1. SKYSCRAPERS
Submitted to:
Eng.Mohamed rashed
Made by:-
1-Mohamed Mostafa Elsayed
2-Mohamed Mostafa Erfaan
3-Mohamed Mostafa Kamal
4-Mohamed Yasser Mohamed Shrshar
5-Mohamed Medhat Ahmed Ali
6-Mohamed Yehia Hagar

2. Contents
Introduction
1-Raw Materials
2-Design
3-The future
4-Tallest Skyscrabers
5-Funds
6-List of Cities of completed Skyscrabers
7-Advantages
8-Disadvantages
INTRODUCTION:
A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building of many floors, usually designed for office,
commercial and residential use. There is no official definition or height above which a building
may be classified as a skyscraper and at which height it may not be considered ahigh-
rise anymore. For buildings above a height of 300 m (984 ft), the term Supertall can be used,
skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m (1,969 ft) are classified as Megatall.[1]
One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls.
These curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are possibly suspended from the
framework above, rather than load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early
skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of
those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers' walls are not load-bearing and most
skyscrapers are characterized by large surface areas of windows made possible by the concept
of steel frame and curtain walls. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic

3. conventional walls and a small surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have
a tubular structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist lateral loads (wind,
seismic, etc
The Burj Khalifa, tallest skyscraper in the world since 2010, with a
height of 829.8m. Skyscrapers taller than 300m are also called Supertalls, those taller than 600m
are called Megatalls.[1]
1-Raw Materials
Reinforced concrete is one important component of skyscrapers. It consists of concrete (a
mixture of water, cement powder, and aggregate consisting of gravel or sand) poured around a
gridwork of steel rods (called rebar) that will strengthen the dried concrete against bending
motion caused by the wind. Concrete is inherently strong under compressive forces; however,
the enormous projected weight of the Petronas Towers led designers to specify a new type of
concrete that was more than twice as strong as usual. This high-strength material was achieved
by adding very fine particles to the usual concrete ingredients; the increased surface area of
these tiny particles produced a stronger bond.
The other primary raw material for skyscraper construction is steel, which is an alloy of iron and
carbon. Nearby buildings often limit the amount of space available for construction activity and
supply storage, so steel beams of specified sizes and shapes are delivered to the site just as they
are needed for placement. Before delivery, the beams are coated with a mixture of plaster and
vermiculite (mica that has been heat-expanded to form sponge-like particles) to protect them
from corrosion and heat. After each beam is welded into place, the fresh joints are sprayed with

4. the same coating material. An additional layer of insulation, such as fiberglass batting covered
with aluminum foil, may then be wrapped around the beams.
To maximize the best qualities of concrete and steel, they are often used together in skyscraper
construction. For example, a support column may be formed by pouring concrete around a steel
beam.
A variety of materials are used to cover the skyscraper's frame. Known as "cladding," the sheets
that form the exterior walls may consist of glass, metals, such as aluminum or stainless steel, or
masonry materials, such as granite, marble, or limestone.
2-Design
Design engineers translate the architect's vision of the building into a detailed
plan that will be structurally sound and possible to construct.
Designing a low-rise building involves creating a structure that will support its
own weight (called the dead load) and the weight of the people and furniture that
it will contain (the live load). For a skyscraper, the sideways force of wind affects
the structure more than the weight of the building and its contents. The designer
must ensure that the building will not be toppled by a strong wind, and also that
it will not sway enough to cause the occupants physical or emotional discomfort.
Each skyscraper design is unique. Major structural elements that may be used
alone or in combination include a steel skeleton hidden behind non-load-bearing
curtain walls, a reinforced concrete skeleton that is in-filled with cladding panels

5. to form the exterior walls, a central concrete core (open column) large enough to
contain elevator shafts and other mechanical components, and an array of
support columns around the perimeter of the building that are connected by
horizontal beams to one another and to the core.
Because each design is innovative, models of proposed super tall buildings are
tested in wind tunnels to determine the effect of high wind on them, and also the
effect on surrounding buildings of wind patterns caused by the new building. If
tests show the building will sway excessively in strong winds,
An example of a skyscraper ground floor design and 6uilding frame.
designers may add mechanical devices that counteract or restrict motion.
In addition to the superstructure, designers must also plan appropriate
mechanical systems such as elevators that move people quickly and comfortably,
air circulation systems, and plumbing.

6. 3-The Future
In 1956, American architect Frank Lloyd Wright announced plans for a mile-high
(1.6-km tall) skyscraper in which 100,000 people could work. In 1991, another
American architect, Dr. Eugene Tsui, designed a 2-mile (3,220-m) tall building
that would provide space for living, working, and recreation for 1,000,000
people. Although such buildings may be theoretically constructable, they are
currently impractical. For example, human comfort levels limit elevator speeds to
no more than 3,000 ft/min (915 m/min). To accommodate the 100,000 people
working in Wright's proposed structure, the number of elevator shafts would
have taken up too large a portion of the building's area.
Improvements in elevator technology will be important for future skyscraper
designs. Self-propelled, cableless elevator cars that move horizontally, as well as
vertically, have been proposed, but are still under
development. Computerized car dispatching systems using fuzzy logic could be
refined to carry people more efficiently by grouping passengers whose
destinations are near each other.
4-Tallest Skyscrapers in The World:-
Here a list with The Tallest Skyscrapers in The World.
Ran
k
Building[A][7]
City Country
Heig
ht
(m)[2]
Heig
ht (ft)
Floor
s
Buil
t
1 Burj Khalifa Dubai UAE 828 m 2,717 ft 163 2010

7. Ran
k
Building[A][7]
City Country
Heig
ht
(m)[2]
Heig
ht (ft)
Floor
s
Buil
t
2 Shanghai Tower[8]
Shanghai China 632 m 2,073 ft 121 2014[B]
3
Makkah Royal Clock
Tower Hotel
Mecca
Saudi
Arabia
601 m[9]
1,971 ft 120 2012
4
One World Trade
Center
New York
City
USA 541.3 m 1,776 ft 104 2013
5 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 509 m[10]
1,670 ft 101 2004
6
Shanghai World
Financial Center
Shanghai China 492 m 1,614 ft 101 2008
7
International
Commerce Centre
Hong
Kong
Hong
Kong
484 m 1,588 ft 118 2010
8 Petronas Tower 1
Kuala
Lumpur
Malays
ia
452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998
8 Petronas Tower 2
Kuala
Lumpur
Malays
ia
452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998
10 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2010
11
Willis
Chicago USA 442 m 1,450 ft 108 1973

8. Ran
k
Building[A][7]
City Country
Heig
ht
(m)[2]
Heig
ht (ft)
Floor
s
Buil
t
Tower (Formerly Se
ars Tower)
12 Kingkey 100 Shenzhen China 442 m 1,449 ft 100 2011
13
Guangzhou
International
Finance Center
Guangzho
u
China 440 m 1,440 ft 103 2010
14
Trump International
Hotel and Tower[11]
Chicago USA 423 m 1,389 ft 98 2009
15 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai China 421 m 1,380 ft 88 1999
16 Princess Tower Dubai UAE 414 m
1,358 ft[1
2]
101 2012
17
Al Hamra Firdous
Tower
Kuwait
City
Kuwait 413 m 1,354 ft 77 2011
18
2 International
Finance Centre
Hong
Kong
Hong
Kong
412 m 1,352 ft 88 2003
19 23 Marina Dubai UAE 395 m 1,296 ft 89 2012

9. Ran
k
Building[A][7]
City Country
Heig
ht
(m)[2]
Heig
ht (ft)
Floor
s
Buil
t
20 CITIC Plaza
Guangzho
u
China 391 m 1,283 ft 80 1997
21 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen China 384 m 1,260 ft 69 1996
22
Central Market
Project
Abu Dhabi UAE 381 m 1,251 ft 88 2012
23
Empire State
Building
New York
City
USA 381 m 1,250 ft 102 1931
24 Elite Residence Dubai UAE 380.5 m 1,247 ft 87 2012
25 Tuntex Sky Tower
Kaohsiun
g
Taiwan 378 m 1,240 ft 85 1997
26 Central Plaza
Hong
Kong
Hong
Kong
374 m 1,227 ft 78 1992
27
Bank of China
Tower
Hong
Kong
Hong
Kong
367 m 1,205 ft 70 1990
28
Bank of America
Tower
New York
City
USA 366 m 1,200 ft 54 2009

10. Ran
k
Building[A][7]
City Country
Heig
ht
(m)[2]
Heig
ht (ft)
Floor
s
Buil
t
29 Almas Tower Dubai UAE 363 m 1,191 ft 68 2009
5-Fundsmost small
I think the average skyscraper is around $800 million. I mean, most small commercial buildings
are about about $10 million, unless in the Bay Area, where that would buy you a fancy box. A
good rule of thumb in skyscraper construction is about $7-15 million per story, although even
this varies widely due to variations in local costs, taxes, and construction rates. Skyscrapers have
become more and more expensive to build.
Here a list with the costs of some skyscrapers around the world.
Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built
Price
(billion
US$)
1 The Shard London UK
310
metres
(1,020 ft)
72 2012 3.9
2 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan
509
metres
(1,670 ft)
101 2004 1.76
3
Petronas
Twin Towers
Kuala
Lumpur
Malaysia
452
metres
(1,483 ft)
88 1999 1.6

11. Rank Building City Country Height Floors Built
Price
(billion
US$)
4 Burj Khalifa Dubai
United
Arab Emirates
828
metres
(2,717 ft)
163 2010 1.5
5
Bank of
America
Tower
New
York
City
United
States of
America
366
metres
(1,201 ft)
58 2009 1
6
Chifley
Tower
Sydney Australia
241
metres
(791 ft)
50 1992 1
6-List of cities by number of completed
skyscrapers:-
This is a list of cities by number of completed skyscrapers, a completed skyscraper is a
building that is neither under construction or topped out; it is fully complete, externally and
internally. The majority of international organisations, such as the CTBUH define a
skyscraper as a building that reaches or exceeds the height of 150 metres.[1]
Rank City Country Buildings

12. Rank City Country Buildings
1
Hong Kong Hong Kong 295[2]
2
New York City United States 231[3]
3
Dubai United Arab Emirates 140[4]
4
Shanghai China 116[5]

13. Rank City Country Buildings
5
Chicago United States 113[6]
6 Tokyo Japan 111[7]
7
Guangzhou China 79[8]
8
Singapore Singapore 70[9]
9 Shenzhen China 65[10]
10
Seoul South Korea 62[11]
11 Chongqing China 51[12]

14. Rank City Country Buildings
Jakarta Indonesia 51[13]
12 Bangkok Thailand 47[14]
13
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 45[15]
14 Mumbai India 44[16]
15
Busan South Korea 43[17]
16 Nanjing China 42[18]
17 Panama City Panama 41[19]
18 Busan South Korea 39[20]
19 Istanbul Turkey 38[21]
20 Houston United States 32[22]

15. Rank City Country Buildings
21
Miami United States 30[23]
Makati Philippines 30[24]
Osaka Japan 30[25]
Toronto Canada 30[26]
25
Sydney Australia 28[27]
Makati Philippines 28[28]
Shenyang China 28[29]
7-Advantages:-
Throughout the world, the population of the major cities are increasing at a fast rate and
where land for building is not available, there is a pressure to build upward rather than
sideways. The main advantage of building higher buildings is that they can take the
pressure of the need to build just outside large cities, thus preventing the spread
outwards and the destruction of the countryside. In smaller countries, land is very
expensive and so it makes sense to build upwards. In London, for example, property
prices are rising rapidly and will continue to do so for years to come unless more homes
are built. Both options, building in the greenbelt around the city and constructing
skyscrapers are controversial, but tall buildings are the less damaging alternative.
Another benefit is more accommodation and workspace inside the cities, as it shortens
the distance that people have to travel to work. Stress is reduced by this and people feel
healthier. Moreover, as it is possible to provide more accommodation in a smaller
ground space by building upwards, the cost of living is cheaper. -In theory, work may be

16. more productive in skyscrapers. By clustering workers together, it’s easier to meet face
to face. Skyscrapers also have their own restaurants, gyms and cafes – all of which help
people meet and exchange ideas, both within teams and between firms. Not surprisingly,
the typical tenants in tall buildings are business service firms, for whom face to face
contact and local knowledge spillovers are very important
8-Disadvantages:-
Today, lots of skyscrapers have been built in our world. People should know the
skyscraper has many disadvantages to us. The first, because of many people live in a
skyscraper, they work and live there. And the environment become noisy, and people
can't concentrated on their work and rest well. The same reason, because of lots of
people live there, people should wait for elevator long time and don't have enough public
space for playing or resting. They don't have enough space to park their cars and the
traffic is bad .The second, the skyscrapers have high level, like 30-40 levels or more. if
the skyscraper has accident such as fire. people difficult to escape. The third, there are
still many people live in low level building, if those low level building next to a skyscraper.
Those low level building cant get enough sunshine. its very bad to people's healthy. The
last reason is economy, the skyscrapers cant be cleaned or repaired by normal people.
they have to cost lots of money to call some professionals to clean and repair the
building. Summary, the skyscrapers still have lots of disadvantages to our life. we cant
just pay attention on saving land, more place to live and any others. we have to pay
attention on those disadvantage and make those disadvantage disappear.