1. ofSy'I ;fKkfg-n[G tSgfcl: ;'SvlD vfDP'cf]
a'wl n]s-jfxfI vfDwfsofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG cfNnf] ;'SvlD vfDP'cf] ;'NnlSk[Nn[ 56959 ofSy'I ;'jfI vf]stfIcf] 34292F[ d[aft-t'af nTylS vfDP' ;xfIo'Skf ;fKkfg- (State Official Language)
nf]. sG ;fKkfg-glG ;'SvlDnC d[g-gfI t]d[G nfh]CclNn[ j]Cj] vfDP'xfC g' g[Kkfn- nfh]Ccf]
d[aft-t'. cfNnf] g[Kkfn- nfh]Ccf]FC 333633 t[GpfafxfC ofSy'I ;fKkfg- d[aft-. t]d[G
vffDP'xfCcf] j[T;- a[IuN: 2377V cf;fD: 288V b[Nnl: 02V cfg-bfq kqb];-: 03V cF'gfrN
kqb];-: 92V bfbq g' gfufU xfelnl: 05V sfUgftfSsf: 10V dfxfFf;-tqf : 17V dglk'U: 04V
dlhf]FfD: 01V gfufn[g-b-: 13V Ffh];-yfG: 141 g' tfdlNgfb': 03 sSs]FlS df] s[aKkf ;lijf dlSsf] tf]g-a]jf s[af]i-af cl;ls- t]d[G nfh]Caf j]Cj] vfDP'xfCcf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[afkkf g' ;'SvlD vfDP'cf]af m'Idf;lNn[ t]d[Gnfh]CFC 37265 t[GpfafxfC ofSy'I ;fKkfg- d[aft-kf
vfM]b[T (Census of India,2001, Paper 1 of 2007,Language,India, State and Union
Territories [Table C-16]).
cf];]i- vfM]u[b[Kkf cl;ls- ;'SvlD vfDP'cf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[afk-kfxfC tIa] 1951 g'
2001 vfFfSn[ sG kFlSn[G d[jo[. tIa] 1951n[ vfFfSn[ 15491 d[jo[glefuq tIa]
1981n[ 17922V 1991n[ 28174 x[Ss]cfI 2001n[ 34292 d[jo[. sG 1951 g' 2001
n'Ddf]af glt-tf] tIa] 1981 kfxls- j]C glt-xfCcf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[afk-kfxfC y'Dn[ gfde]cf] d[;[Gb';laf vfM]d[b[Tg[G. tIa] 1981af ;fKkfg-glt- (Linguistic census) cl;ls;'SvlDn[G 1792 yfIu[TV 1279 gfDu[GV 1975 nfIu[T g' 12874 y'DxfCcf] d[jo[
(Household and Linguistic survey in Sikkim, 1981). tIa] 1981 g' 1991n[ n'Ddf]
;'SvlD ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[afk-kfxfC 10252 vfFfS d[aMf]F[cfI d[j[o[uq tIa] 1991 g' 2001n[
n'Ddf] 6118FC d[afM]F[af cf];]i- vMf]b[t[cfI jfC. x[Ss]cfI tIa] 1961 g' 1971n[ cfSv[G
ofSy'I
;fKkfg- s[afk-kf d[jo[ v[Nn[G rTofs- gf]FlS vfM]d[b[Tt[GgfI jfC. ;fGofn(1979Vrl_18) n[ ;'SvlD vfDP'cf] tIa] 1961n[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[afk-kfxfC 4955 d[jo[efI
rTofs- rf]u'cfI jfC. x[Ss]FlSs] ;fDglaf ;'F];-- s'dF- u'F'I (2010Vrl_77) nfD cf];]if
;'K;'af cl;ls- ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[afk-kf ;'SvlDdf] 1961n[ (;'ef_1958+nlDa'=4955)
s[F[Sn[ 6212nC d[jo[af yfclI kf]i-. sF sG ;fDglaf g[KdfhfIn[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[afk-kf
;fDbfI m'Sv[;'af cf];]i-ilG v[Def t[GblIaf gld[b[Tg[G. y]cfIe[Nn[ tIa] 1951n[wf] ;'SvlD
;lufI ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[afk-kfxfC 15496 d[jo[uq 1961n[ cfSs[FlSsfI 6212FC d[af]s-v[cfI

2. d[a] Z s[FCaf ;]g-bf] kf]s-. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ zSgld- g' sf]Def] rf]s-d[G o[s-df jfC.
x[Ss]cfI 1971 n[ v[Nn[ cf];]i-ifI vfM]df ;'Sd[b[Tt[GgfI jfC. sG kfg-xfC ;fDglafxfCF[
mStfIif] gfd-;lG.
ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG ;'SvlD nfh]Ccf] tIa] 1951 vfFfS 15491 g'n-n[ oFlS
t[GpfafxfCF[ d[aft-t'af ;fKkfg- d[g-gfI kft-kfg-FC jo[. ;'SvlDd] ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCF[ cfafi]
zSzS jfCefI yfclI d[IuTt'G. tIa] 1951n[ cldffg-;lI r[d-hIV dG axfb'U vfDwfs- g'
kbD;lI d'FlInf sG ;'D;l dfi-glaf vf]bfSdlxfC d[bI;lGgfI ‘t'D ofSy'I glIjfCm' ;fKnf’ g'
‘gl;lu]s- ofSy'I ;fKnf’ sG g[Tpl ;fKkGxfC d[;fKt' d[Ft-t';lcfI ;'SvlD nfh]C s'F[dofSy'In[ kfIe]C kfIe]C xlD xlD d[xfM;'. sG ;fKkGxfC ;'SvlDnC d[g-gfI j]Cj] vfDP'xfC g'
jfh]CxfCcf] ;[MF[. ;'SvlD nfh]Ccf] v[G o[Gn[ ‘t'D ofSy'I glIjfCm' ;fKnf’g- g' ‘gl;lu]sofSy'I ;fKnf’ sG g[Tpl ;fKkGxfC y'Kk[T kf]i-d[Gwf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzSn[G oDaf
;ls-n'I (milestone) n]k-dfF[ ofd-aS ofSy'I ;fKd'Gw'Dn[G nfDbf]clcf] (turning point)
kf]s-v[cfI k] kfk-d[Nn[ y]cfI gfhlS (debate) d[af]i-g[G. ;'SvlDaf ;'ofIa[Daf ofSy'IxfCF[
x'Sx'sf] v[G ;fKkGglG r'St[. v'glCcfI ofSy'I ;'jfIn[G cfafi] ‘zSzS’ jfCafFpV d'b[Daf
g' cld]k-kfxfC x[Ss] cfglC ;fM_cM]xfCF[ gl;fDxlDxfCcf] glk-df g' ;fKdf d[PfM];'F kf]i- s[FCaf
clt-plI g' glI;D kfM]df x]s-t.
[
y[df;fI ofd-aS rf]s-d[Nn[ gf]af gfd-e] g' nfDnf]afxfC d[jfCuFT s';fI ncfI k]s-.
v[Da[Nn[ ;'SvlDd] ofSy'I n'Ddf] ;'D;l o[DbIn'Iaf (d'FlInfValValV2005VrlV139) xfIoDa'
eUgfwf]h- rf]IV nfn-dg- rf]I g' tlnf]s-;lI;l d[jo[. xfIoDa' eUgfwf]h- ;'SvlDaf d'b[GxfI ;U
f
tf;l gfDu]Nn[ clu]s-kf s';'hfbfIafF[G s'a[G jo[afn-n[ ;'SvlDd] ofSy'I ;'jfI g' xfIilNn[
n'Ddf] tFi- tfCd[G v[Def s[hfCaf xf]k-t[. v'g[C s'nfDnf]cf] xfIoDa' nfn- dfg- g'uf]V tlnf]s-;l
g'uf] g' ;f]g'clk-kf ofSy'I ;'jfIxfC yf]d[Nnfk-kf ;'SvlDaf xfIilG t'DdfcfI k]n-nl mfSdf
d[x]s-t[. tId] (treaty) ‘nf]_d[G_rf]I_;'D’ cl;ls- ;'SvlDaf d'b[DafV cld]k-kf g' ofSy'I
sG ;'D;l ;'jfIxfC kfMV dfM g' ;fM;l. sG ;'D;l ;'jfIxfCF[ ;'SvlD nfh]Cg'n-n[ tfhlaf vfDaf]ijfF[G ;fKd'Gw'D jfC s[FCaf kfg-glG xfI tul gld[F[Sv'F k]n-nl o[Do[Dn[ d[efSt'. x[Ss]
kf]s-;[Nn[ d'b[GxfI ;U tf;l gfDu]Nn[ 1985 aGb'Ss] s[o'Iaf xfIoDa' clGbq kqafb- ofSy'I
;'SvlDd] ofSy'IF[ s'pfK (representative) ;]u'cfI ;'SvlD sD;]g-xlDaf (council)
sD;]d-af (councillor) rf]u'. sD;]g-xlDdf] t[G vfM]dfF[ kfg-bfC tMfafcf] sG ;'SvlDd]
ofSy'IafF[G ylS;]s-kf nfIbf]CF[G s';I ;fKd'Gw'Dnf].

3. ;'SvlDaf vfDa]s-d[G cfSv[Gaf c'gfV ofSy'I ;'jfIxfCcfI v[Defc] c'gfaf;l. v'glC cfafi]
ylSk[Ghlaf ;fSylDV yfs-o'wlDV ;fDof]V ;fKkfg- g' zSzS d[uTt'V ;fDd'Gw'D g' ;fDhlS
d'Gw'D d[uTt'. ;'SvlD nfh]CF[G dlIzfq s[jfd-af g' ;fKd'Gw'Dn[ rlFl rlFlcf] v'glC ;'SvlDn[
nful nSmfC d[hf]u'afF[ kfg-xfC vMf]b[T. sG ;[SvfblIaf kfg-p'Def] (factual statement)xfC
;'SvlDaf d'b[GxfIilNn[ vf;]g- (justify) g' gl;]g- (recognise) rf]u'cfI 1962n[ ;'SvlDd]
ofSy'IxfC d'b[Daf g' cld]k-kfxfCg' s'bI ;'SvlDaf oSo'IjfF[G kUdful klF';l (Government
of Sikkim, Home Dept.No.5/277/61 Dated 16th Jan, 1962).
tIa] 1966n[ ;'SvlD o'Smf]nfD nTylS xfIb[Djf xSn'I (Royal
Proclamation) ng-b[cI jo[. sG xfIb[Djf xSn'I cl;ls- ;'SvlDaf sD;]g-xlDaf
f
o'SgfclG 20 cf]g' 24 vfFfS kfM]F[cfI k]. sDef 24 sD;]g-xlDaf o'Sgfcf] nTylS ofSy'I
;'jfIn[G o'Sgf (Tsong Seat) jo[ (Sikkim Darbar, Gazette, December 21st 1966).
;'SvlD sD;]d-afF[G ;'D;lu]s-kf ;]s-;lG 1967n[ kf]s-v[cfI jo[. ofSy'IafF[ s'pfK
xfIoDa' xUs wf]h- rf]I (;fDbi-af) g[;gN kftl (National Party)nfD d[;]u'cfI sD;]d-af
kf]s-v[ (Bhattacharya, nd,p.144). v[G o[Dn[ ;'SvlD xfIwlDjfF[G jfgfDdlG mft-cf] s[j[Daf
dlFfs-slG x[Ss] gM[;[. cfTtl;fI xSr'Def]jfF[ nful xfIwlDjfaf clSr'D (political slogan for
democracy)xfCF[ nfh]CclGwf] rld'cfI gM[;[. ofSy'IafxfCF[ nTylS clSr'D ‘xfIgl;f koI mf]dd} kf]i-V ofSy'In[ zSzS glk-d[G vfM]d} kf]i’- ilG o[KdlIaf jo[ (sUgf axfb'U vfDwfsV2005).
sSs]bIaf ofSy'I ;'TnfF[ jfg-b'af clSr'Dn[ ;]g-bf]cfI ofSy'In[G s'pfK kf]s-v[cfI
sD;]g-xlDdf] s[a]s-kf xfIoDa' xUs wf]h- rf]In[ ylS;lu]s-kf tfblu[G s';[KdfIilG ‘ofSy'I
;'jfIn[ cfafi] ;fKkfg- zSzSslG gl;fDxlDxfCcf] glk-df g' ;fKdf cfSs]FlSsfI;fI vfM]d}
kf]i-’ s[FCafg'n-n[ yf]wf] s[hD;lDaf y]cfI xf]k-t[. xfIoDa' xUs wf]h- rf]In[ yf]d[Nnfk-kf
sD;]g-xlDdf] ofSy'In[ cfglu[ zSzS g' ;fKkfg- gl;fDxlDxfCcf] glk-df vMf];'Da[F kf]is[FCaf s'clSnfg- tf]st[cfI g[;[ (vfDwfs- xUsV gfD;fIn[ cf]t-tlV 2004).
dfUr nfV o[Gglt- 11V 1968n[ ;fDbi- kfIe]C s[o'Iaf t'Tt' clpf k'Ugf bf;- o'IbI
vfM];'cfI ylS;lu]s-kf ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDaf kf]s-v[cfI v[Da[Nn[af ;fDbi- o'S;lI
gl;fDxlDdf] k] (Notification No (37/62/990/Edu,Sikkim Darbar, 11.03.1968). sG

4. tIa]g- ;'SvlD nfh]Ccf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg-n[G s';I nfDbf]xG (threshold) kf]s-v[cfI k].
ofSy' ;fKkfg-glG ofSmf g[Tpl vfFfS kfIclk-kf ofDa] (optional subject)efI glk-df ofSy'af
;fM_cM]xfCF[ ;'o[D d[PfM];' d[b]CF'. v[G o[DdfI sTgf ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDafcfI yf]F[yf]
o'IbI d[af]s-v[F d[a]. tIa] 1971n[ 02 ;lS;fDafV 1972n[ 04 g' 1973n[ 02V s[F[Sn[
tIa] 1968 g' 1974 vfFfSn[ 09 ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDafxfC o'IbI d[af]s-v[cfI ;'SvlD
nfh]C;lufI xSr'Def]F[G tfu[ tfSgfD tfMk-df tul j]Cj] ;'SvlD o'Smf] gl;fDxlDxfCcf]
d[FMf;[.
v[G o[Dn[ gl;fDxlDxfCcf] x'Kdf g' glk-dfF[ nful ofIjfaf glt-pfK ;fKkGxfC xf]k-t[.
tIa] 1951n[ y'Kk[T s[af]i-afcfI s[jfCaf ‘t'D ofSy'I glIjfCm' ;fKnf’ g' ‘gl;lu]s- ofSy'I
;fKnf’ sG g[Tpl ;fKkGxfCFC ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDafxfCF[ cf]ufK d[hf]u'F d[jo[. 1969n[
;'SvlD o'Smf]clNn[ ofSy'I glt-pfK ;fKkG r[ofd-ef] g' s';'g-glG s';lI glk-dfV zSgldrf]s-df g' cDb[Djf rf]s-dfF[ nful xfIdf xf]k- s'Sn[ s'wf];'wlDcf] nTylS ;h'D;lT rf]u'.
v[G ;h'Dcf] kf;lIkfbfIxfC if;l d[jo[. sF v[G ;h'DdlNn[ ofSy'I glt-pfK ;fKkGF[G r[ofdef]clG s'a]xG rf]s-df d[;'St'G.
c[Kkq]n- nfV 1984n[af ;]s-;lI c]ufI n[Gb'K bf]Uhl sfhl vfI;fUkfF[ s'nfDnf]cf]
;'SvlD xSr'Def]af o'mf] kf]s-v[cfI o'I;lG. v[Nn[ tIa]wlS c]ufI 16 d] nf 1975n[
;'SvlD nfh]CclG t]d[G nfh]CF[G 22 vfDP' kf]s-v[cfI k]. tIa] 333 s[u[Kkf gfDu[N
xfIu[Gn[G ;'SvlD s';fk- cfu[cfI xSr'Def]F[G s';I nfDbf]xG kf]s-v[a[Nn[ ;'SvlD t]d[G
nfh]CclNn[ nTylS s'nS kf]s-v[.
;'SvlDdf] xSr'Def]F[G ylSr'D ylSgfD tfk-d[G ofSy'I ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzSn[ s';I
;fDd'Gw'Ddf] oDaf nfDbf]cl kf]s-v[cfI k]. tIa] 1975cfI sTgf g[Kkfn-nlV d'b[DafV cld]kkf g' ofSy'I sG nl;l ;fKkfg-xfCF[G glt-pfK ;fKkGxfC ofFlK d[Ghf]s-s] d[Daf]i-dfgf o[D
t[O. x]Ss] kf]s-;[Nn[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg-gf]cfI ;fKkGxfC ofFlK s[hf]s-kf (s[;fKkf) nTylS
clt-pfKkf;lTn[G rfxfaf kf]s-v[. v[G o[Dn[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg-gf] cfh]C ;fKd[Kdf] ru'af g' cltgld- s[uKkf zf]w'Iu[G alV alV d'FlInf g' rGbq dfIo'I sG g[TplFC x'Srf]cf] s[bfMaf jo[;l.
tIa] 1974n[ ‘t'Db'Dbf] x[gf’ ;'SvlD;'df ylS;lu]s-kf ofSy'I zSk]jfclGgfI v'GplCc]
;fjg-b[;'cfI jo[. zf]w'Iu[G rGbq dfIo'I o[Gglt- 11V03V 1954n[ ;fDbi- kfIe]Caf FfglwfD
f
o'Sk'Ggf] ;fjfg-plGgfI jo[. v'g[C ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDafF[ nful o[Gglt- 01V04V1973n[

5. o'IbI kf]s-v[cfI ;fDbi- gl;fDxlDdf] ofu[. v'g[C sfSg' tulaf s';fDdlnf ‘ofSy'I;f;]’ clG
1972n[ ‘zlFlhIuf’ zSk]jf vfglt- 11 cf] y'Kk[T kf]s-v[cfI jo[ (k';-kf yfi;'xfIV‘zlFlhIuf’ vfglt- 11V1972). j]C n[K;fI zf]w'Iu[G alV alV d'FlInf o[Gglt- 3
c[Kkq]n- 1943n[ nlIrf]d- kfIe]C xfIoDa' nfn-dg- g'uf]CF[ mf]s-jf ;fM kf]s-v[cfI ;fjfs-plGgfI
f
jo[. v'g[C r'St[Fc] ofSy'I zSzS glk-df g' ;fKdf ;lufI ;lufI cfafi] yfa[blI s'DafMnfD
x'C;lIn jo[a[Nn[ gf]FlSsfI ofSy'I zSzS glk-df g' ;fKdfcfI s[;'Skf jo[. v'g[C c[GV klV
sn[h-nfD xfIn'I ;'F'cfI yfi[cfI nlIrf]d- jo[Nn[ kfIe]Caf xlGhfC_klTp'xfC ;'K;';lcfI ofSy'I
zSzS glk-df g' ;fKdf o';lS o';lS x'CF';lF jo[ (c[r-V c[;-V dfIo'IV 2003). 1973cfI
sTgf v'g[C k]n-nlI yf] yfI;lI gl;fDxfDdf]cfI o[G ylSifF[ s'F[GwlS (bi-weekly) glpfD;fxfC
;fDclS x'dfF[ ofd-aS rf]s-dfF[ ;'o[D vfM];'a[Nn[ gl;fDxlDaf o[s-;fDaf bfStU c[GV s]V hfgulFf g' v'g[C n'Ddf] gf]af sfCcl v]i-;lG r'F[cfI jo[. sF 1974 n[K;fI bfStU c[GV s]V
hfg-ulFf ;'SvlD o'Smf]clNn[ rS_cf]u[Daf (Joint Director) rf]u'cfI gl;fDnSsf] t]CF'cfI
o'i[.
;ls-o[D (session) 1975n[ ofSy'I glt-pfK ;ffKkGxfC rfNnlSgf rfNnlS ofFlK rf]s-df
s[af]i-a[G ofSy'I ;fKkfg- tul nTylS oDaf rlw[k-kf r[ofd-ef] (pressing problem) s[F[
t[OcfI o[a[. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ o[Gglt- 9 cSt'aU 1975n[ tfgfD bfStU c[GV s]V hfg-ulFfV
klVc[DV g[DafIV klVc[;-V d'FlInf g' alValV d'FlInf;lF[ n'Ddf] nTylS r'Skf ofSmfIif] ;'hfF[
nful r'Dn'IwlS kf]s-v[. x[Ss]cfI s'g'Ddf] ofSy'I glt-pfK ;fKkGxfC ;fKdfF[G clwfk-klG
alValV d'FlInfF[ s'eStfIif] s[F[Sn[ d[gfk-;' (d'FlInfV 2005 rlV103_114).
bl;[DaU nfV 1975n[ zf]w'Iu[G alValV d'FlInfF[ zf]w'Iu[G kxn- dfg- g[DafInfD
zSclIPI vfM]df nId[g-g] zf]w'Iu[G rGbq dfIo'I t]CF'cfI sfGbS k];l. r'Ijfd-df tSgfC
(winter vacation) v[Defc] x]s-;lG. sG tSgfCcf] ;'D;lV zf]w'Iu[G klV c[;-V d'FlInfV alV
alV d'FlInf g' rGbq dfIo'I nfafwlS g' s'e[qi- ;ff]FlS d[o'i[cfI ylS;lu]s-kf glt-pfK
;fKkGglG ofFlK d[hf]u'. v[G c]ufI m[a-jFl 1976 s]s-v[cfI gl;fDxlDxfC d[xGb[ v[Nn[
rf]u'Nn[ zf]w'Iu[G rGbq dfIo'IxfIilG gl;fDxlDdf] g's-v[. sGs]bIaf s';f]s- ofSy'I glt-pfK
;fKkGxfC ofFlK s[rf]s-kfxfC ;fDaf g' m[bfIdf d[g- sF rlTnlIu[ ;'oi-af ofM x[Ss]bIa}
d[jo[. v[Nn[ rf]u'Nn[ sG yfi- s[aKkf kfg-xfC s';lI glk-df g' kf]wSdf ;[af]FfDaf g' o[s-kf
d[jfC. tIa] 1975_1976cfI sTgf ofSy'I glt-pfK ;fKkGxfC g' ;fKkfg-n[G s';I nfDbf]cl

6. x]s-;lG. glt-pfK ;fKkGxfC ofIjfaf v[GxfC ;lufI ;fDdlnfV ;'DV v[bfC g' j]Cj] kFlSn[ cltpfKxfC s[ofSkf ofFlK d[af]s-v[F d[a].
c[Kkq]n- nf o[Gglt- 24V 1976n[ zf]w'Iu[G alV alV d'FlInfF[ ;'SvlD o'Smf]nfD
mfC_glt-pfK ;fKkG s[;fKkfefI (Asst. Text Book Writer) o'IbI vfM];'. v'g[C s'mStfIif]
s[F[S ofSy'I glt-pfK ;fKkGxfC ;fKdf g' ofFlK rf]s-dfF[G clwfk-klG gfd-;lG. tIa]
1976n[ ofSmf ylS (I) g' if;l (V) vfFfSkf ofSy'I glt-pfK ;fKkGxfCcfI ofFlK d[af]s-v[
d[h'F[. tIa] 1976cfI sTgf ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG ofSmf if;l (V) vfFfS x'CdfF[G ofd-aSsfI
x]s-;lGgfI tIa] 1979 n[ ofSmf g';l (Class VII) vfFfS s[F[ (Roy,Sunil
C,1980,pp.36-37). tIa] 1974 g' 1979 n'Ddf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDafxfC 23 o'IbI
d[af]s-v[a[Nn[ s[F[Sn[ 32 d[af]s-v[cfI d[a]. tIa] 1979n[af ;]s-;lI c]ufI ;lSvlD hGtf
kFl;fb-n[ nfDnf]af gU axfb'U eGbfFl ;'SvlDaf gl;lu]s-kf ;'DdlxfI kf]s-v[. t'Tt' gU axfb'U
eGbfFlF[ tIa] ylSnl vfFfSkf s'xfIu[Ggf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg-n[G yf]af] d[af]s-v[Gaf kfk-df
;'Sd[b[Tg[G. o[Ddf] tIa] 1980 vfFfSn[ glt-pfK ;fKkGxfC ofSmf o[Tpl vfFfSkf ofFlK kf]sv[ r'F[cfI jo[a[Nn[ df]vlDdf] o'Smf]clNn[ clIb[D cl;ls- ;ls-o[D 1980cfI sTgf ofSmf o[Tpl
vfFfS ofSy'I ;fKkfg- x'CdfF[ ofd-aSsfI x]s-;lG. tIa] 1981n[ ;'SvlD ofSy'I ;fKkfg-n[
nful s';I ;fKd'Gw'Dn[G nfDw]t- xGplG. ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG nTylS ;'SvlD vfDP'af vfDP'
;xfIo'Skf ;fKkfg-efI o'Smf]clNn[ gl;]g-b'cfI kf]s-v[. vf v[G tIa] ;lufIi] blNnlaf
;[Gtqn- af]Ub- cK ;[Ss[Gblq c[b's];Gn[ (Central Board of Secondary Education)
ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG ;ls-df] ofDa] (core subject)efI ;'SvlD o'Smf] gl;fDxlDxfCcf] ofSmf
mfI;l g' ylaf]i- vfFfS x'CdfF[G ofd-aS x]s-;lG. nfaf 3 dfUr 1983cfI sTgf ofSy'I
;fKkfg-gf] o[G ylSifF[ ylSo[G k]d'S 15 vfFfSkf ;fDnf] g' d'clIifI sfGbS clI;[a'InfD
;[MdfF[G ylDa] ofd-aSsfI x]s-;lG . vf v[G tIa] (1983)n[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG ofSmf
ylSylS (Class XI) vfFfS s[F[cfI ;ls-o[D 1984cfI sTgf ofSy'I ;fKkfg- x'CdfF[ ofd-aS
ofSmf ylSg[Ttf]cfI x]s-;lG. tIa] 1984n[ ofSy'I zSzSslGgfI ofSkIu] y'DPf]
(National Award)F[ nful s';]s-kf kf]s-v[cfI zf]w'Iu[G ;Gr dfg- nlDa'F[ y'DPf]clG tfst'cfI jo[. tIa] 1989cfI sTgf ;'SvlD o'Smf]af clI;fKnf ;'SvlD x]Fn-n[GnfI ofSy'I
;fKkfg-nfD y'Kk[T rf]s-df o'Smf]clNn[ x]s-t'. v[G clI;fKnfg- zSnlIwf]s- s[hf]s-kf nTylS
zSnlIwf]s-kfF[GgfI o'IbI kf]s-v[cfI jo[. tIa] 1979 g' 1993 vfFSn[ 162 ofSy'I
;fKkfg- ;lS;fDaf 1 zSnlIwf]s-kfV 1 mfC gl;fD ;xfIu[Daf g' 1 mfC glt-pfK ;fKkG ;fKkfgxfCF[G o'IbI d[af]s-v[cfI d[jo[.

7. o[Gglt- 13 ;[Kt[DaU 1993n[ ;'SvlD vfDP'af of];'blI o[efIn'IxlDdf] (State
Legislative Assembly of Sikkim) ofSy'IafV cld]k-kf g' d'b[Daf ;fKkfg-xfC xfI;lIxlD g'
;ldlSn'IxlDxfCcf] x'Cdf vfM]b[Tn kf]i-efI oh'Dn'Icf] y'o[C glaf]i- (Resolution:20)cf]
zf]w'Iu[G ;Gr dfg- nlDa'F[ kfg-n[K (proposal) o'Sv'cfI jo[ (Resolution No.20:
Recognition of Lepcha, Bhutia and Limboo language upto graduate and post
graduate level, 13 Sept. 1993, Assembly). sF v[G ofd-aSslNn[ s';fI d[F;[GgfI
v[Defc] ofs-t'.
o[Gglt- 18 d] 1994n[ ;'SvlD vfDP'cf] zf]w'Iu[G ;Gr dfg- nlDa' ;'DdlxfI kf]s-v[.
zf]w'Iu[G nlDa'xfIilNn[ s'of]bIif] t'S;l ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDafxfCF[G o'IbI kf]s-v[. nfaf
t'S;laf s'xfIu[Ggf] ;[Kt[DaU nf 1994n[ nlDa'xfIilNn[ ;'SvlDaf d'b[DafV ofSy'Iaf g'
cld]k-kf xfIn'I s'a[G vfFfS glk-df d[PfM];'FefI yfIu[T aIufN ;ldlSn'IxlDaf mfC_oDa'xfIV
oDgl;fDaf klVs]VrfTtfUhl (Vice-Chancellor of North Bengal University, Prof. P K
Chattarjee)clG zSclIPI ;fKt'cfI jo[. nlDa'xfIilNn[ s'a]n-nlclG t[GblI rf]u'cfI
o[Gglt- 5V10V1994af mf]_xfIn'I sD;]g- r'Dn'I (Meeting of Under- Graduate Council)
yfIu[T aIufN ;ldlSn'IxlDdlNn[ o'Sv'cfI ;'SvlDaf ;'D;l t[Daf]i-af ;fKkfg-xfC xfIn'I vfFfS
x'Cdf x]s-dfF[G kfg-p[ rf]u' (Letter to the Chief Minister of Sikkim from the VC,
NBU,DO No. 44/218.VC-94:Dated 7/10/1994). sF zf]w'Iu[G nlDa'xfIilNn[
s'xfIh'D(ministry)dlG bl;[DaU 1994af ;]s-;lGgf] ;fIu[I kf]s-v[cfI bl;[DaU 12V 1994cfI
sTgf kfjG rfDnlI ;'SvlDaf if;lu]s-kf ;'DdlxfI kf]s-v[a[Nn[ ofs-aSslG xfSyfC nCF[F k].
tIa] 1997n[ sfGbS clI;[a'IxlDnfD k]d'S 30 vfFfSkf ofSy'I ylDa]xfC clIeG
rf]s-dfF[G ofd-aS x]s-;lG. tIa] 2000n[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG d'b[Daf g' cld]k-kf ;fKkfgxfCg' s'bI ;'SvlDaf g[Tpl o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDxfCcf] sf]o[Daf t]d[G ;fKkfg- (Modern Indian
Language) efI sfSvf] 50F[G x'C;lI x]s-;lG. x[Ss]FlSs] ;'SvlD vfDP'af of];'blI
o[efIn'IxlDdf]af kfIef]xfC (proceedings) kfn-n[I rf]s-dfF[G ofd-aSsfI x]s-;lGa[Nn[ nTylS
kfn-n[Iaf (translator)F[G o'IbIifI ;'SvlD o'Smf]clNn[ rf]u'. vf sG tIa] ;lufI 14
kf;lIafbfIaf ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;h'D (14 Member Limboo Language Committee) ofSy'I
;'jfIn[ d[hf]u'cfI sGn[ gfd-e]cf] ofSy'I ;fDkfg-glG t]d[G mfIgfd-e](Constitution)clNn[G
o[Tplu]s-kf glk-dl (8th Schedule) s]k-df kf]i-efI ;'SvlD o'Smf]af t'D_;fKclIbfIaf
(Chief Secretary) k]n-nlzS d[bf]g-b'cfI jo[ (Representation made by the Limboo

8. Language Committee consisting of 14 members to the Chief Secretary, the Govt.
of Sikkim, Gangtok, Dated 2nd March, 1997). sF sG gfs-rclIilG cfNnf] vfFfS
tfKy'I d[g-gfI ofSy'IafF[G ;[KdfInC kf]s-v[cfI jfC.
o[Gglt- 2 h'n} 2007n[ ;'SvlD vfDP'cf] ;'SvlDn[G n'D ;ldlSn'IxlD (Central
University) n[G ;fjfg- kf]s-v[. oDhl;fDaf dx[Gbq klV nfdf n'D o'Smf]V t]d[Gn[ ;'SvlD
;ldlSn'IxlDaf ylS;lu]s-kf mfC_oDa'xfI (Vice-Chancellor) o'IbI rf]u'cfI v[G nfaf
;lufIi] nfdfxfIilG ;'SvlD yfi[cfI ;'SvlDn[G vfDP' tF] xlD (State Guest House of
Sikkim)df] o'Ii[F jo[. x[Ss]n-n[ ylS o'GplS ;'SvlD o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDV sfGbSkf
n'KylS d[bI;lGgfI mfC_oDa'xfI t'D;[ d[a]cfI d[jo[. v[Ggf] sf]o[Daf mfC_oDhl;fDaf
c]ValVd'FlInfcfI jo[. mfC_oDa'xfIilGg' v[G n'KylS n'Dnf] tfCh[I kf]s-v[F k]clNsn[V
c]ValVd'FlInfF[cfI ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG ;'SvlD o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDxfCcf] nTylS ;]g-d' ofDa]
(elective subject)efI x'Cdf vfM];'Da[FefI k]n-nl mfSt'.
;'SvlD vfDP'cf] ;ldlSn'IxlDn[ ;fjfg- kf]i-d[Gwff] ;'SvlDaf ofSy'IafV d'b[Daf g'
cld]k-kf ;fKkfg-xfCF[G tjf g'Cdf kf]s-v[cfI k]. tIa] 2008 h'n}cfI sTgf ofSy'I ;fKkfgglNn[cfI j]Cj] ofDa] (;fKd'Gw'DV vfclS d'Gw'DV vfDhlS d'Gw'DV ;lInlI d'Gw'DV ;'dfhl
d'Gw'DV ;[F[I d'Gw'DV sfD;lI d'Gw'DV xlIjf d'Gw'DV s'glnlIV xfIwlD d'Gw'DV clS;f d'Gw'DV
dlSm't-nfV g[Dkfn-nl ju[FfxfCF[) s'a[Ggf] ;'SvlD ;ldlSn'IxlDaf glt-pfDtls- (curriculum)
g' glt-p[K (syllabus) cl;ls- sfSvf] 300n[G ;]g-d' ofDa] (elective subject) g' 100n[G
o[ulKkf sKt[Gjf ;fKkfg- (Compulsory Regional Language) kf]s-v[cfI tIa] 2012
vfFfS ;'SvlDaf g[Tpl o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDxfCcf] x'C;lIdfF[G ofd-aS kf]s-v[F jfo[. sF h'n}
nf tIa] 2012cfI sTgf ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG ;f]ofDa]af (Honours) ofDa] kf]s-v[cfI ;'SvlD
o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDV tfbIV ;'SvlD o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDV gfDrl g' ;'SvlD o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDV
s]hlIxfCcf] x'CdfF[G ofd-aS x]s-;lIifI jfC.
cfNnf] ;'SvlD vfDP'cf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG 03 tS_o'S;lI gl;fDxlD (Pre-Primary
School), 81 o'S;lI gl;fDxlD (Primary School), 40 rD;lI gl;fDxlD (Junior High
School), 45 yfI;lI gl;fDxlD (Secondary School) g' 30 yf] yfI;lI gl;fDxlD (Senior
Secondary School) s[F[Sn[ 199 ;'SvlD o'Smf] gl;fDxlDxfCcf] x'CdfF[G ofd-aS kf]i-n
kT. sDef ;'SvlD vfDP'cf]af ofSy'I ;fKkfg- x'CdfF[G ofd-aS s[af]i-afF s[aKkf

9. gl;fDxlDxfCcf] 119 gfDwf ;'SvlDV 39 gfDu[G ;'SvlDV 34 nfIu[T ;'SvlD g' 07 yfIu[T
;'SvlD d[o'I.
;fKkfg-nSV ;'SvlD o'Smf]nfD cf];]i- (data) vfM]s[b[Kkf cl;ls 199 ofSy'I ;fKkfgx'CdfF[G ofd-aS s[af]i-afF s[aKkf ;'SvlD o'Smf] gl;fDxlDxfCcf] s[F[Sn[ 8180 ofSmf ylS
g' ylSylS vfFfS ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[glk-kfxfC d[ofS. sDef 8180cf] ;'SvlD vfDP'clNn[ gfDwf
y'Dcf]FC 5330 (66%)V gfDu[G 1079 (12%)V nfIu[T 1141 (13%) g' yfIu[T y'Dcf] 660
(9%) ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[glk-kf glpfD;fxfC vfM]d[b[T.
x[Ss]FlSs] ;'SvlD vfDP'af g[Tpl o'Smf] xfI;lIxlD gfDrl g' sfg-bSxfCcf] oDa'jf
;ls-o[D (Academic Session) 2008 g' 2010 vfFfSn[ 141 ofSy'I ofDa] glk-dfF[ nful
dlI d[;fKt'cfI jo[. sF sDefcf] 26n[ xfI;lIxlDxfC d[F[F'cfI cfNnf] ofSy'I ofDa] s[FfafcfI
s[glk-kfxfC 114FC d[jo[. x[Ss]cfI sDef 114 ofSy'I ofDa] s[glk-kf xfI;lIxlDxfCcf]af
glpfD;fxfCcf] 47 o[DalTpf;f g' 67 d[Gp'dfCxfC d[jo[. x[Ss]FlSs] 114cf] 47 ;'SvlD
o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDV tfbI g' 67 ;'SvlD o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDV gfDrl d[ofu[. g[Tpl
xfI;lIxlDxfCcf] ofSy'I ofDa] s[glk-kf glpfD;fxfC yIdf;luq o[DalTpfCxfCg'n-n[ d[Gp'dfxfC clkkf d[ofSkf vfM]b[T. tIa] 2012cfI sTgf s]hlIifI ;'SvlD o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDn[G gfDofFf
k]xG kf]s-v[. cfNnf] v[G xfI;lIxlDcf]cfI sfSn[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[glk-kf glt-pfD;fxfC 28
(tIa] ylS;lu]s-V gl;lu]s- g' ;'D;lu]s-cf]) d[ofS. x[Ss]FlSs] gfDrl g' sfg-bS
xfI;lIxlDxfCcf] s[F[Sn[ 69 g' 51FT ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[glk-kf glt-pfD;fxfC d[ofS. ;'DdfI
xfI;lIxlDxfCcf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg- s[glk-kf glt-pfD;fxfC m'Idf;lNn[ 148 d[ofS.
ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDafxfCF[GgfI tSgfcl (profile)F[ kfg- kfk-d[Nn[ 199 ofSy'I
;fKkfg- x'C;lI s[af]i-af gl;fDxlDxfCcf] s[F[Sn[ 279 ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDafxfC d[ofS. sG
279cf] 10 yfI;lI ;lS;fDaf (Post-Graduate Teacher) 48 xfI;lI ;lS;fDaf (Graduate
Teacher) g' 221 o'S;lI ;lS;fDaf (Primary Teacher) xfC d[jfC. 10 yfI;lI
;lS;fDafxfCcf] 5 ;'SvlD vfDP'F[G gfDwf y'DV 1 yfIu[TV 1 nfIu[T g' 3 gfDu[G y'Dcf] d[ofS.
x[Ss]FlSs] 221 o'S;lI ;lS;fDafxfC d[jfC. x[Ss]cfI 142 gfDwf ;'SvlDV 41 gfDu[GV 6
yfIu[T g' 32 nfIu[T ;'SvlD d[ofS. xfIn'In[ s'a[Gcf]cfI mfC_oDhl;fDafxfC ;'D;l
xfI;lIxlDxfCcf] g[g[Tpl rf]s-dfcfI 6 d[ofS. sDefcf] nl;l ylo[Daf g' g[Tpl r[Kkf d[jfC.

10. gl;fDnSnfD rTofs- vfM]s[b[Kkf cl;ls- tIa] 1968 g' 2011 (43 tIa])
vfFfSn[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;fS;fDafF[ nful 279 rTo'I (post) kf]s-v[cfI jo[. tIa] 1968 g'
1974 vfFfSn[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;lS;fDafF[G rTo'I 9V 1975 g' 1975 vfFfSn[ 23V 1980 g'
1994 vfFfSn[ 158 g' 1995 g' 2011 vfFfSn[ 89 kf]s-v[cfI jfCaf vfM]b[T (gf]FlS s';lI glkdfF[ nful jfb]clt-_1slG kf]CF[). sDef 279 rTo'I s[af]i-afcfI ofSy'I ;fKkfg- ;fS;fDaf
o'IbI s[af]i-afcf] nTylS (1)n[ kfIilt- ofDgfC (voluntary retirement) nfMF'V nl;l (4)F[
ofd-aS d[F[F'V nl;l (4)F[ ofDgfC (retirement) d[PfM];'V t'S;l (6) n[KkfI (depute) d[af]sv[cfI ;'SvlG o'Smf]clNn[ j]Cj] nSxfCcf] d[a] s[Ss]cfI 22 d[dfM;lG.
sG yfi- s[aKkf kfg-p'Daf] g' ;fKd'Gw'Dn[ kUdfi-ulxfC zSgld- rf]s-dfF cl;'Cu[G
r'Igf x[KdfuF (if analysis) 43 tIa] s]d-af (1968_2011) ofSy'I ;fKkfg-n[ yf]af]F[
nfDbls-sf] s[Pls-kfV s[;'k-kfV s[xfIafV s[nlDaf s[F[S s[F[S clt-gld- rf]u'af vfM]b[T. tIa]
36 s[u[Kkf xSr'Def]af xfIu[Ggf]cfI ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG v[Def ;'FC'af jfgfDcf]g' kt-tlG
x[Ss] nlIP[ ng-b[afcfI kfM]F[af vfM]d[b[Tg[G. sF rfO;fI ;'SvlD vfDP'cf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg-n[G
yf]af]F[ kfg- ng-glNn[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG tIa] 1974 g' 1994 n'Ddf] sf]clwfi-af tfSmfcf]
s[F[af rTofs- vfM]b[T.
ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG xfIn'I vfFfS x'CdfF[ ofd-aS kf]i-n kKkfg- F[F[Sn[ yfclI
cfuTt'Daf kg- sF ;ldlSn'IxlD vfFfS s[Kdf ;'Skl Z s[FCaf kfg-glG ;'jfI g' glpfD;fxfCF[G
oDaf ;ls-ofD (inquisition) jfC. ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG nTylS rf]s-o'Daf ofDa]efI glk-df
yf]_xfIn'I vffFfS ;'SvlD ;ldlSn'IxlDdf] s[bfMaf oDa'jf ;ls-o[D h'n} 2011cfI sTgf
vfM];'Da[FefI mfC_oDhl;fDaf xfIoDa' c]ValVd'FlInfF[ s'nfDnf]cf] ;'SvlD o'Smf] xfI;lIxlDV
gfDrl g' sfGbS ofSy'InSkf ;f]d-;[G (semester) nl;l g' t'S;lu]s-kfaf ofSy'I
glpfD;fxfCF[ o[Gglt- 6 c[Kkq]n- 2011n[ ;'SvlD ;ldlSn'IxlDaf mfC_oDa'xfIif] k]n-nlzS
d[bf]g-b'cfI jo[ (Representation made by the Limboo Department, NGC and SGC
to the Vice-Chancellor, Sikkim University, Dated: 6th April,2011). v[G k]nnlzSslG ;'SvlD ;ldlSn'IxlDdf] s[F[cfI o[G 19 c]ufI mfC_oDa'xfI oDhl;fDaf dx[Gbqf
klV nfdfF[ sSs]FlS gf]uKt'cfI jfC_

11. “tIa] 2008cfI sTgf mnSvlD mldlSnnIxlDdlNn[ sKt[G mfKkfg- yf]af] ylDa]
(Regional Language Development Programme) x]s-t'afn-n[ xfIn'I vfFfS ofSy'I
;fKkfg-glGgfI nTylS ofDa]efI x'C;lI kf]i-n kKk[G n[u[b[Kkf g' glu[b[Kkf kfg-.
;'SvlD ;ldlSn'IxlDdlNn[ sKt[G ;fKkfg-xfC yf]_xfIn'I tfSmf vfFfSkf s'a[G klCdf g'
x'CafIdfF[G ;lFfC g' glIjfC sTt'. sF ;ldlSn'IxlDdlNn[ ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG yf]_xfIn'I s'a[G
x]s-dfg'n-n[ tul df] s[aKkf kfg-xfC glIjfC ;lufI o'Id[G o[s-kf jfC s[FCaf kfg- o'Sv'cfI jfC.
(1) ;ldlSn'IxlDaf ylDjf (norms) cl;ls- ofSy'I ofDa] ;fDbfI yf]_xfIn'In[ nful
glt-p[K ofFlK rf]s-df s[;'Skf ru'af (expert) vfM]df ;'St[T of d[b[Tg[G.
(2) yf]_xfIn'I x'Cdf s[FfCaf tfSmfblDaf glt-pfK ;fKkGxfC vfM]df ;'St[T of d[b[Tg[G.
(3) ylDa]clG x]s-df tul ;ldlSn'IxlDdlNn[ sG yfi- s[aKkf g[Tpl ofDa]xfC
y[Kk[TtfI zSgld- rf]s-df g' kf]CdfF[ nful nTylS ;h'D;lT rf]u' x[Ss]cfI v[G ;h'DdlNn[
ru'afxfCg' ;'hf_kfg-bI nfM]cfI ;ldlSn'IxlDdf] x]s-dfF[G ylDa]g- ;'S of d[;'Sg[GV kfg-p'D
tf]g-b'C” (SU/VCO/2011/144,Dated:25th April,2011).
rfO;fI ;'SvlD ;ldlSn'IxlDaf mfC_oDa'xfIilNn[ kfg-p'Daf] xSt'afnfD y[df yfclI kf]ia]a[Nn[ ;ldlSn'IxlDdlNn[ ylDjf (norms) rf]u'af cl;ls- tfsmfblDaf glt-pfK ;fKkGxfC
o[D;lufI ofFlK kf]i-df g' ofSy'I ;fKkfg- g' ;fKzSsf] ru'af dgf nd-df d[;'S sF
cfSs]FlSsfI;fI ylSgfD tfk-df ofSy'I ofDa]clG ;'SvlD ;ldlSn'IxlDdf] yf]_xfIn'In[ nful
s[T. sF o[Dn[ s'gfs- g' ;ldlSn'IxlDdlNn[ ylDjf cl;ls- ;fKkG g' dgfxfC ofFlK kf]i-df
;'Sdf kf]i-. sG gKdf kfSn'Daf g' cl;'Cu[G r'Igf x[Kdf s[af]i-af kfg- jfC. sKdf] ofSy'I
;fKkfg-glG xfIn'I vfFfS s[F[cfI jfCefI c'MdfF ;Ia]Cd[G xlKd[Nn[ y]cfI d[af]i-g[G.
yf]_xfIn'I glt-p[Kn[ kfg- tfMclNn[ o[s-;fK (references)n[ nful t[glbl ;fKkfg-n[G
glt-p[K gfufn[Gb-nfDV dglk'Fl ;fKkfg-n[G glt-p[K dglk'F-nfD g' dlhf] ;fKkfg-n[G glt-p[K
dlhf]FfDnfD ;'Ddf g' zSgld- r'F[cfI;fI jfaf]blDaf (tentative) sfSvf] 1600F[G glt-p[K
ofFlK kf]s-v[ r'F[cfI jfC.

12. ylufIgf xfIn'I s'a[Gaf glt-pfK ;fKkGxfCF[G kfg- tfMclNn[ cfNnf] vfFfSn[ v[Def ;'SvlD
;ldlSn'IxlDdlNn[ glt-p[K rf]u'af cl;ls- ;fKkGxfC ;fK;lIdf g'
y'Kk[T kf]i-df
d[;'St[Gafcf] xfIn'I s'a[Ggf] ofSy'I ;fKkfg-glG nTylS ofDa] s[FfMafcfI s[glk-kf
glpfD;fxfCF[ nful oDaf r[ofd-ef] jfC. s[x'CafF[ nfulcfI r[ofd-ef]c] kf]s-v[cfI jfC.