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FACTS ABOUT THE NATURAL CALAMITY THAT ROCKED
                JAPAN LAST WEEK
ABOUT JAPAN
Japan is the world's third-largest economy, the US's most important military ally
and Australia's closest diplomatic partner, in Asia. It plays a central role in the
global order and a critical role in the Asia-Pacific region
☻Japan has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and by
purchasing power parity
☻world's fourth largest exporter and fifth largest importer.
☻it maintains an extensive modern military force in self-defense and
peacekeeping roles
☻After Singapore, Japan has the lowest homicide (including attempted
homicide) rate in the world.
☻According to both UN and WHO estimates, Japan has the highest life
expectancy of any country in the world
☻According to the UN, it has the third lowest infant mortality rate.
☻Japan is the second-largest producer of automobiles in the world

☻Japan is one of the most seismically active countries in the world,
accounting for about 20% of the world’s earthquakes of magnitude 6 or
greater.



WHAT IS TSUNAMI ?

A section of seabed is thrust up or driven down by movement of the Earth's crust.

The rift displaces vast quantities of water that move as waves, able to span
enormous distances and sometimes with the speed of a jet plane.

The word "tsunami" comes from the Japanese words for "harbour" and "wave".

When tsunamis approach a coastline, the shelving of the sea floor causes them
to slow down, but also gain in height.

To those on the shore, the first sign of something amiss is an eerie retreat of the
sea, which is followed by the arrival of exceptional waves.




           SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                      SEED
                               www.seedforsafety.org
                                   Accident 61
The day – 11-3-2011 / Friday
The event: - A series of massive earthquakes have struck north-east Japan,
unleashing a 10-metre tsunami that swept buildings, vehicles, crops and debris
across swaths of farmland

No. of people died so far : 6,548




           SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                    SEED
                             www.seedforsafety.org
                                 Accident 61
Sendai Airport is surrounded by waters in Miyagi prefecture, Japan, after a
ferocious tsunami spawned by one of the largest earthquakes ever

· recorded slammed Japan's eastern coast Friday, March 11, 2011.

The worst effects of Tsunami :

The quake hit at 2.46pm (5.45am GMT), about 6 miles below sea level and 78
miles off the east coast. It was swiftly followed by five powerful aftershocks of up
to 7.1 magnitude.

The quake and tsunami crippled air and rail services across large parts of the
country.

The death toll from Japan's 9.0 earthquake and tsunami last Friday continues to
rise, thousands of people remain unaccounted for, making it likely that large gaps
exist between official and unofficial counts.

Around 90,000 rescue workers, including police officers and self-defence forces
personnel, have reached 26,000 survivors so far.

Delivery of relief goods contributed from around the nation to evacuees and
survivors still remains difficult due to shortages of fuel and transport vehicles.
           SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                       SEED
                               www.seedforsafety.org
                                   Accident 61
Around 380,000 people across Japan are staying in shelters while temperatures
in the quake-hit areas remain at mid-winter levels.

Fuel scarcity forced the Miyagi prefectural government to allow burial of victims
without cremation.

Around 4.4 million homes were without power in northern Japan, media said. A
hotel collapsed in the city of Sendai and people were feared buried in the rubble.

A ship carrying 100 people had been swept away by the tsunami, Kyodo news
agency added.

Electronics giant Sony Corp , one of the country's biggest exporters, shut six
factories, as air force jets raced toward the northeast coast to determine the
extent of the damage.




· Sendai Airport is swept by a tsunami after an earthquake, in northeastern Japan



The Bank of Japan, which has been struggling to boost the anaemic economy,
said it would do its utmost to ensure financial market stability as the yen and
Japanese shares fell.

There were several strong aftershocks. In Tokyo, there was widespread panic.
An oil refinery near the city was on fire, with dozens of storage tanks under
threat.
           SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                     SEED
                              www.seedforsafety.org
                                  Accident 61
The quake was the biggest since records began 140 years ago, according to the
Japan Meteorological Agency. It surpasses the Great Kanto quake of Sept. 1,
1923, which had a magnitude of 7.9 and killed more than 140,000 people in the
Tokyo area.

The U.S. Geological Survey earlier verified a magnitude of 7.9 at a depth of 15.1
miles and located the quake 81 miles east of Sendai, on the main island of
Honshu. It later upgraded it to 8.9.

Nuclear Radiation what went wrong?

The effects of the earthquake led to cooling problems in reactors 1,2 and 3.
Others were under scheduled maintenance at the time of the earthquake. Japan’
nuclear safety agency rated the incident as level 4 on the International Nuclear
Event Scale-

The 40-year-old Fukushima plant is one of the 25 largest in the world, its six
reactors supplying 4.7 gigawatts, making it a vital component in the electricity
network. Replacing it will be no easy task as designing, constructing and
commissioning power stations takes years.

          MAR 15th: Cooling failure, partial melting of core, vapor vented,
Reactor 1
          hydrogen explosion, seawater pumped in
          MARCH 15th: Cooling failure, seawater pumped in, fuel rods fully
Reactor 2 exposed temporarily, vapor vented, damage to containment system,
          potential meltdown feared.
          MARCH 15th: Cooling failure, partial melting of core feared, vapor
          vented, seawater pumped in, hydrogen explosion, high-level radiation
          measured nearby

Reactor 3 MARCH 16th: smoke appeared-cause unclear, pressure of core
          vessel stable; Updated! severe damage to containment vessel
          unlikely, no water poured in to cool spent-fuel storage pool.

            March 17th: Water being poured over reactor from helicpoters
            MAR 15th: Under maintenance when quake struck, fire caused
            possibly by hydrogen explosion at pool holding spent fuel rods, pool
            water level feared receding.
Reactor 4
          MARCH 16th: Fire at core broke out again because first fire not put
          out completely. RADIATION still high may be due to the boiling
          storage pool for spent fuel rods. Updated! No water poured in to
          cool pool, spraying of boric acid being considered.
Reactor 5 MAR 15th: Under maintenance when quake struck, temperature
            SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                      SEED
                              www.seedforsafety.org
                                  Accident 61
slightly rising at spent fuel pool.

          MAR 18th: Temperature still slightly rising, now @ 65°
                                                               C
          MAR 15th: Under maintenance when quake struck, temperature
Reactor 6
          slightly rising at spent fuel pool.



Thousands of residents have been evacuated as workers struggled to get
nuclear reactors under control at two nuclear power plants to prevent meltdowns.
Japan declared states of emergency -- the first in its history -- for five reactors at
two plants after the units lost cooling ability following Friday's powerful
earthquake.

Operators at Fukushima Daiichi plant's Unit 1 scrambled to tamp down heat and
pressure inside the reactor, according to the AP. The site lost electricity and
emergency generators were disabled, knocking out the main cooling system.
Few Interesting queries answered by BBC News:
Has there been a leakage of radioactive material?

Yes. Local government officials in Fukushima say 190 people have been
exposed to some radiation. An American warship, the USS Ronald Reagan, has
detected low levels of radiation at a distance of 100 miles (161km) from the
Fukushima plant.

How much radioactive material has escaped?

The Japanese authorities say only low levels of radiation have been detected
outside the plant. The International Atomic Energy Agency has described it as a
level four event on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale
(INES), which is used for an accident "with local consequences". No abnormal
levels of radiation have been
detected in Russia.

What type of radioactive material has escaped?

There are reports of radioactive isotopes of caesium and iodine in the vicinity of
the plant. Experts say it would be natural for radioactive isotopes of nitrogen and
argon to have escaped as well. There is no evidence that any uranium or
plutonium has escaped.

What harm do these radioactive materials cause?

           SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                       SEED
                               www.seedforsafety.org
                                   Accident 61
Radioactive iodine could be harmful to young people living near the plant. After
the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster there were some cases of thyroid cancer as
a result. However, people who were promptly issued with iodine tablets ought to
be safe. Radioactive caesium accumulates in soft tissue, while plutonium
accumulates in the bone and liver. Radioactive nitrogen decays within seconds of
its release, and argon poses no threat to health.

How did the radioactive materials escape?

There have been problems with cooling systems, causing the reactors to
overheat. Production of steam has caused pressure to build up inside the
reactor, so small amounts of steam have been deliberately released. On
Tuesday another reactor exploded, possibly causing a crack in its suppression
chamber. This would allow steam to escape continuously, but the situation is
unclear. Experts say that the presence in the steam of caesium and iodine –
which are among the by-products of nuclear fission - suggests that the metal
casing of some of the fuel rods has melted or broken. But the uranium fuel itself
has a very high melting point so it is less likely to have melted, let alone
vapourised.



Could radioactive materials have escaped by any other means?

The authorities have pumped sea water into three reactors. This water will be
contaminated by its passage through the reactor, but it is currently unclear
whether any of it has been released into the environment.

How long will any contamination last?

Radioactive iodine decays quite quickly. Most will have disappeared within a
month. Radioactive caesium does not last long in the body - most has gone
within a year. However, it lingers in the environment and can continue to present
a problem for many years.

Has there been a meltdown?

The term "meltdown" is used in a variety of ways. As noted above, the reported
detection of radioactive caesium and iodine may indicate that some of the metal
casing enclosing the reactors' uranium fuel has melted (a "fuel-rod meltdown").
However, there is as yet no indication that the uranium fuel itself has melted. Still
less is there any
indication of a "China Syndrome" where the fuel melts, gathers below the reactor
and resumes a chain reaction, that enables it to melt everything in its way, and
bore a path deep into the earth. If there were to be a serious meltdown, the
           SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                      SEED
                               www.seedforsafety.org
                                   Accident 61
Japanese reactor is supposed to be able to handle it, preventing the China
Syndrome from taking place. Reports suggest that underneath the reactor, within
the outer containment vessel, there is a concrete basin designed to capture and
disperse any molten fuel.

Could there be a Chernobyl-like disaster?

Experts say this is highly unlikely. The chain reaction at all Fukushima reactors
has ceased. The explosions that have occurred have taken place outside the
steel and concrete containment vessels enclosing the reactors. At Chernobyl an
explosion exposed the core of the reactor to the air, and a fire raged for days
sending its contents in a plume up into the atmosphere. At Fukushima the
explosions - caused by hydrogen and oxygen vented from the reactor – have
damaged only the roof and walls erected around the containment vessels.

Could there be a nuclear explosion?

No. A nuclear bomb and a nuclear reactor are different things.

What caused the hydrogen release from the reactor?

At high temperatures, steam can separate into hydrogen and oxygen in the
presence of zirconium, the metal used for encasing the reactor fuel. This mixture
is highly explosive.


How do iodine tablets work?

If the body has all the iodine it needs, it will not absorb further iodine from the
atmosphere. The tablets fill the body up with non-radioactive iodine, which
prevent it absorbing the radioactive iodine.

What kind of radiation levels have been recorded at Fukushima?

The Kyodo news agency reports that a radiation level of 1,557 microsieverts per
hour was registered on Sunday. At this level, one hour's exposure is roughly
equivalent to one chest X-ray. Later measurements included 750 microsieverts
per hour at 0200 on Monday, and 20 microsieverts per hour at 1145. On a long-
haul flight, passengers
are exposed to about five microsieverts per hour. However, after Tuesday's
explosion, readings at the site rose again beyone safe limits - 400 millisieverts
per hour and people living within 20 miles (32km) of the plant were told to stay
indoors. Moving away from the source of radiation, measurements quickly tail off,
and in Tokyo they were reported to have been higher than normal, but officials
said there were no health dangers.
            SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                       SEED
                                www.seedforsafety.org
                                    Accident 61
Is any level of exposure to radiation safe?

In some parts of the world, natural background radiation is significantly higher
than others - for example in Cornwall, in south-west England. And yet people live
in Cornwall, and many others gladly visit the area. Similarly, every international
air flight exposes passengers to higher than normal levels of radiation - and yet
people still fly, and cabin crews spend large amounts of time exposed to this
radiation. Patients in hospitals regularly undergo X-rays. Scientists dispute
whether any level of exposure to radiation is entirely safe, but exposure to some
level of radiation - whether at normal background levels or higher - is a fact of
life.

How do Fukushima's problems affect the rest of the world?

It depends on how much radiation is released. At present, the IAEA says the
effects are of a "local" nature.




A factory building has collapsed in Sukagawa city, Fukushima prefecture, in
northern Japan on March 11, 2011




           SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                     SEED
                              www.seedforsafety.org
                                  Accident 61
• A massive tsunami sweeps in to engulf a residential area after a powerful
earthquake in Natori




       • A pedestrian road has collapsed in the massive 8.9-magnitude
       earthquake in Urayasu city, Chiba prefecture on March 11, 2011

           SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                      SEED
                               www.seedforsafety.org
                                   Accident 61
• * People at a book store react as the store's ceiling falls in Sendai, northern Japan
Friday, March 11, 2011.




            SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                       SEED
                                www.seedforsafety.org
                                    Accident 61
• A chimney falls onto its factory in Sendai, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, after one of
the largest earthquakes on record slammed Japan's eastern coasts Friday, March
11, 2011




• Buildings burn after an earthquake near Sendai Airport, northeastern Japan




            SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                        SEED
                                www.seedforsafety.org
                                    Accident 61
• Cars and airplanes swept by a tsunami are pictured among debris at
     Sendai Airport, northeastern Japan




Houses are swept by water following a tsunami and earthquake in
Natori City




         SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                   SEED
                            www.seedforsafety.org
                                Accident 61
• Fishing boats and vehicles are carried by a tsunami wave at
Onahama port in Iwaki city, in Fukushima prefecture, northern Japan
on March 11, 2011.




    SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                           SEED
                     www.seedforsafety.org
                         Accident 61
• Natural gas storage tanks burn at a facility in Chiba Prefecture, near
Tokyo.




          SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                 SEED
                          www.seedforsafety.org
                              Accident 61
• Vehicles are crushed by a collapsed wall at a carpark in Mito city in
Ibaraki prefecture on March 11, 2011 after a massive earthquake
rocked Japan.

  SEED express its deepest condolence and pray the god to look after the
         families of died and injured people in the above disasters.




          SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
                                  SEED
                           www.seedforsafety.org
                               Accident 61

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Japan crisis1

  • 1. FACTS ABOUT THE NATURAL CALAMITY THAT ROCKED JAPAN LAST WEEK ABOUT JAPAN Japan is the world's third-largest economy, the US's most important military ally and Australia's closest diplomatic partner, in Asia. It plays a central role in the global order and a critical role in the Asia-Pacific region ☻Japan has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and by purchasing power parity ☻world's fourth largest exporter and fifth largest importer. ☻it maintains an extensive modern military force in self-defense and peacekeeping roles ☻After Singapore, Japan has the lowest homicide (including attempted homicide) rate in the world. ☻According to both UN and WHO estimates, Japan has the highest life expectancy of any country in the world ☻According to the UN, it has the third lowest infant mortality rate. ☻Japan is the second-largest producer of automobiles in the world ☻Japan is one of the most seismically active countries in the world, accounting for about 20% of the world’s earthquakes of magnitude 6 or greater. WHAT IS TSUNAMI ? A section of seabed is thrust up or driven down by movement of the Earth's crust. The rift displaces vast quantities of water that move as waves, able to span enormous distances and sometimes with the speed of a jet plane. The word "tsunami" comes from the Japanese words for "harbour" and "wave". When tsunamis approach a coastline, the shelving of the sea floor causes them to slow down, but also gain in height. To those on the shore, the first sign of something amiss is an eerie retreat of the sea, which is followed by the arrival of exceptional waves. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 2. The day – 11-3-2011 / Friday The event: - A series of massive earthquakes have struck north-east Japan, unleashing a 10-metre tsunami that swept buildings, vehicles, crops and debris across swaths of farmland No. of people died so far : 6,548 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 3. Sendai Airport is surrounded by waters in Miyagi prefecture, Japan, after a ferocious tsunami spawned by one of the largest earthquakes ever · recorded slammed Japan's eastern coast Friday, March 11, 2011. The worst effects of Tsunami : The quake hit at 2.46pm (5.45am GMT), about 6 miles below sea level and 78 miles off the east coast. It was swiftly followed by five powerful aftershocks of up to 7.1 magnitude. The quake and tsunami crippled air and rail services across large parts of the country. The death toll from Japan's 9.0 earthquake and tsunami last Friday continues to rise, thousands of people remain unaccounted for, making it likely that large gaps exist between official and unofficial counts. Around 90,000 rescue workers, including police officers and self-defence forces personnel, have reached 26,000 survivors so far. Delivery of relief goods contributed from around the nation to evacuees and survivors still remains difficult due to shortages of fuel and transport vehicles. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 4. Around 380,000 people across Japan are staying in shelters while temperatures in the quake-hit areas remain at mid-winter levels. Fuel scarcity forced the Miyagi prefectural government to allow burial of victims without cremation. Around 4.4 million homes were without power in northern Japan, media said. A hotel collapsed in the city of Sendai and people were feared buried in the rubble. A ship carrying 100 people had been swept away by the tsunami, Kyodo news agency added. Electronics giant Sony Corp , one of the country's biggest exporters, shut six factories, as air force jets raced toward the northeast coast to determine the extent of the damage. · Sendai Airport is swept by a tsunami after an earthquake, in northeastern Japan The Bank of Japan, which has been struggling to boost the anaemic economy, said it would do its utmost to ensure financial market stability as the yen and Japanese shares fell. There were several strong aftershocks. In Tokyo, there was widespread panic. An oil refinery near the city was on fire, with dozens of storage tanks under threat. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 5. The quake was the biggest since records began 140 years ago, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency. It surpasses the Great Kanto quake of Sept. 1, 1923, which had a magnitude of 7.9 and killed more than 140,000 people in the Tokyo area. The U.S. Geological Survey earlier verified a magnitude of 7.9 at a depth of 15.1 miles and located the quake 81 miles east of Sendai, on the main island of Honshu. It later upgraded it to 8.9. Nuclear Radiation what went wrong? The effects of the earthquake led to cooling problems in reactors 1,2 and 3. Others were under scheduled maintenance at the time of the earthquake. Japan’ nuclear safety agency rated the incident as level 4 on the International Nuclear Event Scale- The 40-year-old Fukushima plant is one of the 25 largest in the world, its six reactors supplying 4.7 gigawatts, making it a vital component in the electricity network. Replacing it will be no easy task as designing, constructing and commissioning power stations takes years. MAR 15th: Cooling failure, partial melting of core, vapor vented, Reactor 1 hydrogen explosion, seawater pumped in MARCH 15th: Cooling failure, seawater pumped in, fuel rods fully Reactor 2 exposed temporarily, vapor vented, damage to containment system, potential meltdown feared. MARCH 15th: Cooling failure, partial melting of core feared, vapor vented, seawater pumped in, hydrogen explosion, high-level radiation measured nearby Reactor 3 MARCH 16th: smoke appeared-cause unclear, pressure of core vessel stable; Updated! severe damage to containment vessel unlikely, no water poured in to cool spent-fuel storage pool. March 17th: Water being poured over reactor from helicpoters MAR 15th: Under maintenance when quake struck, fire caused possibly by hydrogen explosion at pool holding spent fuel rods, pool water level feared receding. Reactor 4 MARCH 16th: Fire at core broke out again because first fire not put out completely. RADIATION still high may be due to the boiling storage pool for spent fuel rods. Updated! No water poured in to cool pool, spraying of boric acid being considered. Reactor 5 MAR 15th: Under maintenance when quake struck, temperature SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 6. slightly rising at spent fuel pool. MAR 18th: Temperature still slightly rising, now @ 65° C MAR 15th: Under maintenance when quake struck, temperature Reactor 6 slightly rising at spent fuel pool. Thousands of residents have been evacuated as workers struggled to get nuclear reactors under control at two nuclear power plants to prevent meltdowns. Japan declared states of emergency -- the first in its history -- for five reactors at two plants after the units lost cooling ability following Friday's powerful earthquake. Operators at Fukushima Daiichi plant's Unit 1 scrambled to tamp down heat and pressure inside the reactor, according to the AP. The site lost electricity and emergency generators were disabled, knocking out the main cooling system. Few Interesting queries answered by BBC News: Has there been a leakage of radioactive material? Yes. Local government officials in Fukushima say 190 people have been exposed to some radiation. An American warship, the USS Ronald Reagan, has detected low levels of radiation at a distance of 100 miles (161km) from the Fukushima plant. How much radioactive material has escaped? The Japanese authorities say only low levels of radiation have been detected outside the plant. The International Atomic Energy Agency has described it as a level four event on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), which is used for an accident "with local consequences". No abnormal levels of radiation have been detected in Russia. What type of radioactive material has escaped? There are reports of radioactive isotopes of caesium and iodine in the vicinity of the plant. Experts say it would be natural for radioactive isotopes of nitrogen and argon to have escaped as well. There is no evidence that any uranium or plutonium has escaped. What harm do these radioactive materials cause? SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 7. Radioactive iodine could be harmful to young people living near the plant. After the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster there were some cases of thyroid cancer as a result. However, people who were promptly issued with iodine tablets ought to be safe. Radioactive caesium accumulates in soft tissue, while plutonium accumulates in the bone and liver. Radioactive nitrogen decays within seconds of its release, and argon poses no threat to health. How did the radioactive materials escape? There have been problems with cooling systems, causing the reactors to overheat. Production of steam has caused pressure to build up inside the reactor, so small amounts of steam have been deliberately released. On Tuesday another reactor exploded, possibly causing a crack in its suppression chamber. This would allow steam to escape continuously, but the situation is unclear. Experts say that the presence in the steam of caesium and iodine – which are among the by-products of nuclear fission - suggests that the metal casing of some of the fuel rods has melted or broken. But the uranium fuel itself has a very high melting point so it is less likely to have melted, let alone vapourised. Could radioactive materials have escaped by any other means? The authorities have pumped sea water into three reactors. This water will be contaminated by its passage through the reactor, but it is currently unclear whether any of it has been released into the environment. How long will any contamination last? Radioactive iodine decays quite quickly. Most will have disappeared within a month. Radioactive caesium does not last long in the body - most has gone within a year. However, it lingers in the environment and can continue to present a problem for many years. Has there been a meltdown? The term "meltdown" is used in a variety of ways. As noted above, the reported detection of radioactive caesium and iodine may indicate that some of the metal casing enclosing the reactors' uranium fuel has melted (a "fuel-rod meltdown"). However, there is as yet no indication that the uranium fuel itself has melted. Still less is there any indication of a "China Syndrome" where the fuel melts, gathers below the reactor and resumes a chain reaction, that enables it to melt everything in its way, and bore a path deep into the earth. If there were to be a serious meltdown, the SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 8. Japanese reactor is supposed to be able to handle it, preventing the China Syndrome from taking place. Reports suggest that underneath the reactor, within the outer containment vessel, there is a concrete basin designed to capture and disperse any molten fuel. Could there be a Chernobyl-like disaster? Experts say this is highly unlikely. The chain reaction at all Fukushima reactors has ceased. The explosions that have occurred have taken place outside the steel and concrete containment vessels enclosing the reactors. At Chernobyl an explosion exposed the core of the reactor to the air, and a fire raged for days sending its contents in a plume up into the atmosphere. At Fukushima the explosions - caused by hydrogen and oxygen vented from the reactor – have damaged only the roof and walls erected around the containment vessels. Could there be a nuclear explosion? No. A nuclear bomb and a nuclear reactor are different things. What caused the hydrogen release from the reactor? At high temperatures, steam can separate into hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of zirconium, the metal used for encasing the reactor fuel. This mixture is highly explosive. How do iodine tablets work? If the body has all the iodine it needs, it will not absorb further iodine from the atmosphere. The tablets fill the body up with non-radioactive iodine, which prevent it absorbing the radioactive iodine. What kind of radiation levels have been recorded at Fukushima? The Kyodo news agency reports that a radiation level of 1,557 microsieverts per hour was registered on Sunday. At this level, one hour's exposure is roughly equivalent to one chest X-ray. Later measurements included 750 microsieverts per hour at 0200 on Monday, and 20 microsieverts per hour at 1145. On a long- haul flight, passengers are exposed to about five microsieverts per hour. However, after Tuesday's explosion, readings at the site rose again beyone safe limits - 400 millisieverts per hour and people living within 20 miles (32km) of the plant were told to stay indoors. Moving away from the source of radiation, measurements quickly tail off, and in Tokyo they were reported to have been higher than normal, but officials said there were no health dangers. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 9. Is any level of exposure to radiation safe? In some parts of the world, natural background radiation is significantly higher than others - for example in Cornwall, in south-west England. And yet people live in Cornwall, and many others gladly visit the area. Similarly, every international air flight exposes passengers to higher than normal levels of radiation - and yet people still fly, and cabin crews spend large amounts of time exposed to this radiation. Patients in hospitals regularly undergo X-rays. Scientists dispute whether any level of exposure to radiation is entirely safe, but exposure to some level of radiation - whether at normal background levels or higher - is a fact of life. How do Fukushima's problems affect the rest of the world? It depends on how much radiation is released. At present, the IAEA says the effects are of a "local" nature. A factory building has collapsed in Sukagawa city, Fukushima prefecture, in northern Japan on March 11, 2011 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 10. • A massive tsunami sweeps in to engulf a residential area after a powerful earthquake in Natori • A pedestrian road has collapsed in the massive 8.9-magnitude earthquake in Urayasu city, Chiba prefecture on March 11, 2011 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 11. • * People at a book store react as the store's ceiling falls in Sendai, northern Japan Friday, March 11, 2011. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 12. • A chimney falls onto its factory in Sendai, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, after one of the largest earthquakes on record slammed Japan's eastern coasts Friday, March 11, 2011 • Buildings burn after an earthquake near Sendai Airport, northeastern Japan SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 13. • Cars and airplanes swept by a tsunami are pictured among debris at Sendai Airport, northeastern Japan Houses are swept by water following a tsunami and earthquake in Natori City SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 14. • Fishing boats and vehicles are carried by a tsunami wave at Onahama port in Iwaki city, in Fukushima prefecture, northern Japan on March 11, 2011. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 15. • Natural gas storage tanks burn at a facility in Chiba Prefecture, near Tokyo. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61
  • 16. • Vehicles are crushed by a collapsed wall at a carpark in Mito city in Ibaraki prefecture on March 11, 2011 after a massive earthquake rocked Japan. SEED express its deepest condolence and pray the god to look after the families of died and injured people in the above disasters. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT SEED www.seedforsafety.org Accident 61