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Starting with an n digit number, squaring it
and taking the n digit in the middle as the
next number, which is then squared to
obtain the next number.


E.g.: Seed= 5673, Square= 32182929.
1829² = 3345241…
Converge on a constant.
• Seed= 2500, Square= 6250000,
  2500, 2500…
• Seed= 2504, Square= 6270016,
  2700²= 7290000, 2900²=
  8410000…
Starting with an n digit number, squaring it
and taking the n digit in the middle as the
random number.


For the next seed, add the removing higher
order and lower order digits to the middle n
digit number (random number), which is
then squared to obtain the next number.
Seed, X0= 5673.

5673²= 32182929. X1= 1829+3+2+2+9= 1845.

1845²= 3404025. X2= 4040+3+2+5= 4050.

4050²= 16402500. X3= 4025+ 1+6= 4032.

Random Numbers= 1829, 4040, 4025, 2570…
Seed, X0= 5673

MID-SQUARE                Modified MOD-SQUARE
 KS Test, D= 0.2536       KS Test, D= 0.3282
 Chi-Square, X²0= 5.29    Chi-Square, X²0= 5.31
 Runs Up & Down, Z= -     Runs Up & Down, Z=
  0.366                     0.188
 Runs above & Below       Runs above & Below
  mean, Z=0.844             mean, Z= -0.161
Random Number Generator
Random Number Generator

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Random Number Generator

  • 1.
  • 2. Starting with an n digit number, squaring it and taking the n digit in the middle as the next number, which is then squared to obtain the next number. E.g.: Seed= 5673, Square= 32182929. 1829² = 3345241…
  • 3. Converge on a constant. • Seed= 2500, Square= 6250000, 2500, 2500… • Seed= 2504, Square= 6270016, 2700²= 7290000, 2900²= 8410000…
  • 4. Starting with an n digit number, squaring it and taking the n digit in the middle as the random number. For the next seed, add the removing higher order and lower order digits to the middle n digit number (random number), which is then squared to obtain the next number.
  • 5. Seed, X0= 5673. 5673²= 32182929. X1= 1829+3+2+2+9= 1845. 1845²= 3404025. X2= 4040+3+2+5= 4050. 4050²= 16402500. X3= 4025+ 1+6= 4032. Random Numbers= 1829, 4040, 4025, 2570…
  • 6. Seed, X0= 5673 MID-SQUARE Modified MOD-SQUARE  KS Test, D= 0.2536  KS Test, D= 0.3282  Chi-Square, X²0= 5.29  Chi-Square, X²0= 5.31  Runs Up & Down, Z= -  Runs Up & Down, Z= 0.366 0.188  Runs above & Below  Runs above & Below mean, Z=0.844 mean, Z= -0.161