*¨besIr v^essv^sal«¨kElgNas'eTAehIy ¨bvti¶saås¶
BIGtItkalfµé@ enHCaemeron¨sab', karEdl Ç cS[TwkeLIgdl'¨cmuH È sim
¨bevr¨bvarkTIC¨mk nwgkÂayeTACaesck¶Iep¶ém«nkarliclg' ÉTIbMput«nPaB
Gs'sgwômminxaneLIy .
X
X X

54. 45
etIbN¶aCnesomGacnwgman²TìiBl
GÃIeTAelIGnaKt«nEdndIrbs'eyIg
cemÂIyk~¬gPaB¨twm¨tèvmYyryPaKry tbeTAsMNYrenHv^j, KµanCnNa
mYyGaceFÃIVneLIy EteKGaceFÃIesck¶Isn~id½ank~¬gPaB¨bhak'¨bEhl man
EbbEpnCaniekÅbbT ( des thèses ) VnxÂH@ .
tamäksarsresredayelak LalUEbßr ( La Loubère ) k~¬grvagq~S
1693 bN¶aCnesomman¨twmEt 1ù900ù000 nak'Etb"ueNöaH . CagmYyst-
vt§r_knÂgmkeTot KWk~¬gKùsù1841, bN¶aCnenHekIndl'eTA 5ù200ù000nak'
(enAry:eBl¨bEhlK~aenaH ExµreyIgman¨bEhl 800ù000 nak'). rYcehIy
bN¶aCnenHk*ekIncMnYneTACa 8ù200ù000 nak'naq~S 1910, rYc 14ù500ù000
nak'naq~S 1937, rYc 22ù800ù000 nak'naq~S 1956 . ¨Kan'Etk~¬gq~S 1965
Etb"ueNöaH bN¶aCnenHekIndl'eTA 30 lannak'e¨sceTAehIy . tamkarKn'
KUrtamrebobv^T´asaås¶ dl'q~S 1975 xagmuxenHnwgeLIgdl'40lannak' (1)
.
dUcCaeyIgVneXIjenH¨sab' bN¶aCnesomekInelOnrh&sCaBn'eBk
ehIyCaBiesseTAeTot KWcab'tSgBIe¨kaysågðamelakelIkTIBIrmk .
kMeNInd*elOnenH bN¶almkGMBIkarcuHfyCae¨cIn«ncMnYnmnus§sÂab'
k~¬gmYyq~S@ ehIypæ¬yeTAv^j cMnYnmnus§ekItkan'Etmansnæ¬Helº¯neTAmux
²tQb'QresaH . munq~S 1950 eKVncat'Tuk¨beTs«fLgðenH Ca¨bCaCati
Edlsmºèrsbºayrs'k~¬gesck¶I Çs©b's©at'È KµanbJúaecaTesaHeLIy .
²LèvenH, Gs'ehIyPaBsmºèrsbºay Gs'ehIyPaB Çs©b's©at'È bJúad*
e¨cInEsnkMBugEtecaTeLIg KWbuBÃehtu«nbJúaenH KWbN¶almkGMBIkMeNInd*
qab'«nbN¶aCnesomenHäg ¨BmTSgkarv^vt¶n_«nsÄanPaBneyaVyGn¶rCati
k~¬gPUmiPaKGasIuEb"GeK~y_enHmkbUkbEnÄmeTot .
(1) eyageTAtamesovePA <l'Evolution de la Thailande contemporaine> Cahier de la Fondation Nationale des
Sciences, Politiques, P. Fistié, Paris, 1967, et " la Thailande", Q.S.J., P.U.F., Paris, 1963.

55. 46
¨beTs«fLgð Ð 70ù000ù000 dl'q~S 2000 !
ebItamsiÄtiEdl¨tèvVneKse¨mceLIg tamEbbbTv^T´asaås¶ kMrit
G¨ta«nkMeNInbN¶aCnesomeLIgdl'eTA 3,00%(1)
äExµreyIgman¨twmEt
2,6% Etb"ueNöaH .
ehtudUec~HehIy ebI¨bsinCaKµan¨Bwti¶karN_äNamkrMxandl'karv^vt¶n_
enHeT ¨beTsesomnwgGacmanmnus§dl'C^teTA 70 lannak' naedImstvt§
TI 21 xagmuxenH ( äkMeNInbN¶aCnExµreyIgnwgeLIgdl' 15 lannak'Et
b"ueNöaH ) .
ehtuEdlbN¶aCnesomenH ekInk~¬g 30 q~SxagmuxenHdl'eTA 70 lan
nak'enH minEmnCakarmYyKYr[eyIgenAes©¿m¨Begéyken¶IyesaHeLIy. EdndI
²Nëècin nwgkÂayeTACaEdndIEdlmanbN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaD ( Une région
surpeuplée ) . ¨Kan'EtesomnigyYnbUkbJÍèlK~aekIndl'eTACag 150 lannak'
eyIgEdlman¨twmEt 15 lan KW 1 ¨bqSgnwg 10 nwgmanmeF´aVy¨Kb'¨Kan'
GacttSgnwg ( s¨tèv ) eyIgVneT, ebIeKrYmK~aCaF¬gmYyehIyGnuvt¶nUvbMNg
Ga¨kk'mkelI¨beTseyIg . ¨beTseyIgKWCaEdndImYyEdlman sÄanPaBPUmi
saås¶neyaVy ( Une position géo-politique centrale ) enAkN¶aleK, ehIyEdl
eK ( ¨bsinebIeK¨tèvr"UvK~a ) ekobsgût'BI¨Kb'TisTIVnedaygay . ebIeyIgnwg
erIsykÓTahrN_k~¬gelakenHmkBn´l'Vn KWsÄanPaBPUmisaås¶¨beTs
b"ULèj enHEtm¶g . cUreyIgemIlcuH ¨beTsb"ULèjenH, CYnkal¨tèvVt'bg'Edn
dI, Vt'eQµaHBIEpnTI«nBiPBelak, CYnkaleTot ¨beTsGalÂWm"ajBIxaglic
nig¨beTsrusI§BIxagekIt¨suH¨sYlK~a ÇEhkEdndIEckK~aÈ dUckalBIsm&y
sågðamelakelIkTI 2 enH¨sab' .l.
dUec~HehIy, k~¬gGnaKtkalenH bJúaFMEdlecaTmkelI²Nëècin KWbJúacegí¿tcgíl'
«nEdndI EdlbN¶almkBIbN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaDenHägCa¨Vkd .
(1) eyageTAtamesovePA : <L'Evolution de la Thailande Contemporaine> dEdlnig <L'Economie de l'Asie du
Sud Est> Lè Thanh Khoi, P.U.F. Paris, 1964.

56. 47
plviVk bN¶almkGMBIkMeNIn
bN¶aCnk~¬g¨beTsesom
etIrd½aPiVlesomnwgedaH¨sayEbbNa cMeJHbJúakMeNIncMnYnbN¶a
CnenH ?
¨Kan'Etk~¬gsBëf©enH EdlbN¶aCnminTan'TSgekIndl' 40 lannak'pg
enaH VnbegûIn[mankar¨BçyVrm¸mYyy"agFMeFgk~¬gcMeNamG~kdwknSesom.
naq~S 1957-58, tamesck¶IsuMBIrd½aPiVlesom ebskkmµmYy«n FnaKar
BiPBelak ( la B.I.R.D. ) VnmkeFÃIkarsik§anigesck¶IraykarN_mYy GMBI
sÄanPaBesd½kicÍesom . eyabl'rYm«nesck¶IraykarN_enH Vnbgúaj[
eXIjnUvkgÃHxat nig PaBx§t'ex§ayCae¨cIncMeJHGnaKtesd½kicÍesom .
pæ¬yeTAv^j, karB¨gékFnFanesd½kicÍ KWbegûénplitplksikmµnig
Ós§ahkmµCakarcSVc' edImIºedaH¨saybJúakMeNInbN¶aCnenH, edImIºrk§akuM
[kMritCévPaB«n¨bCaraås¶FÂak'cuHCalMdab' rhUtdl'PaBevTna¨kx§t' xÃHcMNI
GaharbriePaK .
sm&ybcͬbºn~enH FnFanesd½kicÍxÂH@ EdlBImunGac¨tèveKnSecjeTA
breTsVn k*kan'EtmancMnYneGanfyCalMdab' maneQI«m"sak', sMN,
V"hSg, ekAsUß, ehIyBiesseTAeTot KWGgûrenHEtm¶g .
ehtudUec~HehIy VnCakarB¨gIkesd½kicÍ[VnelOnqab'rh&s Vn
kÂayeTACaGaTiPaBTImYy «nneyaVyesom .
KWk~¬gKMnitenHehIy Edlrd½aPiVlesomsBëf©enH kMBugEtsÄabna
Ke¨magkarN_FM@ Cae¨cIn mansMNg'TMnb'ClaKðIsnI EdlGac[se¨mcCa
mYypg nUvkarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s ( l'irrigation ) nwgGagGacB¨gIknUv«pædIdS
dMNSfµé@eTot . rIäxagv^s&yÓs§hkmµv^j mUlFnbreTs (les capitaux
étrangers) Cae¨cInVn¨tèveKe¨bI¨Vs'k~¬g¨beTs edImIºse¨mc[mannUvkarcMerIn
lUtlas'. k~¬gcMeNammUlFn¨beTsEdleKVneFÃIv^nieyaKk~¬g¨beTsenH KW
manmUlFnCb"une¨cInCageK, bnæab'mkmUlFncintay-va"n' ehIyTI3 KWmUl

57. 48
FnGaemrikSg . k~¬gneyaVyesd½kicÍenH rd½aPiVlVneFÃIkars¨mçl[Ca
Gtibrma dl'karnScUlmk«nmUlFnbreTsTSgenH .
k*b"uEn¶ bJúaEdlsMxan'CageK KWbJúa¨sUvGgûrenHäg . valTMnab«n
TenÂemNam CamhaC¨guk¨sUv«n¨beTsesom . k~¬gkalsBëf©enH «pæ¨kLa
dIdSdMNS mancMnYnEt 1/4 Etb"ueNöaH «nvalTMnabTenÂemNam EdlsmºèNá
eTAedayClFar . dUec~HbJúa«nkarB¨gékdIdMNSminEmnecaTk~¬glkÅN:F©n'F©r
dUcenA¨beTseyokNamenaHeT . EdndIesomEdlman«pæ¨kLaTSgGs'Cag
500ù000 Kùm2
ehIyEdlmYyPaKy"agFMCadITMnab nwgminTan'kÂayeTACadI
cegí¿tcgíl'enAeLIyeT k~¬gry:kal 30 É 50 q~SeTAxagmuxenH . ¨beTs
enH GacnwgbegûénplitplksikmµVnEfmeTot edImIºGaceqÂIytbeTAnwgesc
k¶I¨tèvkarkan'EtFMeLIg@«n¨bCaraås¶ edaysarneyaVyeFÃI[rwtEt¨besIr
eLIg nUvrebobGaCévkmµksikmµ mankarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s kare¨bICéKImI É
e¨bIe¨KOgyn¶ksikmµ . KWk~¬gbMNgenHägehIy edayrd½aPiVlesomkMBug
EtGnuvt¶Ke¨magkarFM@ Cae¨cIn xagTMnb'Twk Cék¨bLaybJÍèlE¨s tSgBIq~S
1950 mkemÂ"H edaysarC÷nYyBiPBelak . Ke¨magkarenH GacB¨géknUv
«pæ¨kLadIdSd÷NS ¨BmTSgfamBlGKðIsnIeTotpg .
¨bsinebIKe¨magkarB¨gékplitplksikmµ nigFnFanÓs§ahkmµenH
maneCaKC&yEmn bJúav^bti¶pÂèvsgðmGacnwg¨tèvVnedaH¨say[VnFUr¨sal
xÂH, k*bu"En¶kmÂSgesd½kicÍesom nwgrwtEtmanTMhMFMeLIgCalMdab' Ga¨s&yeTAelI
PaBFMeFg«np§ark~¬g¨beTsesomenHCa¨Vkd (BI 65 eTA 70 lannak' dl'
cugstvt§TI 20) . k~¬gkrNIenH karB¨gékkmÂSgesd½kicÍesomenH k*GackÂay
eTACae¨KaHf~ak'mYyFMEdr eTAelIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg Edlmanp§ark~¬g
¨beTsex§ayenAeLIy . CakarBitEmnehIy kmÂSgesd½kicÍk~¬gtMbn'nimYy@
«nBiPBelak e¨bobVneTAnwgkmÂSgTwkEdlhUrehor BItMbn'mYyxõs'eTAtMbn'
mYyeTotEdlTabCagdUec~HEdr .
ä¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg EdlsÄitenAkN¶al¨beTsTSgBIrenH TukCaeyIg
eFÃIy"agNa @ k¶I k*BuMGacecosputGMBIkarsgût'sgû^nkan'EtF©n'F©reLIgxagpÂèv
esd½kicÍ nigbN¶aCn ( les pressions d'ordre économique et démographique

58. 49
grandissantes ) «n¨beTsTSgsgxagVnrYceLIy edayGa¨s&yeTAelIehtufa
eKBuMGaceFÃI¨BM¨bTl'EdnäNa[biTC^tsUn´QwgVneLIy rvag¨beTsC^t
xagK~a .
etI¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg EdlmanlkÅN:CaEdk¨Tnab'mYytUc Gac¨T¨Tg'
Tb'Tl'nwgjjçrFM@ dl'eTABIrEdlFÂak'mkelIxÂçn¨Bm@ K~aVnÉeT k~¬gGnaKt
xagmuxenH ? vaCakarBitNas'eTAehIy, edImIºnwgGac¨TS¨TVn luH¨taEtEdk
¨Tnab'enH ¨tèveKbEnÄm¨sTab'Edk[Vn¨kas'mSCagmuneTIbVn .
m´"ageTot cMeJHkrNIesomenHeTotesat ebIsinCa¨beTsenHGac
sMercedayeCaKC&yxagkarB¨gékkmÂSgesd½kicÍVn enaHCakar¨besIrehIy .
EtebIpæ¬yeTAv^j, etInwgmankaredaH¨sayäNaeTot ? cºas'CaG~kdwknSesom
enHnwgecalEP~kjy@ mkelI EdndId*manCéCati«next¶Vt'dMbg nigvalTMnab«nbwg
TenÂsab EdlsmºèreTAeday¨tIsac' nig¨sUvGgûrminxaneLIy . cuHebIeKXubXitCa
mYyCnCatiyYneTot edImIºEbgEckEpndIeyIg, dUcenAstvt§r_TI 19 naq~S
1840 etIeyIgnwgQmmuxTb'Tl'nwgKe¨magkarGkuslenHtamv^FINa ?
X
X X

59. 50
esck¶IbJÍb'
TSgGs'enH, KW¨Kan'EtCakarsn~id½an kar¨bDit EdlCalTìpl«n¨VCÆa
nwgkaryl'Etb"ueNöaH minTan'manCakarBit«n¨bvti¶saås¶enaHeLIy . Et, etI
nrNaeLIyEdlGachßanGHGagfa k~¬gGnaKt, kar¨bDitenHminGackÂayCa
dac'xat eTACakarBitk~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶Vn ? ¨bvti¶saås¶Gac[emeronpg min
[emeronpgcMeJHeyIgral'K~a . GnaKtkalKWCarUgggwtmYyEdleKt¨mèv[
eyIgcUleTAk~¬g eday²t¨bEkkVneLIy EtebIeyIgdwgmunfarUgenHmanPin
PaKy"agem"c@ xÂHehIy, eyIgk*Gac¨buge¨bobxÂçneyIgVne¨cInEdr edImIºQm
muxnwgyfaehtu¨Kb'y"ag .
ehtudUcVnGFibºayeday¨tçs@ BIxagelIenH eyIgGacsnµteday
mankarPan'¨cLMCaGbºbrmafa cMeJHGnaKtkal«n¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg, änay
eCégemXäeNaH suTìEt¨bkbeTAedayduMBBkexµA@ e¨cInCaGenk kmÂSg«nkarsgût'sgû^n
xagpÂèvesd½kicÍCamYyK~anwgpÂèvbN¶aCn nigpÂèvneyaVyEfmeTotpg Cakar
KMramkMEhgmYyy"agFM²te¨bobpæwmVn Edl¨beTseyIg¨tèvEtTTYlrge¨KaH
BIsMNak'«nGnaKt¨beTsC^txageyIg .
k~¬glkÅn¶ik:EbbenH, maKáaEdleyIg¨tèvedIr KWeyIg¨tèvmankatBÃkicÍCa
bzm erobcMesd½kicÍCatieyIg[edIrelOnTan'sm&yniym, eFÃIesd½kicÍenH[rIk
cMerInCaGtibrma edImIºGac[mankmÂSg¨Kb'¨Kan' GacQmmuxTb'Tl'Vnnwg
kmÂSgsgût'sgû^nBIG~kC^txageyIg edayeFÃI[karKMramkMEhgdl'karKg'vg§
Cév^teyIgmanTMhMy"agtUcbMput .
ebIesd½kicÍmankmÂSg¨Kb'¨Kan'ehIy, neyaVyk*edIrtamesd½kicÍBIe¨kayx~gEdr sm
nwgJk´Edlfa KWesd½kicÍeTEdlnSneyaVy . KMnitTSgGs'enH KW¨Kan'EtCalTìpl«n
kar¨tiHriHBicarNas¶çces¶Ig«nmnus§m~ak'Etb"ueNöaH dUcenHBMuTan'manlkÅN:CasakleLIy.
ehtudUec~HehIy karPan'¨cLMmincºas'las'EtgmanCakarFmµta .
bMNgrbs'eyIgKW karsaklºgbMPÂWGnaKtkalnigsmºCJï:Etb"ueNöaH .

60. 51
¨tg'bJúaB¨gIkesd½kicÍ[VneC¯nelOnenH e¨scEtsmtÄkicÍbecÍkeTs xagEp~kenH
cuH .
ù ù sUm¨beTskmõ¬Ca CamatuPUmiCaTIes~ha Kg'vg§CanicÍù ù ù k~¬gPaBfû¬Mefûég .
kMBg'cam «f©TI 20 mkra 1970
nYn eXOn
vaysaeLIgv^j nigrcnaGk§r¨kb : XunBImU"c
EksMrYlJk´VrSg nigrUbPaBEpnTIfµé : man'¨Bwk
CYyBinit´GkÅrav^ruTìExµr : cinexµA
sùrùGaù, 7emsa2008ù