2. ASPEE COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
NAVSARI – 396450
AN ASSIGNMENT
ON
ORGANIC VEGETABLE GROWING
Submitted To:
Dr. S. N. Saravaiya
I/C Professor and Head,
Dept. of Veg. Sci.
ACHF, NAU, Navsari
Submitted By:
Vaghela Kalpesh S.
First Semester, Ph.D. (Horti.)
Vegetable Science
ACHF, NAU, Navsari
3. What is Organic Farming ?
As per the definition of the United State Department of
Agriculture (USDA) term “organic farming is a system which
avoids the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers,
pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc.) and to the maximum
depend on crop rotation, crop residues, animal manures, off-
farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological
system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection.
Father of organic farming – Sir Albert Howard
3
4. Before Green Revolution…..
In traditional India only organic farming was practiced.
No chemical fertilizers and pesticide were used.
Only natural pesticide, natural manures and animal products were
used.
During 1950 and 1960, the ever increasing population of India lead to
a food scarcity.
The government was forced to import food grains from foreign
countries. And also forced to increase the food grain production of
India.
4
5. TO INCREASE THE FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION
Green revolution was introduced in 1960 under leadership of
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
Positive side of green
revolution
Negative side of green
revolution
Increase the country’s food
production
Attained self sufficiency
“Food deficit” to ‘food
surplus’
Export of food products
Higher income
Reduction of soil fertility
Destruction of soil structure
and soil erosion
Killing of beneficial
microbes and insects
Ground water pollution and
depletion
Soil acidification
Mineral depletion
5
6. • Livelihood security crisis: High
cost of inputs, negative returns
and emergence of input related
new problems.
• Water crisis: Water crisis in both
urban and rural areas calls for
water prudent agriculture.
• Health crisis: Input related health
hazards to farmers and consumers.
• Reduced inputs & higher income:
Converting to organic for input cost
reduction and better income, makes sense.
• Drought management: Organic farming
helps manage drought conditions better to
grow crops.
• Agri-business opportunities: Organic
agribusiness is bringing more profit.
• Reduced health hazards: Helping reduce
health risks of farmers and consumers.
Conventional production Organic production
Difference
6
7. • As per the available statistics, India’s rank in terms of World’s Organic
Agricultural land was 9th and in terms of total number of producers was 1st as
per 2018 data (Source: FIBL & IFOAM Year Book 2018).
• As on 31st March 2018, total area under organic certification process
(registered under National Programme for Organic Production) is 3.56
million hectare (2017-18). This includes 1.78 million ha (50%) cultivable
area and another 1.78 million Hectare (50%) for wild harvest collection.
• India produced around 1.70 million MT (2017-18) of certified organic
products which includes all varieties of food products namely Oil Seeds,
Sugar cane, Cereals & Millets, Cotton, Pulses, Medicinal Plants, Tea, Fruits,
Spices, Dry Fruits, Vegetables, Coffee etc.
• In Gujarat produced around 60185.396 ha area and 66106.204 MT
production of certified organic products. (APEDA, 2018-19)
• In Gujarat under vegetable produced around 7135.395 MT production of
certified organic products. (APEDA, 2018-19)
Present status
7
8. • Among all the states, Madhya Pradesh has covered largest area under
organic certification followed by Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.
• The Indian state of Sikkim just achieved the feat of being the world's first
organic state and has been awarded UN Future Policy Gold Award 2018,
also known as the Oscar for best policies, beating 51 nominated policies from
25 different countries.
• National Institute of Organic Farming (NIOF) established at Ghaziabad.
For the rules, regulations and certification of organic farm products with
International standard.
• National Standard for organic products (NSOP) have been standardized
during May, 2001 and all the product sold under the logo “India Organic”
8
9. Objective of organic Farming
Objectives of
Organic Farming
(1)
Produce food
with higher
nutritional quality
(2)
Work with
natural system
(3)
Maintain and
increase soil
fertility
(4)
Use renewable
resources as far as
possible
(5)
Avoid Pollution
(6)
Wider social and
ecological impact of
farming system
(7)
Allow satisfaction
to agricultural
producer
9
11. 1. To produce food of high quality in sufficient quantity.
2. To encourage and enhance biological cycles within the farming system,
involving micro-organisms, soil flora and fauna, plants and animals.
3. To maintain and increase the long-term fertility of soils.
4. To maintain the genetic diversity of the production system and its
surroundings, including the protection of wildlife habitats.
5. To use, as far as possible, renewable resources in locally organized
production systems.
6. To minimize all forms of pollution.
7. To allow organic production and processing to meet the basic needs,
returns and satisfaction from their work, including a safe working
environment.
Principles of organic farming
11
12. Organic matter supplies all the essential macro and micro plant
nutrients.
Organic matter improves physio-chemical and biological properties of
soil.
Organic farming improves agro-ecosystem and helps in stopping
environmental degradation.
Organically grown crops are preferred by most people as it is believed
to be more nutritious compared to conventional ones.
Organic produce fetches more prices in national and international
market.
Advantages of organic farming
12
13. Organic manure contain fewer amount of nutrient.
Lack of awareness
Marketing problems of organic inputs and out puts
Shortage of organic biomass
Poorly supporting infrastructure
High input cost
Lack of suitable agriculture policy
Lack of financial support
Low yields during conversion period
Political and social factors
Complex certification procedure
Lack of organic input responsive variety
CONSTRAINTS OF ORGANIC FARMING
13
14. 1. Crop and crop varieties
2. Organic manure and crop residues
3. Green manures
4. Biofertilizers
5. Indigenous preparations
6. Mix farming
7. Crop rotation and mix cropping
8. Pest management
9. Soil and irrigation management
Components of organic farming
14
16. 1. Crop and crop varieties:
It should be low input requiring crops and varieties
It should be resistant to disease and pest
It have high market value
2. Organic manure and crop residues
a. Organic manures
i Bulky organic manure (Slow acting with large quantities of organic matter)
eg. Cattle, Sheep, Poultry, Pig, Goat,, Horse manures, Compost, Green manures,
Sewage and sludge.
ii Concentrated organic manure (Quick acting with small quantity of organic
matter)
eg. Groundnut cake, Castor cake, Bone meal, Blood meal, Horn meal, Wood ash,
Cotton and Linseed meal.
Contd…
16
17. b. Crop residues:
Crop residues should be incorporate directly in the soil and these residues
can be used as mulch. Mulching means covering the ground with a layer of
loose material such as compost, manure, straw, dry grass, leaves or crop
residues.
Mulches have several effects on the soil which help to improve plant growth:
(i) Decreasing water loss due to evaporation.
(ii) Reducing weed growth by reducing the amount of light reaching the soil.
(iii) Preventing soil erosion.
(iv) Increasing the number of micro-organisms in the top soil.
(v) Adding nutrients to the soil and improving soil structure.
(vi) Maintain soil temperature.
(vii) Adding organic matter to the soil.
Contd…
17
18. 3. Green manure: Green un-decomposed material used as manure is called green manure.
Benefits of green manuring
• The crops adding N to the soil.
• Short duration legume pulses can be grown in the fallow period after and before cereals.
• It prevents leaching of plant nutrients to the lower layers as well as turns the nutrients
from lower depth to upper depth.
Contd…
18
19. 4. Biofertilizers:
Biofertilizers are the preparations containing living or latent cells of useful
microorganisms, when used for seed treatment or for soil, lead to biological nitrogen fixation,
mobilization of P and S or mineralization of organic matter etc.
Azotobacter Rhizobium Azospirillum PSB
Contd…
19
20. Advantages of biofertilizer
1. Ecofriendly
2. Cheap and required in small quantity
3. Considerable beneficial residual effect on soil fertility
4. Favorable effect on crop growth as some of bio fertilizer produces growth hormones
5. Some bio fertilizers may work as bio-pesticides
6. Renewable and pollution free
7. Solubilize and mobilize nutrients
8. Stabilize C:N ratio in soil
Disadvantages of biofertilizer
1. Crop specific and location specific
2. Low shelf life of microorganisms
3. Response depends on soil and environmental conditions
4. Need careful handling and storage
5. Many of them fix or solubilize small quantity of nutrients
Contd…
20
21. 5. Indigenous preparations:
Indigenous preparations such as jivamrut, panchagavya, amrutpani, bijamrut
etc. contains beneficial microbes, growth regulators and essential plant nutrients which
are beneficial for plant growth.
Contd…
21
22. 6. Mix farming:
Mixed farming is the combining of two independent agricultural enterprises on the same
farm. A typical case of mixed farming is the combination of crop enterprise with dairy farming
or in more general terms, crop cultivation with livestock farming. Mixed farming may be treated
as a special case of diversified farming. This particular combination of enterprises, support each
other and add to the farmer’s profitability.
Advantages of mix farming :
1. It offers highest return on farm business and intensive cultivation.
2. It provides work throughout year.
3. Efficient utilization of land, labour, equipment and other resources.
4. The crop by products such as straw, bus, fodder etc. is used for feeding of livestock and in
return they provide milk.
5. Manures available from livestock maintain soil fertility.
Contd…
22
23. 7. Crop rotation :
It is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar/different types of
crops in the same area in sequential seasons.
Contd…
23
24. 8. Insect-pest management in organic farming
Components of pests management in organic farming
A. Cultural methods
1. Crop rotation:
Crop rotation is central to all sustainable farming systems. It is an extremely effective
way to minimize most pest problems while maintaining and enhancing soil structure and
fertility. Diversity is the key to a successful crop rotation program.
2. Field sanitation:
Reducing or removing crop residues and alternate host sites can be used to manage
some insects. Alternate host sites, such as field margins, fence lines, pastures and shelterbelts
will usually contain weeds and natural vegetation that may serve as reservoirs for vectors of
disease. Left uncontrolled, these insect pests can be transmitted to healthy crop plants. Insects
may use these plants as alternate habitat until an appropriate crop occurs in a nearby field.
Contd…
24
25. 3. Crop and variety selection:
Factors such as leaf and stem toughness, pubescence, nutrient content, plant architecture,
growth habit and differences in maturity between crops and varieties can influence pest
growth, reproduction and host preference.
Crop Pest/Disease Resistant Varieties
Brinjal Bacterial wilt GJB-2,BWR12, Arka Nidhi, Utkal, Tarini, Utkal Madhuri,
Annamalai
Phomopsis rot Pusa Bhairav
Shoot & fruit borer SM 17-4,Punjab Barsati, ARV 2-C, Pusa Purple Round, Punjab
Neelam
Aphids, jassids,
thrips, white fly
GOB-1,Kalyanpur-2, Gote-2, PBR- 91, GB-1, GB-6
Chilli Leaf curl virus GVC-101, GVC-121, Pusa Jwala, Pusa Sadabahar
Leaf curl virus
CMV & TMV
Punjab Lal
Mosaic, wilt & dieback Punjab Sukh
Virus complex LCA 235
Cabbage Black rot Pusa Mukta
Aphid Red drum head, Sure head, Express mail
Cauliflower Black rot Pusa Shubra
Contd…
24
26. 4. Intercropping:
The practice of intercropping can reduce pest problems by making it more difficult
for the pests to find a host crop. This technique also provides habitat for beneficial
organisms. Strip-cropping row crops with perennial legumes often leads to better pest
control.
In particular, lucerne attracts many beneficial organisms that can destroy insect
pests in neighboring crops.
5. Date of planting/sowing:
Planting should be scheduled so that the most susceptible time of plant growth
does not correspond to the peak in pest cycles.
Contd…
25
27. 6. Trap strips:
Seeding trap strips around the edge of a cropped field or along a fence row helps
lure insect pests to a specific area where they can be managed more easily. For
example, planting the maize crop near a many cropping agro-ecosystem that attract
important natural enemies.
7. Tillage:
Tillage can be properly timed before seeding, after harvesting and during summer
fallow to reduce populations of insect pests such as cutworms and other aestivated
insects that spend part of their life cycles in the soil or stubble. Tillage can help starve
insects in the spring or during fallow, prevent adults from laying eggs in the soil and
expose overwintering insects to predators and inclement weather.
8. Irrigation:
Thrips damage may get magnified if the crop is under water stress. Adequate
irrigation throughout the growing season is critical in minimizing damage.
Contd…
26
28. B. Mechanical method:
Mechanical alternative: Removal of affected plants and plant parts, collection and
destruction of egg masses and larvae, installation of bird perches, light traps, sticky
colored plates and pheromone traps are most effective mechanical methods of pest
control.
C. Biological control
a. Bio control agents: In a healthy, balanced ecosystem, biological control by natural
predators/parasitoids is constantly occurring and managing the enormous dangerous
pests under threshold level. Ladybird beetle, hoverfly larvae, lacewings, spiders, birds,
frogs, toads and a host of other insects are predators of aphids, Helicoverpa larvae, and
both grasshopper eggs and adults.
Ladybird beetle Hoverfly larvae Lacewings
27
29. b. Use of Biopesticides - Trichoderma viride or T. harazianum or Pseudomonas,
fluorescence formulation @ 4gm/kg seed either alone or in combination, manage most of
the seed borne & soil borne diseases. There are other formulations viz. Beauvaria
bassiana, Metarizium anisopliae, Numeria rileyi, Verticillium sp, which are available in
the market and can manage their specific host pest. Bt. has been used in the management
of diamond back moth on crucifers and vegetables @ 0.5-1.0 kg. formulation per ha.
28
30. D. Botanical pesticides: Many plants are known to have pesticidal properties and the
extract of such plants or its refined forms can be used in the management of pests.
Among various plants identified for the purpose, neem has been found to be most
effective.
29
31. E. Others
1. Cow urine – Cow urine diluted with water in ratio of 1: 20 and used as foliar
spray is not only effective in the management of pathogens & insects, but
also acts as effective growth promoter for the crop.
2. Fermented curd water – In some parts of central India fermented curd water
(butter milk or Chaach) is also being used for the management of white fly,
jassids aphids etc.
Cow urine
Fermented curd water 30
32. Indian natural farming movement centered on its founder Subhash Palekar
from Amaravati, MH
BSc Agri. from College of Agriculture, Nagpur
Initially worked with tribal farmers of Melghat
1972 joined family farming
Initially did conventional farming upto 1985
Yield started declining
Switched to Natural Farming
Studied forest vegetation
154 self financed research projects from 1985-2000
Applied forest principles on his farm and formulated ZBNF
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, NewDelhi
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF)
Padma Shri 2016
31
33. Accreditation No. NPOP/NAB/0028
Director: S. J. Solanki
• GOPCA is a Gujarat State Government Certification body that carries out impartial third party
inspection in certification in organic production and Handling.
Aim:
Aim of agency is to inspecting and certifying environmentally sound production system and
preservation of natural resources, improvement of soil quality and health organic and sustainable
farming practices.
• GOPCA does not gives guarantee for quality, food safety and absolute residues but it gives the
verification that the product is said to be organic and is in compliance with organic standards of
NPOP (National Programme for Organic Production).
• The organic certificate remains valid for one year from the year from the date mentioned on the
certificate. Once you have entered in to the certification system, you must apply for annual renewal
to maintain your certification status.
• GOPCA offers certification for domestic market
Gujarat Organic Product Certification Agency,
Ahmadabad, Gujarat
32
34. – Vision of GOPCA:
to be the agency that best understands and satisfies the organic
inspection & certification service and fullfills needs od organic operators
nationally.
– Mission of GOPCA:
it is the mission GOPCA to provide farmers and operators with the
organic certification related services that are fulfilled at the right price.
Friendly, knowledgeable and professional staff will render best service to our
farmers & operators which will be a true value addition to their products.
33
36. Accreditation
Guarantees that the
certification program is
competent to carry out
specific tasks
Authoritative body
defines policies, standards
and checks whether a
certification system is
operating according to
standards
Standards
Define production methods,
not the product quality
Minimum requirements, not
"best practice"
Standards regulations
continuously developed
Can be International,
National or regional
standards
35
37. Inspection
On-site visit to verify that
the performance of an
operation is in
accordance with specific
standards
Certification
Written confirmation that a
process or product is in
compliance with prescribed
standards
36
38. Association for promotion of Organic Farming (APOF)- Bangalore
Indian Society for Certification of organic production (ISCOP)- Tamil Nadu
Indian Organic Certification Agency (INDOCERT)- Cochin, Kerala
Skal Inspection and Certificaton Agency- Bangalore
IMO Control Pvt. Ltd.- Bangalore
Ecocert International -Aurangabad
Bioinspectra -Cochin, Kerala
SGS India Pvt Ltd- Gurgaon
International Resources for Fair Trade (IRFD)- Mumbai
National Organic Certification Association (NOCA)- Pune
National programme for organic production( NPOP)
LIST OF ACCREDITED CERTIFING AND INSPECTION AGENCIES IN INDIA
37
40. 1. Timely preparation of soil to a fine tilth with 2-3 ploughings to
remove all debris, stubbles, stones etc and to avoid infestation of ants
and termites. However, minimum tillage is considered as an
important component of organic farming.
2. Use of organic manures as basal dose of FYM, poultry manures, fish
manures, sheep composts, biofertilizers etc. Use of organic cakes
from neem, groundnut, pongamia, and castor becomes imperative.
3. Raising of green manure crops like sesbania or dhanicha and
incorporating into the soil, besides using biomass of other plant
species.
Technology packages for Organic Vegetables
40
41. 4. Always include legume crop like beans, peas, cowpea etc in the
crop rotation not only to improve the soil fertility by fixing
atmospheric nitrogen but also to increase the yield up to 30-35%.
5. Use of crop residues is essential in organic vegetable production,
which increases the soil organic matter content, maintains soil
fertility status, and in turn increases the crop yield.
6. Choice of vegetable varieties should be based on climate, resistance
to pest & disease and market preference; adopting optimum spacing
and timely planting, raising plants/seedlings with enough organic
manures and bio-fertilizers.
Contd…
41
42. FYM, Compost, Slurry, green manure, crop residues, straw,
vermicompost, sheep manure and other mulches from own farm
Saw dust, wood shaving from untreated wood.
Calcium chloride, lime stone, gypsum .
Magnesium rock.
Sodium chloride.
Bacterial preparation (Bio fertilizers), eg. Azospirrillum, rhizobium,
Azotobacter, Bio-NPK consortium, PSB, KMB etc.
Bio dynamic preparations. (BD 501 to BD 507)
Plant preparation and extracts, eg. Neem cake etc.
The following products are permitted for use in manuring / soil conditioning in
organic field
42
43. 1) Solanaceous Vegetable : Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli, Potato
2) Bulb Crops : Onion and Garlic
3) Malvaceous Vegetale : Okra
4) Cruciferous Vegetable : Cabbage and Cauliflower
5) Leguminous Vegetable : Pea, Cowpea, Pigeon pea, Cluster Bean
6) Leafy Vegetable : Amaranthus
7) Cucurbitaceous Vegetable : Cucumber, Water Melon, Musk Melon
8) Root Crops : Radish, Turmeric, Ginger, Carrot
List of vegetable crops mainly taken in organic farming
43
44. Photo showing disease resistance in cauliflower induced by vermicompost
(A). Cauliflower grown on chemical fertilizers (Susceptible to diseases)
(B). Cauliflower grown on vermicompost (Resistant to diseases)
(Hazipur, Bihar, India. December 2008) 44
45. Why total adoption of organic Farming of vegetable
crops is not feasible/ viable in India?
Organic Farming is one of the best approach to get sustainability in the
crop production, still some constraints are there in adoption of Organic Farming
in full fledge under Indian conditions. It is because of following reasons:
1. Organic farming is highly knowledge intensive farming. So one has to
keep pace with the dynamics of nature to increase the biological
productivity of the soil.
2. Organic inputs may be difficult to generate on the farm.
3. The organic produce may not find an early market as most of the vegetables
are perishable in nature.
4. Shifting to pure organic farming is a very time consuming and
laborious methods.
45
46. 5. Number of cattle households decreased gradually day by day, causing
scarcity of FYM.
6. Nutrient content is very low in organic sources. Varied nutrient content
in organic materials, so it becomes difficult to farmers to calculate the
actual amount of organic materials to be added in soil.
7. Cattle dung, urine and farm wastes are to handle manually.
8. The consumer need protection, so the Certification and Inspection
programme have to be Nationwide
9. There is lacking of adequate research & development backup as well
as training in Organic Farming in India.
10. Biological pest control is very knowledge intensive.
Cont..
46
47. Success of organic farming
Market
Certification
Extension
ResearchProduction
47
49. Organic tomato (50-60 t/ha)
Organic cabbage ( 50-55 t/ha)
The soil health in terms of organic
carbon, bulk density, water-
holding capacity, microbial
biomass carbon and
dehydrogenase activity is
improved under organic system as
compared to inorganic system.
Source: Prakash S Naik , IIVR, Varanasi
49
53. The modern form of organic farming is new concept.
However it is being popular in the world especially in
developed countries.
Organic vegetable growing is an alternative and appropriate
management system which helps to improve soil and
environmental health thus increase the productive levels and
improve quality of vegetable crops.
India has tremendous potential to grow vegetable crops
organically and emerge as a major supplier of organic
products in the world’s organic market.
CONCLUSION
53
54. Reference
• Anonymous (2017-18). National Programme for Organic Production
• Anonymous (2018). FIBL & IFOAM Year Book 2018
• Anonymous (2018-19). Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export
Development Authority (http://apeda.in/apedawebsite/)
• Effect of organic farming in vegetable crops by Daki Raju N., M.Sc.
Agronomy (2010)
• https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs
• Lecture Note: Vegetable Production Technologies and Organic Production
compiled by Prakash S Naik, IIVR,Varanasi
• Lecture note: VSC 508: Organic Vegetable Production Technology (1+1)
• Organic farming in vegetables (Technical bulletin no. 77) compiled by S. K.
Singh, R. B. Yadav, Jagdish Singh and Bijendra Singh
• Seminar on Natural Farming- Zero Budget Natural Farming, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
54
