The document provides information about a group project for the course MPU3123: TAMADUN ISLAM DAN TAMADUN ASIA. It lists the group members, assessment criteria, and includes an index and contents section for the project report. The report will examine the architectural contributions of Chinese civilization, discussing theories, objectives, and practical applications of Chinese architectural features and structures.

1. MPU3123: TAMADUN ISLAM DAN TAMADUN ASIA
CLASS SECTION 14
LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS
NO STUDENT’S NAME ID NO.
1 BOON YI CHUNG 0318300
2 CHAN TIAN JI 0320831
3 DEONG KHAI KEAT 0320055
4 GLORIA NGU WEN-YUNG 0317153
5 KIMBERLY ONG KIM MING 0317634
6 LO WEI HUI 0317284
7 TAN KEN RIC 0318631
PENILAIAN
ASPEK PENILAIAN MARKAH
PENGENALAN ( /2)
CONTENT
● RELEVAN DAN BERTEPATAN
● HURAIAN JELAS DAN TERSUSUN
● PERBINCANGAN
● KESAHIHAN
( /3)
( /3)
( /4)
( /3)
KESIMPULAN ( /2)
BAHASA ( /3)
MARKAH KESELURUHAN ( /20)
PENILAIAN OLEH
NAMA : FADHILAH RAIHAN BINTI LOKMAN
TANDATANGAN :
TARIKH :

2. INDEX
Index Page
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Discussion
2.1 Theories
2.2 Objective/ Purpose
2.3 Practicality
3.0 Conclusion
4.0 References

3. 1.0 Introduction
China is well known for many things: being the world’s largest consumer, structuring the first
examination system as well as being a cradle of civilization. It is a country rich in history, culture and
traditions.
Something else that China is well-known for is their architecture. Many architectural feats,
considered to be miraculous as they were ahead of their time, still stand strong till today. The Great
Wall of China is considered one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World and is one of the most
famous tourist attractions in the world. The Forbidden City, with its majesty and the mystery
surrounding it, is often found as the setting for many stories about Ancient China, and it attracts so
many visitors that the number of visitors allowed was limited to 80,000 a day (“Forbidden City,’
2015). The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, in all its vastness and complexity, has not even been
fully excavated yet despite having been discovered more than 40 years ago (“Mausoleum of the First,”
2015). There are more examples of famous Chinese architecture, like the White Horse Temple, Mogao
Caves and Summer Palace.
These Chinese architectural structures are famous due to their age and the techniques used in
constructing them. Techniques (or theories underlying these techniques) used included timberwork
combining stone carving, rammed earth construction and bucket arch buildings (“Ancient Chinese
Architecture,” 2015).
In this report, the architectural contribution of Chinese civilization will be examined. The
theories, objectives as well as practicality of the architectural features and structures will be explained
and analyzed.

4. 2.0 Discussion
Chinese architecture is amazing and miraculous in many ways, and this report will further
discuss the contribution of the Chinese civilization in architecture. Based on the chosen topic, this
report will explain the theories used behind the Chinese architectures, objective or purpose the
Chinese civilization have their architecture in that way, and the how is it practically uses in today’s
architecture.
2.1 Theories
The Chinese civilization of architecture became well known after the book “Yingzao Fashi”
which was written by Li Jie and were noted as a success. This book literally translates to "Treatise on
Architectural Methods or State Building Standards" where it features various technical treatise on
architecture and craftsmanship. Li Jie also revised many older treatises on architecture. His book was
published in order to provide a unified set of architectural standards for builders, architects, and
literate craftsmen as well as for the engineering agencies of the central government.
Hierarchy
Hierarchy is very much emphasized in the culture of Chinese civilization, which is also a concept
uniquely captured in its architecture. The placement of buildings in a property or complex are based
on the hierarchy and the importance of building. For example, buildings with doors facing the front of
the property are considered more important than those facing the sides. Whereas, buildings facing
away from the front of the property are the least important (Liu, 2002). In Chinese architecture, the
position of the buildings that are South-facing positioned at the rear and in a more private locations of
the property (usually with higher exposure to sunlight) are held in higher esteem and reserved for elder
members of the family or ancestral plaques. On the other side, buildings that are facing east and west
are generally for junior members of family, while buildings near the front are typically for servants
and hired help. Lastly, front-facing buildings in the back of properties are used particularly for rooms
of celebratory rites and for the placement of ancestral halls and plaques.
Cosmological concepts
It is also a known fact that Chinese people have their belief system deeply rooted in cosmological
concepts since the early times. Therefore, the theory of Chinese cosmological concepts can also be
found in the Chinese civilization of architecture. These concepts such as ‘feng shui’ (geomancy) and
Taoism is widely used to organize construction and layout from common residences to imperial and

5. religious structures. For example, screen walls are to face the main entrance of the house, this is stems
from the belief that evil things travel in straight lines. Another example would be the use of certain
colors, numbers and the cardinal directions in traditional Chinese architecture which is reflected in the
belief of a type of immanence, where the nature of a thing could be wholly contained in its own form.
One of the most famous examples of feng shui that is used in households is the location of the
entrance door of the house. In the ancient Chinese architecture, entrance is located at the southeastern
corner as prescribed by feng shui. This is because the front door is of utmost importance to having
good feng shui at home, because the front door is the gateway for all the good energy, or ‘Chi’ to enter
a home. According to the laws of feng shui, the front door is also often called the mouth of the Chi,
because this is how the house absorbs its nourishment to be able to nourish personal energy. (Mike,
2012)
Figure 1: An example of feng shui applied in ancient Chinese architecture. (“Structure of siheyuan.,” 2015)
Architectural bilateral symmetry

6. The most famous theory that is used in Chinese civilization of architecture is the theory of
Architectural Bilateral Symmetry. Bilateral symmetry refers to having one vertical reflection which
cuts through the center of an architectural piece, reflecting the image on either the left or right
(“Features of Chinese Architecture,” 2014). The result of that should be a perfectly constructed image,
exactly mirroring the other side. In addition, bilateral symmetry actually is the most common type of
symmetry in architecture and is found in all cultures and time periods (“Features of Chinese
Architecture,” 2014).
Figure 2: An example of bilateral symmetry in architecture. (lawlmelon, 2013)
In Chinese architecture, emphasis placed on articulation and bilateral symmetry. This signifies
balance, which is an important part of the Chinese philosophy therefore, reflected in the art of
Chinese architecture. In the architectural bilateral symmetry theory, the main structure is the axis, and
the secondary structures are the positioned wings on each side. Even during the plans for renovation
and extension of a house, symmetry is often prioritised and accounted for, should there be sufficient
capital within the household to do so. Buildings are also typically planned to contain an even number
of columns in the structure to produce an odd number of bays. From here, it is clearly seen that the
concept of ‘balance’ is very much emphasis in the building of Chinese architecture. (Liu, Xujie, 2002)
Open Air Enclosures

7. Open air enclosure is also one of the common theories in Chinese civilization of architecture. Open air
enclosures in this contexts refers to open spaces which are enclosed, usually by four walls, having no
roofs or ceilings. Most traditional Chinese architecture features enclosed open spaces within the
building complexes or buildings which encompass the entire land area. There are two types of
enclosed spaces, which are the courtyard and “sky well”.
Figure 3: An example of Siheyuan courtyard. (“Siheyuan,” 1997)
The use of open courtyard is the most common enclosed space that can be found in the many types of
Chinese architectures. The best and the most famous example is the Siheyuan structure (picture above),
which consists of an empty space, usually in the middle, and surrounded by buildings connected with
one another either directly or through a series of verandas.

8. Figure 4: An example of Sky Well (天井, tian jing), Yin Yu Tang (“Yin Yu Tang: A Chinese
House,” 2013)
Another type of enclosed space that used in Chinese architecture is “Sky well”
which is also known as Tian Jing (天井). The “Sky well” is also a concept of an
open space surrounded by buildings, which is built in the northern courtyard
complexes, and can be seen from the southern building structure. In the southern
building structure, it is known as the “sky well”. This structure is essentially
a relatively enclosed courtyard formed from the intersections of closely spaced
buildings and offer small opening to the sky through the roof space from the floor
up. One of the most famous “sky well” buildings in Chinese architecture is Yin Yu
Tan (the picture above). The Yin Yu Tan was originally located in southern china in the late Qing
dynasty. It was commonly known as the house or residence to merchants (“Yin Yu Tang: A Chinese
House,” 2013).

9. Horizontal emphasis
The theory of horizontal emphasis is often found in classical Chinese buildings, especially those of the
wealthy, are built with an emphasis on breadth and less on height. Basically, it features an enclosed
heavy platform and a large roof that floats over the base, with the vertical walls which are not well
emphasized (“Features of Chinese Architecture,” 2014). This contrasts Western architecture, which
tends to grow in height and depth. Chinese architecture stresses the visual impact of the width of the
buildings. In other words, horizontal emphasis also represents the wealth of the family. For example,
the halls and palaces in the Forbidden City, have rather low ceilings when compared to equivalent
stately buildings in the West, but their external appearances suggest the all-embracing nature of
imperial China.
Use of timber framework
Another theory that is used in Chinese civilization of architecture is the use of timber framework.
Historically, ancient Chinese architecture is centered around the use of timber (“Chinese Traditional
Architectural Craftsmanship,” 2014). Wooden posts, beams, lintels and joists make up the framework
of a house. In this framework, the walls serve as the separation of rooms without bearing the weight of
the whole house, a technique unique to China. As a famous saying goes, 'Chinese houses will still
stand when their walls collapse.' The specialty of wood requires antisepsis methods to be adopted, thus
developing the Chineses own architectural painting and carvings decoration. Colored glaze roofs,
windows with exquisite applique design and beautiful flower patterns on wooden pillars reflect the
high-level of the craftsmen's handicraft and their rich imagination. (“Chinese Traditional Architectural
Craftsmanship,” 2014)

10. Figure 5: An example of timber framework, post and lintel. (“Advantour.com,” 2014)
2.2 Objective/Purpose
As with all other forms of architectural structures, Chinese architecture had the basic purposes
of shelter and safety, but it did not just cover that. Often, structures were built with certain purposes in
mind, one of the most popular being feng shui. Feng shui, defined simply, is a Chinese system for
positioning a building and the objects within a building in order to agree with spiritual forces and also
to bring health and happiness (Feng Shui, n.d.). The application of feng shui can be seen in the design
of The Forbidden City. In it, individual courtyards are designed with a certain ratio with cautious
examination. The rear courtyards have the ratio of 6:11. Another example would be the Hall of
Supreme Harmony, which has a ratio of 9:5. These numbers are not random; these odd and even
numbers falls under the category of Yin Yang theory, a theory which describes how two seemingly
conflicting objects or aspects of an object are actually combined in a complementary manner (“What
is Yin Yang,”2005). This is one of their feng shui theories that some modern architecture designs still
apply.
While all these are the details of the designs, there are some basic principle of Chinese
structures that reflect their social values and beliefs. For example, Chinese structures are based on the
principle of balance and symmetry, and these structures all follow the principle that the main structure

11. is the axis. The secondary design is placed as two wings on either side to form the main room. This
design reflects the Chinese social and ethical values.
While all these designs represent something in them, religion plays a huge part in it as well.
Chinese Buddhist architecture has the main entrance placed at the side of the building. The purpose
behind this is to keep demons out of the premise. Even some modern Buddhist architecture follow the
similar concepts of the olden architecture. This is generally the purposes of how Chinese contributed
to the civilized architecture to the present.
The Chinese architecture may have had many purposes and objectives at the time that it was
built. One of the unintended purposes of the contribution of Chinese civilization architecture is so that
people today can learn from the works of the ancient masters. This purpose is labeled ‘unintended’
because it is unlikely that ancient Chinese architects built their structures with the purpose of it
becoming the subject of study in the future. Instead, it has become one of the objectives as time passed.
Some examples of the architectural works are the Great Wall, White Horse Temple, Magao Caves and
many more. One of their famous works is the framework of their houses, where the walls are just
separations of their rooms. The materials used in ancient Chinese architecture were mainly timbers
lintels and joists. There was a saying back in the day, where the houses still stands when the wall
collapses. People can take this ancient architectural work as an inspiration. The quality of their
materials were improved during the Qin, Southern and Northern dynasties even though before that
they thought they had perfected the art of architectural designs. This shows that over time, anything
can be improved, and this is something that modern day architects can learn from. Then came the
Song Dynasty where much more was improved, and multi-storey buildings were built. That was when
Tibetan Buddhism and Islam inspired the works of architects. All these are examples of the
unintended objectives of Chinese architecture, objectives that just came to be over the years.
2.3 Practicality
Ancient Chinese architecture has powerful meanings in the structures. In Chinese architecture,
buildings often represent something meaningful. For example, the temple or heaven consists a lot of
mausoleums, as they are a very important aspect in the Chinese culture and architecture. Mausoleums
are built for those who have passed away. The objective of these meaningful structures is so that they
have a backstory for the reminisce of these buildings. The Great Wall of China was built to keep
intruders out, but now the wall is held up as a piece of art.
Poor people in the Chinese civilization had to live in houses made of mudbrick while the richer

12. lived in fancier houses. The houses should be long and short as if the building is hugging you, and the
roof should be held up by columns instead of walls. This makes the roof looks as if it's floating. But
during the Han dynasty things changed, Buddhism was introduced in India during the 200bc, many
pagodas were built to keep sacred things in. Ancient Chinese architectural structures are not just
beautiful in appearance but has uses for them as well, alongside with superstitions. Feng shui is rarely
implied nowadays for instance trees were not supposed to be grown around the houses but now
tradition has changed.
Based on the enclosure theory, the enclosed spaces comes in two forms which are the open
courtyard and the ‘sky well’. The open courtyard is very common in ancient Chinese architecture
buildings. It is an empty space that surrounded by the buildings that are connected to each other. The
sky well is formed from the intersections of closely spaced buildings to provide a space to the sky
through the roof (“Chinese Traditional Architectural Craftsmanship,” 2015). The courtyard was built
to allow exposure of the building’s windows and walls to the sun and to keep the cold northern winds
out, while the sky well was used to collect rainwater from the rooftops while restricting the amount of
sunlight that enters the building.
Architectural bilateral symmetry is useful for the balancing of a buildings. In China, you can
find this theory applied in most of the buildings. For example, the old place and farmhouses (“Features
of Chinese Architecture,” 2014). This theories is apply to create enduring flow and to emulate nature.
Horizontal emphasis is also applied in most of the buildings in China. The reason why the buildings
were built in this way is for safety reasons. Buildings that are low and wide are more safe compared to
the building that are in vertical form (“Features of Chinese Architecture,” 2014)
Timber framework was also used in many Chinese buildings. Timber framework is mostly
form in a simple rectangular shape where the ratio of width 1:2. Timber framework will help to reduce
the torsion of the buildings, which is helpful in shock resistance such as earthquake. China is a country
which suffers from earthquakes, so it is practical that most of the buildings were built by using timber
formworks.
3.0 Conclusion
Ancient Chinese architecture has in fact contributed much to the modern world of architecture.
Modern day architects and people involved in the building of structures like structural engineers can
learn many things from the Chinese architecture, whether it is the theories, objectives or practicality of
architectural features. The theories in Chinese architecture like bilateral symmetry provided a basic
foundation for architects back then, and they now function as a means to help scholars understand the
basic principles of Chinese architecture. The objectives of features of Chinese architecture show

13. architects how even the most simple of structures can have complicated objectives and purposes
behind it. The practicality of Chinese architecture teaches architects how buildings should be made
with practical and logical reasons in mind, and each building should not be a mere copy of another,
but always made while considering the conditions and context. It is undeniable that the existing
Chinese architectural structures serve as inspiration and motivation for architects all over the world.
All in all, the Chinese civilization made many valuable contributions in terms of architecture,
and it has widened the world’s view of architecture.

14. References
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