1. 20CE7020E
BUILDING SERVICES
PRINCIPLES OF
ILLUMINATION
UNIT – 3

2. UNIT 3 PRINCIPLES OF ILLUMINATION
Ventilation requirements – Mechanical ventilation
– Fans and Types – Boilers and types – Water
treatments – Solar heating of water – Hot water
storage cylinders.

3. • When light falls on a surface, the surface is
illuminated and the phenomenon is known as
illumination.
ILLUMINATION-Introduction

4. Advantages of Good Illumination Scheme
• Allows the persons to see easily and accurately to
work at an efficient speed.
• Prevents fatigue and strain on eyes.
• Helps to create a pleasant atmosphere.
• Provides light in economical manner.
• Provides good lighting maintenance.
• Utilizes day light and blend it properly with the light
produced by the artificial source.
• Avoids excessive brightness, contrast, glare and hard
shadows.
• Provides the light of correct color.
• Provides safety, security, and increases productivity.

5. Ventilation requirements
•Installing a ventilation system ensure indoor air
environment has plenty of fresh and clean air.
• Whole house ventilation system needs to be designed to
provide households with healthy indoor air all throughout
the year.

6. Functional Requirements For Efficient
Ventilation System

7. Requirements of Ventilation
• Air change or air movement,
• Humidity,
• Quality of air,
• Temperature.

8. Mechanical ventilation
Mechanical ventilation reduces noise and air
pollution:
Mechanical ventilation is the only option when the
building is located in noisy areas or in areas where
the local air quality is poor, and therefore the use of
openable windows for natural ventilation is not a
practical solution. It is worth noting that security
considerations may also lead to the use of
mechanically assisted ventilation in many
buildings as it allows the units to be securely
locked.

10. Supply and extract systems

11. Fan-coil unit with
direct fresh air
supply through
external wall

12. Other mechanical ventilation systems
Mechanically assisted
night ventilation

13. Benefits of mechanical ventilation
• Better Indoor Air Quality:. Ventilation systems can
significantly improve a home’s air quality by removing
allergens, pollutants, and moisture that can cause
mold problems.
• More Control: Mechanical ventilation systems,
however, provide proper fresh air flow along with
appropriate locations for intake and exhaust.
• Improved Comfort: Mechanical ventilation systems
allow a constant flow of outside air into the home
and can also provide filtration, dehumidification, and
conditioning of the incoming outside air.

14. Fans and Types
• In order to have an effective ventilation system, fans
must be the appropriate size and type.
Types of fans

15. Axial or propeller fans
• Types
propeller, tube-axial, and vane-axial.
• Types
•Forward inclined blades,
•Backward inclined blades, and
•Straight radial blades.
Centrifugal fans

16. Material handled through the fan
• small amount of smoke or dust - a backward
inclined centrifugal or axial fan should be
selected.
• If exhaust air is high - radial centrifugal fan
selected
• corrosive contaminants - a fan with a protective
coating or made of special materials (stainless,
fibreglass, etc.) may have to be used.

17. Boilers and types
A boiler is a closed vessel which is used to convert the
water into high pressure steam.
The high pressure steam so generated is used to
generate power.

18. Water Treatment
• Water from any source may contain various suspended,
colloidal and dissolved impurities which may be harmful
or useful for drinking purposes. The process of removal of
undesirable matters and pathogens from water is called
the water treatment process.

19. Objectives of the water treatment
process
–To reduce the impurities to a certain level that
does not cause harm to human health.
–To reduce the objectionable colour, odour,
turbidity and hardness.
–To make water safe for drinking.
–To eliminate the corrosive nature of water
affecting the pipe.
–To make it suitable for a wide variety of industrial
purposes such as steam generation, drying, etc.

20. Aeration
• It is the process of bringing water to contact
with atmospheric air that contains oxygen.
• Aeration is one of the important operations for
making water healthy and pure.

21. Coagulation

22. a. Slow Sand Filter
• The rate of filtration through a slow sand filter is very slow.
• The rate of filtration is 100 to 200 litres per sq. m per hour.
b. Rapid Sand Filter
• The rapid sand filter is mostly used for treatment works in
municipalities.
• The rate of filtration work is 3000 to 6000-liter per square
meter per hour.
c. Pressure Filter
• In this filter, water passes through the sand bed under
pressure.
• This filter is used for industrial plants.
Types of Filter

23. Disinfection
Purpose of disinfection
• To kill pathogenic bacteria and organisms present in
water.
• To make people safe from water-borne diseases.
• To reduce the chance of epidemics

24. Solar Water Heating System
•Solar water heating system is a device that helps in heating water by
using the energy from the SUN. This energy is totally free. Solar energy
(sun rays) is used for heating water.
•Water is easily heated to a temperature of 60-80o C. Solar water
heater of Solar water heaters (SWHs) of 100-300 liters capacity are
suited for domestic use.
•Larger systems can be used in restaurants, canteens, guest houses,
hotels, hospitals etc.
•A 100 liters capacity SWH can replace an electric geyser for residential
use and may save approximately 1500 units of electricity annually.

25. Solar Water Heating System
•Solar water heating system is a device that helps in heating water by
using the energy from the SUN. This energy is totally free. Solar energy
(sun rays) is used for heating water.
•Water is easily heated to a temperature of 60-80o C. Solar water
heater of Solar water heaters (SWHs) of 100-300 liters capacity are
suited for domestic use.
•Larger systems can be used in restaurants, canteens, guest houses,
hotels, hospitals etc.
•A 100 liters capacity SWH can replace an electric geyser for residential
use and may save approximately 1500 units of electricity annually.

26. .
Solar Water Heating System

27. Active Solar Water Heating Systems
• Direct circulation systems Pumps circulate
household water through the collectors and into
the home. They work well in climates where it
rarely freezes.
Indirect circulation system
Pumps circulate a non-
freezing, heat-transfer
fluid through the collectors
and a heat exchanger. This
heats the water that then
flows into the home. They are
popular in climates prone to
freezing temperatures.

28. Passive Solar
Water Heating
Systems
• Its less expensive
• Less efficient.
• More reliable and may last
longer.
Integral collector-storage passive systems - These
consist of a storage tank covered with a transparent material
to allow the sun to heat the water. Water from the tank then
flows into the plumbing system.
These work best in areas where temperatures rarely fall
below freezing.
Types
•Thermosyphon systems - Water is heated in a collector on
the roof and then flows through the plumbing system when a
hot water faucet is opened.

29. Passive, Batch solar water heater

30. Storage Tanks and Solar Collectors
• Most solar water heaters require a well-
insulated storage tank. Solar storage tanks
have an additional outlet and inlet connected
to and from the collector.
• In two-tank systems, the solar water heater
preheats water before it enters the
conventional water heater.
• In one-tank systems, the back-up heater is
combined with the solar storage in one tank.

31. Selecting a Solar Water Heater
• Estimate the cost and energy efficiency of a
solar water heating system
• Evaluate your site's solar resource
• Determine the correct system size
• Investigate local codes, covenants, and
regulations.

32. Hot water storage
cylinders:

33. Direct hot water cylinders
Inside they have a large heating element consisting of a
metallic coil,

34. In-Direct hot water cylinders
• These are external heating type like a boiler.
• Indirect cylinders work by using an external source to heat
the water
• Typically external heat sources include a domestic boiler,
which will heat the water via a heat exchanger, but it can
also include renewables like solar panels.

35. Vented hot water cylinders

36. Un-Vented hot water cylinders