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PRACTICAL 1:
FUEL
Introduction
• The first step in refining is the seperation
of petroleum into fractions by fractional
distillation in an oil refinery. Each fraction
consistes of a mixture of hydrocarbon
molecules that boils over a range of
temperatures. For example, the
kerosene fraction is a mixture that boils
between 170 and 250 degrees celcius
Aim
• Petroleum, anti-bumping granules
( porcelain chips ), filter paper, retort
stand, thermometer ( -10 -360°C ),
distillation flask, Liebig condenser, conical
flask, wire gauze, tripod stand,
evaporating dish, Bunsen burner.
Materials / Apparatus
• Investigating the fractional distillation of
Petroleum
Procedure
• A. Fractional distillation of Petroleum
1. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 1(b).
2. The petroleum is heated in the distillation flask.
3. The first fraction of petroleum is collected at
30°C - 80°C.
4. The heating is continued and the distillation is
collected in separate conical flasks at different
ranges of temperature at 80°C - 120°C,
120°C – 160 °C and 160°C - 200°C.
Procedure
Figure 1(a)
Procedure
Figure 1(b)
Procedure
• B. Characteristics of various fractions
5. The colour is observed of each fraction.
6. The viscosity of the fractions is observed by
tilting the conical flask. (Figure 2)
7. For each of the fractions, some of it was
poured into evaporating dish and it was
heated. The colour of the flame is observed
and produced soot. (Figure 3)
8. The observation is recorded.
Procedure
Figure 2
Procedure
Figure 3
Result:
•
Fraction Temperatur
Range
Colour Viscosity Flammability
Petrol 30 ° C – 80° C Colourless Flows easily
(non-
viscous)
Burns easily
Naphta 80 ° C - 120 °
C
Yellowish Slightly
viscous
Burn with a
little soot
Naphta 120 ° C -160°
C
Yellow Viscous Burn with a
more smoky
flame
Kerosene 160° C - 200°
C
Dark brown Very viscous Burn with a
very smoky
flame
Observation
Petrol NaphtaPetrolNaphta
Discussions:
1. Discuss the flammability of the fractions of
petroleum.
• The higher of the temperature, the
flammability will be decreases.
2.Discuss the relationship between the boiling
point of the fractions with the:
a) colour of the fractions
– The higher of the temperature, the colour of
the fraction wiil be darkness
Discussions:
b) viscosity of the fractions
• The higher of the temperature, the
viscosity of the fractions will be
increase
c) the amount of soot produced by
fractions
• The higher of the temperature, the
amount of soot produced by fractions
will be increases
Discussions:
3. Fraction X has a formula of C6H14. Predict its
colour , viscosity and the amount of soot
produced by X
Fraction
X
Temperature
range
80 ° C - 120° C
Colour Yellowish
Viscosity Slightly viscous
The amout of
soot
Burn with a
little soot
Discussions:
4. Write a balanced chemical equation to
represent the combustion of gasoline
(C8H18).
– C8H18 + 25/2 O2 8CO2 + 9H2O
5. The incomplete combustion of gasoline
results in emission of poisonous gasses
such as carbon monoxide and nitric oxide.
Write a balanced chemical equation to
represent the incomplete combustion of
gasoline (C8H18).
• C8H18 + 19/2 O2 + N2 8CO + 2NO + 9H2O
Discussions:
6. What is biodiesel?
• Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel
manufactured from vegetable oils, animal
fats, or recycled restaurant greases. It is
safe, biodegradable, and produces less
air pollutants than petroleum-based
diesel. Biodiesel can be used in its pure
form (B100) or blended with petroleum
diesel. Common blends include B2 (2%
biodiesel), B5, and B20. B2 and B5 can be
used safely in most diesel engines.
Discussions:
7. What are the advantages of using biodiesel
compare to petroleum fuel.
• Advantages
• Domestically produced from non-petroluem,
renewable resources
• Can be used in most diesel engines, especially
newer ones
• Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides)
and greenhouse gases
• Biodegradable
• Non-toxic
• Safer to handle
Conclusion
• Petroleum can be separated into its
fractions by fractional distillation.
• As the boiling point of the fraction
increases,
a) The darker the colour it is,
b) The more viscous it is, and
c) The more difficult it is burn with more
soot are produced.

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Practical 1

  • 2. Introduction • The first step in refining is the seperation of petroleum into fractions by fractional distillation in an oil refinery. Each fraction consistes of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules that boils over a range of temperatures. For example, the kerosene fraction is a mixture that boils between 170 and 250 degrees celcius
  • 3. Aim • Petroleum, anti-bumping granules ( porcelain chips ), filter paper, retort stand, thermometer ( -10 -360°C ), distillation flask, Liebig condenser, conical flask, wire gauze, tripod stand, evaporating dish, Bunsen burner. Materials / Apparatus • Investigating the fractional distillation of Petroleum
  • 4. Procedure • A. Fractional distillation of Petroleum 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 1(b). 2. The petroleum is heated in the distillation flask. 3. The first fraction of petroleum is collected at 30°C - 80°C. 4. The heating is continued and the distillation is collected in separate conical flasks at different ranges of temperature at 80°C - 120°C, 120°C – 160 °C and 160°C - 200°C.
  • 7. Procedure • B. Characteristics of various fractions 5. The colour is observed of each fraction. 6. The viscosity of the fractions is observed by tilting the conical flask. (Figure 2) 7. For each of the fractions, some of it was poured into evaporating dish and it was heated. The colour of the flame is observed and produced soot. (Figure 3) 8. The observation is recorded.
  • 10. Result: • Fraction Temperatur Range Colour Viscosity Flammability Petrol 30 ° C – 80° C Colourless Flows easily (non- viscous) Burns easily Naphta 80 ° C - 120 ° C Yellowish Slightly viscous Burn with a little soot Naphta 120 ° C -160° C Yellow Viscous Burn with a more smoky flame Kerosene 160° C - 200° C Dark brown Very viscous Burn with a very smoky flame
  • 12. Discussions: 1. Discuss the flammability of the fractions of petroleum. • The higher of the temperature, the flammability will be decreases. 2.Discuss the relationship between the boiling point of the fractions with the: a) colour of the fractions – The higher of the temperature, the colour of the fraction wiil be darkness
  • 13. Discussions: b) viscosity of the fractions • The higher of the temperature, the viscosity of the fractions will be increase c) the amount of soot produced by fractions • The higher of the temperature, the amount of soot produced by fractions will be increases
  • 14. Discussions: 3. Fraction X has a formula of C6H14. Predict its colour , viscosity and the amount of soot produced by X Fraction X Temperature range 80 ° C - 120° C Colour Yellowish Viscosity Slightly viscous The amout of soot Burn with a little soot
  • 15. Discussions: 4. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the combustion of gasoline (C8H18). – C8H18 + 25/2 O2 8CO2 + 9H2O 5. The incomplete combustion of gasoline results in emission of poisonous gasses such as carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the incomplete combustion of gasoline (C8H18). • C8H18 + 19/2 O2 + N2 8CO + 2NO + 9H2O
  • 16. Discussions: 6. What is biodiesel? • Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. It is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel. Common blends include B2 (2% biodiesel), B5, and B20. B2 and B5 can be used safely in most diesel engines.
  • 17. Discussions: 7. What are the advantages of using biodiesel compare to petroleum fuel. • Advantages • Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources • Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones • Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides) and greenhouse gases • Biodegradable • Non-toxic • Safer to handle
  • 18. Conclusion • Petroleum can be separated into its fractions by fractional distillation. • As the boiling point of the fraction increases, a) The darker the colour it is, b) The more viscous it is, and c) The more difficult it is burn with more soot are produced.