Kekalahan tentera Mongol di bawah pimpinan Hulagu Khan menakluk dan memusnahkan Baghdad pada tahun 1258 menandakan kejatuhan Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyah. Kota itu dibakar dan dijarah, menyebabkan kemusnahan perpustakaan besar Baghdad dan kematian beratus ribu orang awam. Khalifah terakhir ditangkap dan dibunuh dengan kejam bersama kebanyakan anaknya.
3. FAKTOR KEGEMILANGAN KERAJAAN BANI ABBASIYAH KESTABILAN POLITIK DASAR POLITIK KERAJAAN ABASIYAH KEDUDUKAN BAGHDAD YANG STRATEGIK PENGHAYATAN KONSEP KERJA SEBAGAI IBADAH PERPADUAN ANTARA KAUM
9. FAKTOR KEJATUHAN KERAJAAN BANI ABBASIYAH KELEMAHAN PEMIMPIN KEGAWATAN EKONOMI PERSELISIHAN FAHAM SERANGAN KUASA LUAR PEREBUTAN KUASA PERPECAHAN WILAYAH
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14. Kronologi Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyyah • 752M- Bermulanya Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyyah. • 755M- Pemberontakan Abdullah bin Ali. Pembunuhan Abu Muslim. • 756M- Abdul Rahman I mengasaskan Kerajaan Bani Ummaiyyah Sepanyol. • 763M- Penubuhan kota Baghdad. Kekalahan tentera Abbasiyyah di Sepanyol. • 786M- Harun al-Rasyid menjadi Khalifah. • 792M- Serangan ke atas selatan Perancis. • 800M- Kaedah sainstifik dicipta. Algebra dicipta oleh Al-Khawarizmi. • 805M- Kempen menentang Byzantine. Penawanan Pulau Rhodes dan Cyprus. • 809M- Kewafatan Harun al-Rashid. Al-Amin dilantik menjadi khalifah. • 814M- Perang saudara antara al-Amin dan al-Ma’mun. Al-Amin terbunuh dan al-Ma’mun menjadi khalifah. • 1000M- Masjid Besar Cordoba siap dibina. • 1005M- Multan dan Ghur ditawan.
15. • 1055M- Baghdad ditawan oleh tentera Turki Saljuk. Pemerintahan Abbasiyyah-Saljuk bermula dan kekal sehingga tahun 1258 apabila tentera Mongol memusnahkan Baghdad. • 1085M- Tentera Kristian tawan Toledo (di Sepanyol). • 1091M- Bangsa Norman tawan Sicily, pemerintahan Muslim di sana tamat. • 1095M- Perang Salib pertama berlaku. • 1099M- Tentera Salib tawan Baitulmuqaddis. Mereka membunuh semua penduduknya. • 1144M- Nur al-Din tawan Edessa daripada tentera Kristian. Perang Salib kedua berlaku. • 1187M- Salahuddin Al-Ayubbi tawan Baitulmuqaddis daripada tentera Salib. Perang Salib ketiga berlaku. • 1194M- Tentera Muslim menawan Delhi, India. • 1236M- Tentera Kristian tawan Cordoba (di Sepanyol). • 1258M- Tentera Mongol menyerang dan memusnahkan Baghdad. Ribuan penduduk terbunuh.Kejatuhan Baghdad. Tamatnya pemerintahan Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyyah.
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17. The Battle of Baghdad in 1258 was a victory for the Mongol leader Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. Baghdad was captured, sacked, and burned. Many historical accounts detailed the cruelties of the Mongol conquerors: The Grand Library of Baghdad, containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to astronomy, was destroyed. Survivors said that the waters of the Tigris ran black with ink from the enormous quantities of books flung into the river. Citizens attempted to flee, but were intercepted by Mongol soldiers who killed with abandon. Martin Sicker writes that close to 90,000 people may have died. Other estimates go much higher. Wassaf claims the loss of life was several hundred thousand. Ian Frazier of The New Yorker says estimates of the death toll have ranged from 200,000 to a million. The Mongols looted and then destroyed mosques, palaces, libraries, and hospitals. Grand buildings that had been the work of generations were burned to the ground. The caliph was captured and forced to watch as his citizens were murdered and his treasury plundered. According to most accounts, the caliph was killed by trampling. The Mongols rolled the caliph up in a rug, and rode their horses over him, as they believed that the earth was offended if touched by royal blood. All but one of his sons were killed, and the sole surviving son was sent to Mongolia. Hulagu had to move his camp upwind of the city, due to the stench of decay from the ruined city.
