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behaviourism


Structuralism
Behaviourism

•General introduction
Early 20th century   Psychological school   Linguistics




Behaviorism or Behaviourism is
the theory that scientific enquiry
into behaviour should consist
only of what can be observed,
such as stimuli and responses.
Structuralism

•General introduction
the Early 1900s   Psychological school   Linguistics


    Structural linguistics is an approach
to linguistics originating from the work of
Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. The
structural view treats language as a system
of structurally related elements to code
meaning
Chapter 1
BEHAVIOURISM
B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990)
• He was an
  American psychologist, behavi
  orist, author, inventor,
  and social philosopher
• The leading behaviorist in
  psychology
• Skinner's work had effects on
  education
• Skinner invented the operant
  conditioning chamber, also
  known as the Skinner Box

                                  Behaviourism
• Leonard
  Bloomfield (1887_1949)
• wasan American linguist wh
  o led the development
  of structural linguistics in
  the United States during the
  1930s and the 1940s
• Bloomfield's approach to
  linguistics was characterized    BACK
  by its emphasis on                TO
  the scientific basis of         SCHOOL
  linguistics, adherence
  to behaviorism.


                                   Behaviourism
• Robert Lado (USA 1915-
  1995)
• He researched for the best
  methods of foreign language
  teaching for military purposes
  during WW2.
• he developed the contrastive
  analysis




                                   Behaviourism
Skinner’s       Lado’s         Bloomfield’s
     Theory         Theory            Theory

                “a theory that
                                 “the meaning of
“Changes in     it’s             a linguistic form
behaviour       perspective      has to be
                may be           analyzed in
are the         defined as a     term of the
result of an    change of        important
individual's    behavior as a    elements of the
response to     result of        situation which
                experience-
events”         that can be
                                 the speaker
                                 utters it.
                measured.”
• Behaviorism in the Classroom:
• Rewards and
  punishments
• Responsibility for
  student learning
  rests squarely with              BACK
  the teacher                       TO
                                  SCHOOL
• Lecture-based,
  highly structured
Advantages of Behaviourism:

• Easily controlled by the teacher

• Some learners benefit from repetition.

• Rewards and punishments are clear.

• Ease of motivation.
Disadvantages of Behaviourism:
• Ignores thought processes and emotions
• Repetition may become boring
• Totally teacher orientated
• Does not account for processes taking place in
  the mind that cannot be observed       BACK
• Advocates for passive student learning in TO
                                            a
  teacher-centric environment
                                       SCHOOL
• Lack of natural creativity
• Relative inefficacy at a high level.
Chapter 2
Structuralism
                 BACK
                  TO
                SCHOOL
• Charles C. Fries (1887-1967)
• born in Reading, Pa. He taught at
  the University of Michigan where
  he developed programs in both
  theoretical and applied linguistics.
  He and his wife, Agnes Carswell,
  developed the university's English
  Language Institute (1941), which
  pioneered methods and materials
  for teaching English to foreigners.
  Among his many books are
  dictionaries of Early and Middle
  English
• Ferdinand de Saussure
• 1857 – 1913
• a Swiss linguist whose
  ideas laid a foundation for
  many significant
  developments
  in linguistics in the 20th
  century
• De Saussure was not
  satisfied with the
  historical comparison of
  language. He stated that
  such comparison only
  answered where a
  language comes from, but
  not what language is.
Ferdinand de Saussure - Often considered
the “father” of structuralism. Central notion
of his teachings is that language may be
analyzed as a formal system of differential
elements, apart from the messy dialectics of
real-time production and comprehension.
Examples of these elements include the
notion of the linguistic sign, the signifier, the
signified, and the referent.
1)Language has a structure:
               Language is a structure in
               which each elements interact.


2) Language is a system of signs
               Noise is language only when
               it expresses or communicates
               ideas.
• The Dichotomies:

 •Synchronic / Diachronic
 •Langue / Parole
 •Signified / Signifier         BACK
 •Syntagmatic / Paradigmatic     TO
                               SCHOOL
•   Language is speech and not reading or writing
•   Language is a set of habits
•   Language is what a native speaker says
•   Languages are systematically different
•   Teach the language and not about the language

                                      Moulton (1961)
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Behaviourism & structuralism

  • 1.
  • 4. Early 20th century Psychological school Linguistics Behaviorism or Behaviourism is the theory that scientific enquiry into behaviour should consist only of what can be observed, such as stimuli and responses.
  • 6. the Early 1900s Psychological school Linguistics Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. The structural view treats language as a system of structurally related elements to code meaning
  • 8. B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) • He was an American psychologist, behavi orist, author, inventor, and social philosopher • The leading behaviorist in psychology • Skinner's work had effects on education • Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner Box Behaviourism
  • 9. • Leonard Bloomfield (1887_1949) • wasan American linguist wh o led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s • Bloomfield's approach to linguistics was characterized BACK by its emphasis on TO the scientific basis of SCHOOL linguistics, adherence to behaviorism. Behaviourism
  • 10. • Robert Lado (USA 1915- 1995) • He researched for the best methods of foreign language teaching for military purposes during WW2. • he developed the contrastive analysis Behaviourism
  • 11. Skinner’s Lado’s Bloomfield’s Theory Theory Theory “a theory that “the meaning of “Changes in it’s a linguistic form behaviour perspective has to be may be analyzed in are the defined as a term of the result of an change of important individual's behavior as a elements of the response to result of situation which experience- events” that can be the speaker utters it. measured.”
  • 12. • Behaviorism in the Classroom: • Rewards and punishments • Responsibility for student learning rests squarely with BACK the teacher TO SCHOOL • Lecture-based, highly structured
  • 13. Advantages of Behaviourism: • Easily controlled by the teacher • Some learners benefit from repetition. • Rewards and punishments are clear. • Ease of motivation.
  • 14. Disadvantages of Behaviourism: • Ignores thought processes and emotions • Repetition may become boring • Totally teacher orientated • Does not account for processes taking place in the mind that cannot be observed BACK • Advocates for passive student learning in TO a teacher-centric environment SCHOOL • Lack of natural creativity • Relative inefficacy at a high level.
  • 15. Chapter 2 Structuralism BACK TO SCHOOL
  • 16. • Charles C. Fries (1887-1967) • born in Reading, Pa. He taught at the University of Michigan where he developed programs in both theoretical and applied linguistics. He and his wife, Agnes Carswell, developed the university's English Language Institute (1941), which pioneered methods and materials for teaching English to foreigners. Among his many books are dictionaries of Early and Middle English
  • 17. • Ferdinand de Saussure • 1857 – 1913 • a Swiss linguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in linguistics in the 20th century • De Saussure was not satisfied with the historical comparison of language. He stated that such comparison only answered where a language comes from, but not what language is.
  • 18. Ferdinand de Saussure - Often considered the “father” of structuralism. Central notion of his teachings is that language may be analyzed as a formal system of differential elements, apart from the messy dialectics of real-time production and comprehension. Examples of these elements include the notion of the linguistic sign, the signifier, the signified, and the referent.
  • 19. 1)Language has a structure: Language is a structure in which each elements interact. 2) Language is a system of signs Noise is language only when it expresses or communicates ideas.
  • 20. • The Dichotomies: •Synchronic / Diachronic •Langue / Parole •Signified / Signifier BACK •Syntagmatic / Paradigmatic TO SCHOOL
  • 21. Language is speech and not reading or writing • Language is a set of habits • Language is what a native speaker says • Languages are systematically different • Teach the language and not about the language Moulton (1961)