History of chittagong

1. A HISTORY OF CHITTA6ONG
( From Aq.i@i TiE$ dov! b r?6r )

4. , hr ev G(c i!ei {rM

20. Lm' e@4, rc 6dFarcoiisrr@. ft4dqrL .hh!_
i@n[d]n6@G4dly
he ih( Wn+ ri6 nNL !"F1,

21. D€re'lEE]bh'lsll'l'l}
rllLi,]ll'{!t{trr.E.nrha.r'F1nc-Mqm'

22. d !.- tliqr tusdj
rrii siqsrsdl
nrt{'6 rr(6 ie
!iq?r rr'Fn rd8k r 6i ,

23. 14 o'v N pL* d '" !'' r{ d h
l,oi:& "
FeEd i h! N! m,k (6 H !' Fs,j l!,&F,Fdh

24. rh6 hid ad 6P4oLt5

25. lqhat€40 d re sdin.Lr dae

28. djEvits h $*,**, |he$ b,d r,"qme"l' o,.h;.

31. rE kd d6!P!4hIre

34. al'i!ig3a!ss1{c@]b
-$ s F! oiss:

37. rE uiddd $o P.4! I re
e! s drtd4 t d,rh kd hodr!d,! f 6,i oi !.

39. db 6dlitl ;

40. c,ld,@ rhlD !&o &d r

41. rFh hd $! to4h t!

43. irui6alcoJhdoryqiiohlhoFtntNdGEodly'
, hbou E!6rc ,d -@;1
GlFrcdg4rhEly

49. A5 a re'li 4ry EWGe.h;

51. AjclI ,dydci] { ,13

53. a, hiy Ndo4 d c hrt tG

54. b ds.Mqhnihnd s U (.bt.!!!Lo;

56. uq "s? s:inidh",u,{ne b!, di+i

57. F'sll h6B ie d!r4 d sF@r I : !,od hd

62. tuow Ld), &E hr (odru*hr,

67. Ai turv iibd d .Hrb@E | €

68. lErr oplB iid i;ur, nvrc hE

69. Ai hl,H.y/, c kfq l

71. P LP TEi SU''N ALtr! Lh?

73. I

75. i,i $ r idd4d.birF4l,
k @s'6, i $uh @hh 8.rur

83. i 50 r d rioi, k"d;.

91. ai Earty Hsory or chih,sois 173
Thc iahe. of rho Dtacs iscnb)d oi rhe Lnd s,an canror
be pracsstv Locarcr, The h shty saisknriz€d names of 0ro phcec
slrh a. KasanapauMiya, ( ansaEala, Damb adama, Lavarobavas;
Emasrmbasabd, Labmpraya, Mrra.chaE, Baqhapokhira haveb3en
oLrl,k,aled m couree of rims, A! rh6 iirdiprion E dE.ovared fiom
Narinb3d Ded chihasono rown, hcan iarrc]ly be slhised rh
rhe phccs mentioied n ir wcre locaed
I'odspor A villiso my be syioiymouswirh
modsm Mlrra.h3E, nor fd avay rrcm rhe tundrpor. Hoklvq,
vlllases or siml, sultx.cnrara (srsamlaD
elsewheE n rho disr d. The nimas ofvltrses
s! ):irs.pokhtra ( prku4 pushkariir matrhs ooid d B$Non )
rhe dsicLbrr nol as Eaqhaookhna. Trc nam3
(p,h3ps rh6 lons6$ phcdiame
rst odd ) mdmbs rhn rhe vllagowas kiown as such ror 'n
s :(achmetrrwhh a ranival conce ns srlr and rhs vitlass mjshr
be s ru ed somdlhso ie Lhe .ea stroE of no hsh ch(asors,
Ihh pbce may bc srynoloqicillv relaed Lo Labarakslk. a Hmdu
holyspor, s Luaed nlnS akunda Damb adama ispnh3ps survrvad
ie rhs liidspor.
thc hold or rhe Delasovq rhe dn.cr rlas nhtupLed bv ihc
AccordLns Lo tha Ardrar.s ahrori.h, ai Arak+
no$ khs named Alaufs Phyr ( bes 605 M FI237 _ 43 A D )
,e sn ard dceived ribu@ no rhe
slbluoalon ofEonsal by he tuakaiBe kmg ,s quedonabls. wo
monarchs. ThcA,akafeso kns succssdad n errcndiis his iuthorrv
asfarno h as solrhdtr chhcsoig, wh eas io h n ch ldso,!
remahed mdd rhe o. rraLioi ol rhe Devo ruteE. Afrn lrs deah
or Alaui! Phyu i 1243 ptrnsed inro dhsrols

92. 74lA Hhrory ol Chiuaoons
coidnioi, Therc was ao uihappy rrle ol sevsn nronarchs, colqirs
Bur prosp* v or s knsdom reirmad
roweitul ru er, ascended (he throm,
,The khs or Iruraran o, tunsrl namsd Nsa pu k rens, cou ed his
allian, soitprcEnb or elophanb :id hor$s... (Nis) seneral
and
Fadzr Lh.iq rlyai srbdr:d fi. couitry alonq the s3a co*L 6 f 6
o Bnhm3ouka niv ."1 He s ako sard to Fre subdued Lhe
rc (qrly'a'U olr,.k.i.2 r'".no.. et"'in'(t''i'
den.o ol rhe a,akaiAs
ch rsons O,vGion r lho las quatrq of Lhe
Mm o), lhe nor.d veneliti lrav'tler pur Mrdi
PoLo (1295 A
(Mhrmad Bum4 and Beisala uider one kiis who ws subje_
ded b lhc domralion 6r the srcal (a (xublii Khoi)3 Pror'
D G E HaIL dsm ss
Pds'bly, incoDoratis Beisal to tho e pne or tho orcatM'L
'n th€ tav.llr oilv axtsserdted rho icco
qol conque,or
Kubh (hant tesemony oi rhs P
counnv of Ralran (AmGn) (han."s I Ih. iu _
s subPcLed ro the
Ta'E, coiquero' 6 supposed ro be eibinell
upro A,akan llren s nol mprobable thar ch uasois, a subiecL
2 rha nam€ or he co emDordry Lakhnauti s Sultai
sultan ol
Fukunuddlo Ka'kaus r1291 - 1 300 A D). Nsa pu lrr.is miy
ba Lhs Arakaiesa conuor lom
3 ttrcttkk ol q.oPata,r 2ol

93. an Edrtv Hido,y of chr aqoio I76
provhc. ol arakan a that rimo happetud to ba inctudod id rho
The hhro,y ol rh. didior ii fi6 n6i tuw dedados of lhofouF
re h Fnru,y s almd obs.uE. ,h6 Fdrryai,rb|drd inloms us
tha(chirhsns oma undd rhs oocuparioi of rho Muslims by the

94. Sn A P Phayre rncs dymoloocs! relaton
the A,ab vnilo6 {id Rah!, €ther 1,c piicpal Lv or Himu ol Ndk_
vrl chfttsois. n his oplnion, nrmm pLce ii sotrLher chhGsons
AEbs 3s Fah a, Fahmior nuhm, Tlr! em trenrs.hohl n lj s Hnbry
qe,eGl des iolon ol:lsnqll whi
ii{mcs uob'b *prrii ihc mm
stor Lrs E3y dr Beio3l bv
d 1&h .enones ol oe chrl
di.n sa. rhe,e h novr a vLllisE callcd R3mu ii the soufien
D r or chnEqioi t Eobtrblv,ep'escis th. ir e bv
'lstnL
SrAoPt r- !. r.LrJo1edL,D'cCMrmd'' !.o
wa sroe$abllsh di rde kvof th4a two fames. or A Rahlnr
'so
ooi^ois. r.rh6 n.me Firrml' a.c.rdiio to him,
Famtr a rla'e h cort Eazar ir rhe s'tr'h'F
The p,oblem or ihis identlcardn tDs Lrnh Lhe rad thai Ramu
be aurhorihLively outbeloE fts rilree h ceiury A D h ms ofiin
. io, a o P'-.'. :lr 'o r' i3
'b'qa ln atrvlime or h do-/' Evci
knowi abourlt iide@ids posuoi
n issuppo$d that fis kinsdonmlshr have exhtd ii tle h io'1
1 r,r Q, xvr (1s!o),232".
2 A Rain, so.idt .nd crhutot Hi*ott ol b.nzrl, 1, p. {1

95. Ai E ly H ory ot chirhsono 1 77
E h ramu .s A D, rEi
ir may bs sid wirh .dnfidsics lhrtit was
iwersbiq a kiisdom os to bo a sub@nrinedal power, Bains r
smal k isdom, sirtr ed ii rhs crsm6 @ri6r or thc albcodine ,
i.
ir cDuld hadly dercisasuch frilery powar ro cork{ wirlr
som. principal ionhsn lnda pows6. ln focr, dls dsscriprion
or rhs kinsdom of Bihmi or lhs Arob wdleG hadlY @respoid
ro tho principahy ol Fdmu.

96. Appondix L Chiil.sons 6nd rto p,l.cipn ry or
n rhe r.n of a vsh:yi (Lornoril
ui 0 uide, sama'aEmandals as edly as rhe bar iii's or rhe etev
Dr N r( shirt4aLiih iks rhat modeh Parkotu or pairkeE p s-
lshr oi rh? ioLmare $e ktiodom of
P rik(i .id rlE krodom or Abkan.
rho ,oyrl l,m lies
prfca$es lqlre i rhs romrn.es and rasod'ss h Burmese ainst',
poem6 aid elodnmis.3 Tha p i'paliry Ema ied ii er sonB
s lalsm rhe rrALhalr o; rhr rh a
60,.ll"ren.4prol $ rt L a"ri "...." ,s. Halra-d !. r
1220A D4 Ths Brmsse p,onouics I paEkkay,, is, r' s seiedly
rcphced by ,y"n Brmese roisuo. Tun Nyh, folowed by cortni
,ya o, PalLikek.5 IE ,Ardtors!
ar.4kl! rerere ro rhc kinsdom as trs corntry or(1hs ortoreisnci,
whih bounded on rhe souh rhc r(insdonr or Amkei. h .eemr
rh Lhe Lround y o1 rhe I isdom of
Z wh.h mry b. fio su'viviio
th rh€ n:me H ikelamandrla to denoie rhq ea (comilta-ND:-
I eu .ro,s:n, p,rirt t -..so"d tuttwr ieshn ir etd./ B.,Eal. p.a3
3 0ct,"v",,., (19!6), poona, D 216

97. 70 lAh o,y or Chn.don.!
khal.nonh chntasons) wis dyms awdy rro'n e{nenc. and a pni
orihs krnsdon wds rcplacsd by fte pincipal y or parikora
lumsh.r erden.e or Lhe exhrcnce or the name pdya,n m€disval
rines bul r:s bls and populous u. z. coflainr runs of 6n.ienr
and mcdevrl rimx. Ths posbilLy of s
E,sana oi a chaka or r rhana durno rhe Mushal F od cd L or
br ruL?d cuL. Durhs thc p od of rhD ndependeit sullanare the
whola.,6 wa! included ,r wtr is khown as fie prDcipahy or
crrakla$li, x s nor impiobabl' rh parikere or paeikkaya ssved
as th8 niha 6f rlr placc beweei rhs com{L and rhs saiNja for
6id46e crrcd.r. rrt rhc k,isdom
or Parkara, duins rhe Passi hssemoiy ov Arahi, comlrsed
a sz;aLle po ol modem chnhsois Divis on, subsequonrly,
'oi
rhs khsdom bcrweDi the Komaphult and tha
sahkhr came ro be kiown as chaka.ala, probabty trom rhe iour

98. CETP'ER III
SOCIETY AtrD CUIIURE |lr AtrCIENT CI{ITT^GOIYG
Anim sm L ,ha oldesL io,m or rclson ii rho subcoiLic(
Many tbpsmen of ch(rsois H'U Trac6, rhorsh pnicoally
s,ll rollow maoy ra s or anrmsm. rha H'ndus
hsv ardrrure aiim on b allso s
or oujccrr The woGhip aiim:ts aid reDritss
hdicde rtu suyrvil of anim dc bslisr n rhes socioties ai n w
s allied Lo borh 3ii€nor worhro and i re worshjp Borh rha
rb*hso ind dre H idrs rrvo[e thc I sn.esral
hom in var ous ras, su.h 3s ro holp n besan is a sue, ro ave(
ro w d orl ovil
'llnes!, cri slll be
bel efs $e fib*mei oJ chiurson!,
H U T,a s. The nE'ary atrd episruph c sources in Arakarl Gfer
crolp oi sprns, dm is aicisn( oenod.
Tha N woBhip was a curc6 blendns or rrtu, animsm .id
rcs d,ng ii rhs mour4i
lasnes.s or crrtri!,ono l. l T( s.2
h anc'e c,n1aeoN, sck6vJrors r Lre srh.oniEnr, boLh
Hhduism and suddh sm werc prcdom narl relsloir. Abflersuivey
or con.lnon olrtligion5, Lrssd on meaUre evldcncs or tr(ciitrv rnd
r. tremDhd b.low
I t,, 0.e.., ...&y.a Jirss xr.trs..)
2I l "p .D c l
s s, xv (1816), 60 Huihr. ' toru,rc
',

99. s..eLy and culrurc $ anclenl chirGsoio 131
erid sm ,s dll a liviq relgion in clrilbsois. Thouqh
strddhsm rs a disrncl and sDarsk doDt]ie faced eirhdion in fie
.oustry or s btrih, ,he p-ormry of $me Euddhist count6s,
dpecillly Eu a, did not allow Lhe second srcat$ ,elislon or
llrc wo:ld to dieolr ii cli kqoiq.
tho hrsto'v oJ Budd[sm ii chitaqoi( is .oN.cred wiLh rh6
g,owLlr, curous taisrohdioi ad decayo,rhegrcd ,elision of
Lhrc!sh d'r,rrcnr
pLec,sl, kiowi when srd.ihhm rrer saned foorng n chiLtsois
Accordirs Lo Hd s c Das Brhadu,,
n 1ra5 iitd.luced in lhis dsticr abolr,ha i nth EnLu,y a D
dn8cr fiom Masadha, vrha'e LM orden Drcvh.es or Beioal,
eire^diis rrom Ra'spu, down ro namu (Ramvabrumi) in chirb-
qoig, we,o und$ ths svny oT a Fdjpurpriica named cop'Dala.
IE Mahavdtra Buddrsm whlch aborrhar rme, prevailed r
Masadhi and Tber wos prcachod n chkbsong by Benssles
Sorne indtre.r evidences iidrc e rhot B!ddhhm was
'iroduc6d
ih thBd rtcr much by rhe schotar. Hg
is, howev , corecl h lrh opinioi thar in tho iiolhandre h.snru es
A D, Euddhism, espec,al ns Mahayanic bEi.lr, Iaach8d irs hsyday
n thh pan of $e county. ac@diis io Lhe localBuddhEt traditoi,
GauEma Buddha Gvell€d rh,oush $e dlstrlcr, prcachsd *mois aI
ssvoGl phcs and enablisied DlEma.hakres or 1116 wh*k ol
of oha,ma ln a numbei or pla.6s such as Chdk h, Chakhsah, lldri-
srma (H:idqaon), chandiaiarha, Mrhamun. shakvapuh (shakpura)
orc. which afreNards b:came Buddhkr hol/plaes, Thk nadirion
1 oL o'Mai6, ,0, ,n,, p, 65

100. 32lA FEro,y oi chiLcaono
is ror mre cEdrul. rl fie !cllouins A.akanos? chronicler,s iara-
or Buddhisn in trretr coulty.
14i-193 A D) 1lms, rhE 3' dhi Gauhma
lri.$rnr' ii r.a ..tritry ..llEd kapiLwol Hts is invled ro
c.:rkm: aflves ...H. is rc.eryedhv rhe
des ro so €xalred 6 Dqson4e. An
rcshblatr$ o' fi8 eldh, wa: p*m tad
6 bsca*, 3id w:ss.i ur at Mrhamun', whoer tampL vas
ro p,ovr thir catrhfr: Euddha uver
visirld irs kaiJ his reachinss fierc,
Morcover, ua tuakaie$ chronicbr makas a sro:s msrok6 n makre
Lo,d su.iJha 6ii,,a asain, Lod guddha
nev4 allorvsl rnybidy ro Nakshc owi imasah hGlfsime $rs
catr, howeyer, fully alcord wnh !h6 chroiichrtha( duins Tsaida
mshr havs b3sn innoduced n araliin
-ch Legons Es o,2 rrd -nr!,.s ol Buddha
,ha t:qend ol Mrtr,nlni_ a wjdely
m Lrr AEkan-ch asons bslotr. prcbsbly
xraiappa rcdio rhs psple as Gauiana
adyei I mshr have bken
pla.3 duids rh imDrcbable as u suppo ed I
hy cnJi da ri rblian hnsuase
anolher
the cil:brrred atrror at *e ll5.art rlBlddhBntn tndta. ldar.tn
or, PEyra hl a, {tL(16dr)i 35
^s
Tha ch efbhLGhu or 3!.Ldh.s(smpls orCh hrhnJ n Chi(6s.trc
I I -,J, ,ord- n t963r e ddism
Ch tasons driie chandEs!rya's rci{,i,

101. Soc erv and c!!,u6 ln ancieit Chirmsoiq 133
In ihelo Koki
couirhsarp.irad
secE ol c.cLsiodce larar ii ovs, la'd: nunhrs. and th.y
bacane vary numdour,
wes dnly smvakasi ar€r a iew n!!G ot tslsrichu had
spEad ihs Mahayana, ir co ruedro: n almoil.ilni,,uokdly:
f'om kiis oh maoila
who dkhed knowlidoe rlE,;i p,Li.rlnly
elou, Sen.s abouthalr orrheec.lesi,stcsa$Em5l.d ln M,5-
adha was thm ths Kor counre!. Aid f lhh rcisoi rlra
v v nuchr Lrre Malr3vra iid Hiirvaia
wq. ror dl.v.l. ds.1r bLc s.
Frof, rh€ rh6 ofAhh.yrk'.1 Lhr N4lhxyria srre.d more aid
a
whuD M4rdir ivrs
Trrshkar $o s:holrE ar r^e iI
Alrhoush ii rll $rs cdu ri.svinrye, Artdtramn.and r.rahE
wrll rtrovrn,
very
brcomo vsy mE drh $a aicdarioi
dali srcriois iid: nr,v .1r$1
Tha wholo rcg'on r,om tus:m ro Bmnr inclriiis chnisiana
hdsnored u.dorr commoi iam: Kotikid. A..odins 6 Tarlirh,
B0ddhlsm was intrdduccd imo lrrar(okl coun(ies
ima J,rb.. !n L, ll a.oving h impoiai.! therirt,- lr 'r
rhe sinhalesr triditois,
Dhimm:, lvG l..ared somslrcE r the
I . lrrri uanrtht
beprssEd oia, 1rh,ly. Tdan h
iv.r.s r.t th) euddr$5 of Kokikrd bllons0d roLh6 siiraka
s.hdol 1 ll rhe mrodudlonor:h
M)iavair.m rxsjnnodu@d h, rhs ourlb or va,brdr (7'h
cs ury) and"ir corrhued bviht slmo* uihGrrpiedlv'rndsr
ftr PaLs, espcdally Dhrm.?ab, r' FE
1 shiatier. "T an ha ,fuis, N n Fry, s. (n' Bqddh6, pp 77.73

102. 34lA Hidory or chhDqoio
(in MadhyadE:) wro arhhrd koowledor (or Buddhsm)."
Ths Bisn o,llrsfou. Ssri5, wio were inclhed ro B,ahmrnicrl
Hinduhm w:riesed rha coisrhuo
sm. Abour this umi, r: XotiLrd brcime such atr im2o.
.4ntr0 .r rhh hlhftrL a!ru(hitrorirD a.cleslae6 ol Mirldha
came nom rhalrsioi. M:ihvlir also is sidld hav: s2Gad
ihe.enohlhe rrme dr AbhlyaraG t loLh ce lry). Tsmndr ve'y
5iq1rc*1y,oF-'.r .. " c.n.d sido
by s ds aidh!eems rho! rh4y Ec i
alwa, o c.-q,t-r.lo-. /-, m .l.ao
s6vorel yanae imonq whtclr vanaFni, M:iL'ylir ai.r Kala'h}
h$lk or IE rliod or Niiravroism.nd irs
difterc bEich.s, Hinavaiism nev vatrhhed ;lLorelha, riom th-.
Kok coutues 3s boLrr vm:yr.rd Abridhr n, ".rD'rts irle (a'y
wel! kiow+', ii rhn
'.rloi
Tariarh did nor rlll us mr.h ab
sirty pnod. 'ln
ln rh* ea,ly rmB mrnv Tnrhka Bmiles a'd Buddhisr V'h:rs
rheEoddhi.c or chalrnma b.loiqBd
school',1 r,aiaLh s hy Lh? re:llG o(
excavaion, I : laloe numbv or Maay^rc dei1r35 hrve besi
uie Lhed ln a ve'v wld,j p t o! ihi diilct i recenr Lma
dhlsh arbr rhe d.clne or NaLndJ',2
The account or rhc chiioso rrvctleG rhrc,r a flood or lohr
oi u€coidlron ol Buddr'ism in err4n lndja I sho (67r-395 AD)
wriios: "Tlre iihabi inE of all $!ri coutrri* (o, car{i hd r) rr.

103. So.ialv aid cLl(u,e ii aicieii chnhqonq 3s
rci.! rhd rlnee ssms (qvid.nrly, rhe 9uridha, Dhamm, ridsanqha)
Sn3,na,s:mm1i, and MulaFturaivrdr N,kayas) stouid eid4 by
sd..'l all rhe I kayas ra"aller s hclud.d
wlhi the Hrdrai: s.h3ol o, 0udcn5m. h m:y, theElo€, be
ai.rtr,r or thr ,r,:ll, rhat Hrivini Buddhism
in 3ig,io hdh cu,ns his $puf, in Lidia
h" i [4lL r on .,o s aol I p4. o' P
,ccdunr or s$nq ch', Newiro.
ri e kns or Sa aLak -used to mrk; ele,ydiy hundred rhou. d
sraruBs or Buddia lr .dred rhou&id slokas
of thc ,ldrspEjn,pd rdhnd j! r ,.
3ss,m:d rrt il.nq wnh o,lrer osrom rnian corrtris! chirEqo's
or M.hovanln whlch soraad wirh
r-nkrblo prcs,.s; 6 wsbrc P ifc islaids, F{d-
fa, 61r
dhq rlD introducrioi or Mlhayiia Euddhsm
I tr La, { Es thd "Lha fom or gtrddhsm wj ch Lho Pila khss
or Bsisal suppo ed durhs the asceidtri.yof
rh: Pah d,,6any".3 iro (7s8-957 a D), who
r 'r"Y tro'c LP
'oldls
o
Md1"r:1!
d qlo,lfyin.lr. Mahnmurish ie."a
irai
a'e m!;dal evidencls or rhe exln.nca ot MEhdvair
BrCdrsr and:lled .ulb li ahfttaqdrq
I l ta(tds,, op,.i., Dp 3ro
a
launrt rl 6e Rudr R*rokh saddy, soLh Arniv-$,y Publ.{oi

104. 36lAHisro olchirlaqons
deiii6s, une lhed ;i haiy pl.cos or rho dhkhrl tu,n's rhc no.i
rvlanius,i, Lokesv 3 or LokaiaLha, Marrcya dc, /ll
ar L'esira
ol Eod , 1!a, l " 1,| i ,.
^m.ig
lshale deni.r wa msst wth Ta,a or Brdd$akri .im5hah,
sodd4; or we2l$ dc B4sides rhsD, : hl.e
iumber ol roIaryEudoh:s
havc bcei brclohr to lshr wnh rho hslp or srede, rv ro
'-"n I'at
ths overrlowhq or Mahay:m EudchGF ,i ch k,sois, "Arl
imiq*,' in rha vsw or Dr N N L.t, ''a'. !trdoubkdlv rim iGiqi
ol a [fahay3iic nls!4us-3ve rh
.losaly sllled b
o-re. lr s dlio
la'so numb - 1& rcll knola 0udd,hL lomllr, 'yr drr mi h{to_
iis ipl on or L]! ir.aoes
ravhavs'et., enqhved upon 1,e poilo al
vrs also'used robewdelylisdbed oi rcra,o. hbl,i.li
over Buma ln Srnskrr.svhll as h P3li'3
b.conres Llra rre Mrrayma
'1'd
bGnch ol Euddhs, &ln.rl snonohold li c,&sms durio rro
rinss of tie Pahs lrioush irs iolnd!.Lioi r,rd
1,r s I trcz/ - zst. po 1s,11 ; r H Q, vr I (is32). 332 - 3r1 ; J,a s P,
v (1960), r75 - 177.
by eisEved Bodhc {vas has rechdy beei rrmr dI
duo t
l(flaohuti ,jvefted nB B€us'. A small r,lallyan,c 6!ddh q
bronze mr:oe of skilrul
or $o presenr v/iiLer,tr 1931 h now preserved n n3 rrousohold
2 r N q, v r (1e32), 33s
3N F Hry,SdElrji 8,ddr . p 20

105. Sociery and .!huG ii anc sil Chi(asois I s7
i iti, rrLh tid elovatrrh o: utu
prFnJ.ds!,i uxnPcdesh, a h1, NEprl, norhern Eeisal wEsreh
DriJrl iL o isr, Nrhnda bars ns epiceire, From fis zonc
Mih:Fn sm sp,rid tur and wds. t camo! ba e&crly sad how
Lrir r,l axla (rr,nayan4 vhs arloded by rhis chaiee. Mr M S
coll s s or o) nron chaidGs,,,Fiiaya.
i:m r v ,6red-1 Hiryarlsm miohr have soffercd o serback
at tra hinds ol ilrc lvkhayanhr tuL6 .nd preacheE bur G
.-p'oxol !. rror
were D€crised in rhe
(ok'lri.:, 1rc d'scovo,y of of MEnjrri, Maitreya, and
'mases
avilrL 135v .1 tr chrasois b irssiolhs slacmenr oflaran h
ddn'ntd to 6oLh Hinayana and N,lahayana
M.hayatra branch or BuddhBm
. a o,p?r tucrJr h lra relqio!3
culruhl domaii ofaici.nr tndia.
d
Und hrpn,oirocor Lhs Patas, wiro w.rc zerlous BuddhErs,
Etrcdr:sm ,qa.ally ns M:h:yanic braich became a rohidobls
FLo,raronal lore. seveBl subecrions
I )"' Ll I i o v"rr,
-. " vd,i"n'
..hoor rtoln..ed non itr
dscovery or mul rtrdes of masesoivajqd c
d"'r6 .,d - enl 1 v4.cyarrpod..Ei
m,!y pl.es ol Lhe distri.l rurnishes iid'souEbts evidsnce or rhi, iacr.
The rlouir nssraG o( SuddhGm, osp€ciily s lUah4anLc
aiqusirs scutoruGt ar in cGreri lndia
ro an
mcludng chirLrsoog rron wr.,a a larg:numhr or Mahayanic Bu-
ddh n mases havs beei unoanhed i 192.7 a D s rryona Buddhid
shmsand rhrse orhe. iEssmenb ofnEUc!
wne dhcov ,c ftom a vll€e mmgd Jhiyari i Anwrra u. z. rh3
I 3u.. R s, 60ih Publ (ts6o),437
^ni
suddhaD, rr. 39n,

106. AB I A Bisrory or cr(asono
tindhsid ro bo "4E bissin hoiid or ima{,€s eysrround h Bef,
srl, The mag$, .cmrdrs ro
dis.ovary, belons ro Mahayrnl branch ot elddrsm oe,.t.rt ii
rhs p r baw$n rrr s!$ilh 3nd rhe olsvenrh c? ury A 3 uiDy
ol rho n.rsw..-el
rhar "Lrc tlos4 t nd provas rh! erhr3nco o, I
tDcat .enre of
a valGbb t ik rn rh. ch . oi irs rtev.io!
menr and i6 miqntoi
clrar aiiiniries ro ihe broiza imales ol rhe Nilanda school caiia n
t oh:es."2 Th. ,maqco,
otwealrh rasudhara, "h2rq a v.ry anErtcrsse rtdn, ai eir
or cok aid . vasa or jivels."3 rho
bodhi .hrlne atEodhraya $udc.d wlh sem'.nr:flous oias, aid
mhi.lhs .re vrntr suoerb
'mrritrrd
0n anothor ooca*ion, D, N N Lav liaoii.s anC dE.u$.s
rhi etr imases or Brldhz ii d llrc po$urcr, procsed nom
v iotrs placos of rh: d'srcr.4 v/h Ir i ral is rhe dnE 3nd a{'slc
From rhap3, os,aphic poid or visw, rhe betons ro rh6
'nrges
el6ve h o, rweltuh c{!u,y A D. A ricnl,/, tbey hay be
at blbd ro Eri€rn School or A( whlch rlork[ed ]n
Bsnqal and Bih trcm ,e i h ro tM n@enrh cetrLrv.
rn Phvsoqiomtal ch ac€rtrts, sp6clally rhr racaL rLw
N atrdG Nath Law ,soFs imases and ta$s ot Mahayaia
Buddhi66 in cl,itasons", , H Q, Vlll {1932), Fp,332.341

107. sociely .id cul m if, ancieni ahtftqons I se
ber a doss ressmbLice ro s'm lar ihases uie lh6d
at
S .naLh and Nal'nda, rha iio'riore or Asam,
aid $e hills
,h0 hand or locat aftrs rvho had inherired
Lha anis(. nadir,of,
ol the Easrernsctrool ot ad,,2
.losly ulonded wlh each orhd $ rh6 dilrerc hrion was
crsn also oJinsd loorins n rrc kinsdo o, tho chandh.3
T'o 8urf,*. C,'d .d sive oqdsn.o of
Buddhism n Bumr in ih6 b.gmniis ot fia
wirh whon Aiawa rc wased a bloillcss

108. 90 lA Hkrory ol chirasoio
sudd,islsr su|h qroups ol spn(s as Naq',
N erc also blloissd b Tai(ik Buddhhm, Unde, rhs
Pasai ( c lO{4'1300 A D ), whoso rerirory erlendod
'ule's ,e.elved rh6 rcyal
Amwhhk (10aa-77 A D) t'od Lo subduc rhe
Tatrii[ cllb L]ut he was padiilly suocsslul. orif,q Kyanz ha's
rcsn Buma defiikly ohanged ove,10 Tl'emvada Euddhismlron
Wnh trss ot rlE sddhas or $e S ddhach yas
Lhe DrBa.h
Buddhsm derin cly enrsrcd iiro a new phase o,Iarrrcism, Mo
wro wdsly ravelled pGache6 and soms
or rham tuvelkd ii rhe count'ss beyond rhe bouidary ol fts
of them, howev6,, arc knowtr only by rheh
ot' thss, prcaches is shroud6d i myerary lik6
rhe lsnsuase or rhent3chiiss. Accordins ro thc Lbaatr chro,k,lr
tsid BuddhG! Tafrik p,eachere weB eirh
rhe ruh ot rhs chandrds,
durns,he lms of krns GopichandE, Bala-
pad!, a Eu.idhis s:cs ol Sndhr, came ro €ansala and "vsbd
Jalaidh a rhse saan nftsmidsl otw er
Jalaidh a or TaGialht accounr has been
idenriridd by Fd s c Dis Balrrdu, wtrh B abkuid. near sitakuida,
where llanes emr',q {'ll bs seon,4 Tho
chardmn.Lr H ll
wh,cr was oris nr'lly aEuddhcr placc ol wo*hip
m'shr uvc Uecn vsired by tho sase. Ihs saqe enrercd rho
'hen
ciLy or chr'oram., caplrdl or Bans.la, and showsd h's capab lxy
o, D*rohhq suD o u,al Dhcnomena lrlo !f, eIf, ro wa.
Hiy, Sorik,r dud,lrv, 0,70

109. SoDieLy rnd c!t,uo i iictcnr Chnuqoiq 9t
,o bo blr.d it €.
ro ,(analikshena.l -Tha kino pmyld ror rorsivoiess wh ch
was
€ranted ro him oi coidirion rh.t he reiounced $e world ,id
itr ih6 sourh or tndia-.3
abo( lhe middto ot rho 1ei1h ceDrury, rh! ored Buddhnr
T3itrik sag6 Til,yosi4 was (c,irhsois). Hs
otMahp b (q33.rots oJ or Beiorr.
,8, ,' ..r .i, ]
yosjc p6we,s. Ul marela hewasDscred by his pup,t
corak-
shanad from tho clurches ot rhe
2./ ,a s s, Lxvt (r ses ), 2a
by rhe hssrd ol hC hauig ioiied h yosowirh yoqhi who
u6ed rosJbs(. r + ",', 'i,o or' poro le<one (h).
)o ra srcol ol
Budder lanlch-. ot.,r I "otosin

110. 92 | A Hislory dl chinasois
who wrs convorcd ro B dhsntrnder[NmmrorP,i]mbndnl
aid b6€mo ts hi.,arch Lho lmotrs oudtjhG[
or val6 a (Bodhsry,4vGired ch isrinr rrd rool vo?s,rom
wnh fta iitoducton or Narlrhm,3 aalar" runr'i"i..
"na"a
Inro a n6w phasa. This ssd lloutuhed mos in Ea{sn Beisal
Iha Narhae helisve
c Adiiath o, Adi Buddha, ri I.cr. r,d Narra rollovss roor
Adh h. in pl.s orAdiEuddh.. Aremplsdedi.dedtAdliaLhdll
srands otr rlE Nrohesh hland (Maheslr Khal o, Meril or edevil
Eu,opsan wlts6 is nased afi., rhr ctunisl s5paraLiio rhe sland
l,om rhd main land) rhr iin,r or Lhe sl3nd, h.
sh,los ol Adina,h oia ,lll rop anl i l.idiq olr.L knowi rs
GoEkh (Gorakshd sh a itu, nie Emple
ol rh6 hlaid w(h Narha .ulr
rh€ two rcnsholds or N ha culr ii chjrlaqono. Tlra leoeids
r.dltois md lirec,y rhis .ult cotu5onre rlE
lad rha! rll chiraqoiq wis orc! lloodod vr th N hhrn.
aid wrcrs rotrr valfty lc wo'ks rnd one d.lr.rosr: lD
dohakosha has been Dublhhod ii rhclourcr.fd. Drtdhr.
ol r. €ir, Cal.uft UnlveBny. xxvll, al 52 Hs Vijravma
ln Cordiei. 1ri*, pr 4-1. 79,223 224,
1
2 IA s 3, LXVI O3s3), 2s
TIE o,isin .nd lhs dovalopmonr or dris .uh has LDei dlscuscd
lh varylis loisrh by sevdal scholaE li[e Mm H P Sl" n
Sruddt-a Con o Drhr, lcrfl^.; D' Mrr-r o s "1r
I ri
rhs'i roducrioi of shutryo Putridi D' KalYaii Mall k m he,
Ndtr srhpftdotrt tthrfi Dralr o srttan
rn his o65turc iE'Ii8t'lJ cl]b

111. si.ieLv iid .Ll,ui , ai3hi, alilnsono 193
D,PCBro.Lr srqo4ns
relgloi or th. Sld(]rracturyrs, .!
ol rhe Ndrhr surus ,.om wio he learnr
Yosi Dractrce aid shded, .s lhc local mdrion eoes, rha Mi!resh
slmd (Mrh6[hrl) ,s.pla.D lor hsmedil oi.
shaiaLh, adis. Plc ol MaEYetu
rldndh. H6 lludrols Lre bmiire rh6 strbjedorv ious leoands
li a B.isalibalhd, lnolvi .s &rd)ianoi 6d", .ompojql bv Bhrvrni
chirbqono was rlic
I ndrhh2 Hs teamr rslaid (M$eshkMl)
ror' Ilo corhl v llasi of coG
Itr llrL ishid s bsliered
bchmonr Ld rho hlaid His dtrciple w's
Jalandha,Drda vn,o rqures ln the l?ss.ds as rhs ou ot coPch:id'
, Jalandha'Dad. vGrLed chdighml
r"clrq or subco ie 6l i6dr'
Ediorvonhv.ucc4s,and 1rre culr of NaLhsnl
illir uIL,m alv g,q4d in HiiduG
ime Lha Yoqc (hoN haYos6) su..eedhg corcksha wde vsv
simple miidcd, d ii
ordT to
hh hoiou r'om LhtTnha rilnls
( ie, s,ahmr c.l kinqs b{rme ) a kr ,ollov€c
oniv rhe
qr? 4IE qJE lqg rnlr?ri 4iri
.a6 ;rF .r rEr.r rrirT E.r !
eflr sr.E qr{$ { E trrlr .qr I
6r6m 1i srts 6ltr{ li.rq n Bhrvdil oas t cot,p1)
^{rrrdha
I ,{ s 3, Lxvll (1ses),23, A G,urwdddel, rioshLor.r rrai La

112. i4 la H {0y orchiruoou
N R Bay, Sdri sdi,rr n, p 77
P,..hi 1330 e s (1923)i pp, 223.230
hL r3s3 B s (e46) p.36

113. 5oc€1y rid cuhrie in Cr lraoons I ss
Enahle as borh Lhc NaLha yosis aid B IG orqm:lly beloised
Lo Buddh'd moia ode
'c
called Ndha yoss, tke rhs pracicc amons
n. Li dohs so, rhey phle Lh. deadhody in the qrave wrh be -
rp l.es .r .
rrs po. -re o. d
'.w bo Lr'ld pecul r
m lr.o 1,lo.r.,o
rashloi Iris cusrom s lo rhe Narha
commu ry of ch kgois.
Accdrdrs 10T indr's h'$ory, the ludm hvmion msourh
Eit, rcsullod ii a lalqe soah Buddhkt m'scton row dsea dn
countres, called Kokilaids. ot' lihaos by rho
ihe vrholralc rn,$trcro
This, accodns ro T andh, itrilsd tresr visour ii slddhts(,
or presenr d,y chirhsors batons atmo*
wholly b th avada, kces of Mahay.ia BuddhGm c.n sotl bo
lre or rhe Buddhtsrr or chr(asoig wirhoul
A larso numtd ol Mah6yanic BuddhisL deir€s havo uccn
unc LEd ii chtusois aid hundods ol images $rl 6wair ro
ba uied,hsd t,om d frercii pans or rhe disrcl Buddhisr imasos
(mcdi N6 pG6) can bs soei in muto(uds$
of Emplos, vi'ams, ard r(yaios sc.[e,ed Lhrcuohout rho dsrd.
rrsse Buddhi imrses and mudras mBy bo
ylawod !5 !n eviden$ or (4ahryaia nlLu0ncc dn thc imqre rcutptuE
auddhisBol Chiuasons pay lromaqa 10 ccdrin de'lies, which
apprc ly eol Mahayntc o,sm rn a Ehpto i p6ha aiv lase,
llAiBLrv[lr8es)25

114. e6 A nhrory oi ahiflaEdn0
sized skrle or Lord suddhr m seaLcd Dos-A,
l
Ths idol s known as Mihamuo aid rhe dot sheld wirh uhD$
€veieice by ie cr laoono Buddh sb. accorJins ro rho ,4.dkdne&
'
clrdrh, p:yiis Elsious homaoe (o Mahinuntdares ba.k ro rho
msn ol s:nda Thurya 046.193 A o), who toundsd rhe slnine
of ilaramln, Arak r,2 Trs deLy has trlci reld i adoElloi
'r
imrsoof Ankani "is gill imroD or huo3 propo io^s", r accor.t is
ea,ly Bu,Ds. (rr!ik,(r a dDresenbrile imrse ol sodhisadva-
'o
Maircya or Maryaiic p.irhcon.3 Ac.ydro ro rho ocil trad rion,4
(mo o probaLly a repl,ca or rho ortsmal
ois) was bDushl 1o 0ra vllas6 ofKrditpu, hom Rosh.is (tuakao
by a bh ishu iamed dspirs or his sho
orcd v/kdom, Thebhikshu ws uidolb{sdly or
,id prchrbly a,chans.,in rho ahkaoese
cvl3doinsr roi Ihe modeh r6mplo s sad ro havs tre6i builr
by a membn or rh3 lam ly ol chakma chieG.
Buddh'sb ol cn asois bslevcio whdECalled phora whcr
is alEo bs€i meiionsd in Mairiques Tr.veb. phora tras tjoen
. wL.lr ko..'Dpod oai'y n ti--.c,
Suddha. Ths crm
s epelr ie.rr, in T,iDud d'aloc' and as ,Phoyr' itr ButrE'e
Fo, orl , .rli,iDns 16q.dio rlN osii ol rh0 ot Mah.muit,
'mass
vdo Drn BBa;uas !ncls ,,/,A 5 P, X (1965),29.30,
Thc tr.diLoi na couplci To n isrs followr:
(qirr,!r rrir ,rin e3 1q qJ.i t
rrEt"{ {r1lln .frqli q[i I
mon, soo F c Daivo6, ft. pm@3ks,,

115. socety and cuiruro tr arc,cN Chili0sonn | 9.,
. .lo-r'1 B.r.-* c.o otcrL.erlduad Jy
/ I, Frvrtr,q_u
:*nE ro d€irily ,Porasrl (Poh
+ 9r, rhe srsa pon o. phora)
i rhe opiiion ol Prol6ssor HH wtson. -pho,a
c, Ph,a s no doubt r conuprion ol S:iskril prabhu, a Lord or
Manq, fta h'ol theEspndo,bh'is on€n rorahed atoie, Ioaving
P,ahu which bscomes Prah or phra,.2 Therc ar6 tud B0ddh$
nupa6 called Plro,achii, oic in rho v ltaso Haidsaoi ii pa va
d z. atul rhe othor in rhe vrllas6 BaswrD Tho eanirc ot rho
mo is ior cloai probably ir msans lh6 sreor Lord (plrDE) dt'
'cr i' (Lhe Monsolo'd pooples ol no h eas(s tndia was knou/o
Buddhisrs ot ch tagong woEhip rho kiraha $e $rao o'
iems or Buddhisn in dllsEri nam6, They lrd
,om Namo phoa
T a Samsha Ttrahaya, wrEn rhsy sE
otr ajounoy, so ro bed
Dhamma, aid Srms'a @raiis ir5 origiial meaniis. TdG appeaG
ro bo rhosame Buddhisi Mahayanio deny ToG, which lreld oica so
eialGddoos ln BuddhdTrnticism Chrtaqotrs suddhi$ 3!nl
'on
s
cha 'OmTda, Maha Ta.a, ba Tara di occasiotrs.3 Aocodiq
b ,s nud4/do,ola, rhe woGhip or
TaE was iitroduced lrcm
n rhe Nimaloyas bv vasidi? uho woEhippsdrhs Dsvi
^r0hach'na
BuddhGw 4 nay s c oas Brhadu, d6cribe5 the dery or Tard
as "i peGoi Iic oi oi Ntrvair, $ho h idc tied wih sdkri or
2 11 l, p. 729]
Enct.toD6.,tio ltiorid, vrt, 206
3 etrrou0t r,o ur"'"nco of,om, E rorhiddsn tr BuddhEm, rha
Em' 'Om' oocu6 ii s aii nras6 in6c plioi6r for axamDlo
'om Namo Buddhaya, om
4 a Avdlor, P,rrrr,d of rord, Lr rcducr oi, (Londoi, 19ta),

116. 93 A Hio,Y ot Lh trgoil
Ln Iiba slra is called 'vun cheimo; the Grcat
sho ls p€6on red s 'PEjia P ami'a' oI nansen
criid,atrdha, lrd Chird6sekh a was
ongtrcl.y i
qlod'i.r
aid dero,med Bud.lhhr Malravaiic imases h.vr re@nLlv been
unea hed a few ieer ipnLrrcm ihe p€ss sivaiempb or chiidra_
idtha, suddhsh orchiLragono srll hold ftcse phceswilh venna
toi .nd iot lonq belo'. rrey uscd ro pav amral vGit ro the
or waiins in lhc
ThB erli.*exisrence or r,irdu soc'ety s r,rened Lo itr Lt
Lb?@'(t -,.is
rrid erty dmemmyT hi[a Gmplcsaid suddhhr vih 3d.a This
cleN side {rv 5dt w Lh Buddrr v
.r., pp, 65 - 6ri
01 0 'Jr,lalley, op.
2 P,,.,,,, 1330 B S (i923AD),pp 223.230
3 they vd6 ti,e follovreE or oualislc Ph losotry. Accod ro l{l
as the psf. ion ofcrcdior
by,he rollolvas oiihis Famayar soc,
oftrs secL, iL ssuppo:Ed,
NiLh i Dlacescr wo6lr D r rren:med Li! r
Fim,kshdtu (ioruhrly Bifrko,) mJ'niny ot,or pla!'e o,,
, ddrcin rory GDc r.rrlr D. 15).
/ r 5 B, Lxv r (13e3), "

117. n ri .fl cL dqiElee
Btrl norl,iil lL r
Nobody kiora whrn Hndusm and Euddlish ther
hsaddav n1o the dnricr To ommitrd rh€ n qhr havD 'naCe place
rekei
alons wi{h A,yriilarlo! or ,h6 dE} d, Ac.ord n0 o T an h's
up durlnq rhe sena tula
or thD culLssu'h as
Saivi, Saha, a& Tadtrk, n thE rcson nuch b?roG lhe pdiod
rhe ille o' tlie crr3ndmi (733-e57 A D) in Arak -ch tr,sois
r oJ L osfl6', o' S1r'k1a'd -:{r.E-
rcm ks: r'FroN .olns dll aisting
,o1ha kinss oI {,i! dyias,y couplsd wirh
clloi cles or Arek.n it
:pDears prchable ,h1L L,cy (he cirrdm kines) held B,ihm.iical
s, -a bull,.ouchart, comprisonEd
e ensmvld on oie s ds and .n
the
1 mdoi aid trde,1i!ihin a.kcle"
a,e cismvod. obrNlno
th6ywa,e Shiv ,e .Dins 'prcbtrbly app? aln ro a rlm. when the embl-
e . ol rh. xo'. i : or ql.d d'd r' oF ot B' od r.m nod <o-.ri is i
h rlDm rhe Buddhst tislyph rcpEe ed by
rh' [dcci or Sr, ra".:l trdent or Siva,
a o-i. 'ou ,a
undoubbdly oani olt rher nclhaLlon low d sivisim. aIEr
mik iq aihoDrqh srudy of the .ons, chronkls aid ,trinsol ihe
c17 Mr M S colls,.ached. con.lusion rh wcthal (Sans V:isali,
thr Atioras. cap el) 'mu b, rasrded ior as ai e ly suhesa
brr r i hLe Hrdu * s".3 we should trorso.o id as callnq
2 /
s B. xv (846), 239)./ ,l s 3, xL!(1e72), 202-203
I
3 s,r. R s, soh Aai. pubt.
J

118. 100I A HGhry ol Chirusoiu
rho Buddh'srkiiss r Bn ltrcl,ndioi rowakl
sdivrm af,d Tanrichm, hr$usr Tanniciem
sohoobof borh Btrddhism and Hinduhm d!,lno $sn riEs. !n sdme
Tanrik w,kssod Siva aid Lo'd Brddha aEsholvuaride ic?I,
sulfics,irosayLhar beLwsei e*rem Bensrl
aid Arakai also €rp* enced tha trflow ofrhe ride otSdlvsmand
Tanucism r'rt w6ro
Asia lrom end b sid liracL,Ia.i.irmwasslnmssEblshed
in thedistr.i fiar tuleE G 104{.c1300AD)
could ior ohaiqe the teid ro any @rrociable e{e .
ch trasons sinco very oldrnr.s rris be.n notd !s a ca re o!
riorh sxivjsm d or rhs Pk,rdr and ri( rt
wo,ks,1 cha .la orcha qrama
mon rch krbld borli srlva artlrantri[lormsof
rvo6hip, Inoieol $esswo,ks L is sr ed
Gi6 (Frid lzreFizrii I
fi.5r1 ssFal €n.:1 (o .Ei-.I
ri anorher sour. Lod s'va iys
fr.ft irqli'r (ari', Esira r
li ir G wirren ,s lollows:
rho Esisali sourca
616! r{ qil. q5' q1g! |
Eqnl r(€ t5zr{r 16rr I
Th6 Prh, is locard sirakundl on
andhsektfr. H,ll
116 c
Tho ansa-praryaos, or limbsol rhesacrcd
bodv ot srti rhat rsll in rhady,cl G dakshii hisrdrdho or halr
of lhe rishr haid Ths de ries ars
4 n's V ohl rddrd (ch.3l I co ain: sonre
na rnd olhd tBmols and ,so
pilo,imiqo Thelrdrd.,,ud,,,,j (ch.
Dlice isa so olT,nri..trll

119. rE b3lrind,E snabl shsrr ir pirhas has ben Glated oi
myrh
maiy oc.asions ii dlrer.il forms The ,lr,bro.do, Prio,,s, (!'
mn6omrhor olKa'd.$. o rrlasoydo ctr, ne* Iohroi tho lsssid
ol Dakshayartranas .id irs ane'mnt
rhs o'o i or Lh. p$rs a,s ve,y sstr [lcait. HB ffiEs: -'Iha !'orv
rlr auddhkt llseids rcqddiiq lhe
lvorer p of Btrcdhzt co4oreal i!l cs rod Lhe .oistudlon of dupas
rhem so ii,
as rha pirhaof chdld'aiarha is
"l onsidred wlli sos.ial atre on is
rhe ruins of Buddhhr liDqes havs l:ce ly bslo unaa hod ths,e. Dr
S rcii lurther M res : "TlE ider orrhe prha, asociared vrlth cedain
limb! or soddes, e.ns ro br essentidlly connacled
rhe morhe,
wnh rhar or th€ L,ns.n or phauur,.2
sakra outE b:cams rcnowned all over iho
believa rhd Lord sva shall reslda
pormatrcnLly oi rha p!trk ot chindranarhi durins Kali era. ( {int
cina: .r srvien i rhs d6tric,
in the hland or Mih**hal'
rhe TiNk ao,k6 DrMurdd aJ sMhdrllah
r h b say rhar Lhc Adr Btrddha or 1rc suddhifl Ta rik s,o s was
traBfohed nto AdLialh Gdi Inr, rhe tuBr or rha Ndhar) in ure
'dPnr
re ,di,lr Arldevs tu
./R^s3. 1?Gre. 1s43,p7
local tr,
qN:s on elalrodra des.riFrion
or ioms Hindu holy placcs espschlly or S hkuida in hG wo
crr r sokrvo,/ (D U L MS sl nos 97 aid a17)r dlso sco A L sen,
Cc Binal, htroducrlon, n, 7

120. 10, lA HisL.ry oi crir3qi q
l,lahadidcva or rhs Td d' tf, /vsl.r]rroior re, ArhaL i . { t
Anorher,oma(3tr)o scar olsalricull in rl'd dsldcr s ch r$!ar
slniie. chau.str€ri, siics.td ime
ho deiry of rhodisri.i, p iicutarly rho cjLy. sim 1:rmay b! thc cas
wnh lhe lMae.dhesw i ii Masadha (?Arckin), Dharesw ii Dhakaj
T,lplreswari n Triptrra, Jashoresvra in Je$oEj Jakat' tn calclra
aidso on. smiLr leglnd. may be ra.ed back to rhs ho y ise of
inLiquiry whcn,n E9ypr, Babytoi., Assyrii aid orher d6uires su.h
Drorocrhq cirydeirie6 k4rworehiDDed bv rhe oeoDle ofrhe tocalries
coice ed Ih8 mode rempte orsodd*r ch rosw i ie sjiuared
on a hillo.k ln rhs cily. Ths .rtqiiat .hrjie
cannoi be racd
ro in such medioval Bengtrlr qo*s 6 rhs Roj4ndo and /l{,ki!/H,M,.
Ihsn,PD,ra s'vas evidancs or rhe shriGaid sronc inlosorqodde$
in oduc6d rcrcelr ro rre rnpura
i i d.erm as rollows
6rliar.i Er.foil nl<r [F]
!?!ir- qfi qra6qri,r ,q! tr,
Lhe wish of rhs d. Ly rcvoa ed ro hm n i dream.2
la n2 ilaknt HB.ir
rhar o.e ol dre comeai oii or ire waiiio, s.iir (adal Khai c
uz,
"dse6yed rhe imase or chne$r( and corvaned ilt b stah,3
ed, Kal, Prasdoia Sci, p1 r, p. 30
3"rc 8rh arir:i rrbrr 6iq I
'F .rl ?lnr.r.{ ftiqtr4. E n
ElR {"n fth rn{r.- qrEq
rL
Err {i t{o qfir6+ lrriri} |
Sr4ti n? o.+r..a ors,'rm!s,i EdEnro,rra

121. Soouy orl c,Lture in aicrc ch Egons 1103
{
accordns rolhsmedlaval Ta rik wo'ks, saivhm, sakrisn' 3nd
bdoigcd 10 the Kam upa schooloflhele
s..iior 2, Anciont chitraeoE as a C€ntrs o, Islrni.s
'l r 116r,, cr,ortrkr nDply soma valuabls nlomalion
rcsadn9 Lhe culLvr[onor Ie iinsin dnci.d Ch asoio. Earlv
n the rorld liy srcar srcss on le i is
iid aduc iof ancliL chirrogono as d ,spdtd ceiro of lli0du
Buddh st Td ricsi, oained equally ssnr caicd as o eitre or
culrdGlaldlntelloo,ualachv Bs.Ihsisevidenrno'n'rea$chn,ent
ci,irasons rhc clloni.ldr
$ysw eirh .irlylm. m yrdhk;
rcmol.s ard suddrisr vLh as,.l Ealma ra, a wdely mu!lled Suddh-
n5 sas., r'vskd Jrla.dhsrd2 hcm rlrmes ol nE w e see' in rho
Ha camc 10 rhe c ty or Crarigrama,
cJpui ol cop'chdidk. Thse he s rolved supe,human pDwer.
sho ly 3ficry ds, h s prp l ( shnsch ya "vc red chdigram4'
oi hrs Riy ro so(rh ndr
Aborl thc mddleofLild c !r rsrru'y, I or Irloyos,
lopada
,c lanrous Buddhisr lan0ks.rohr 5aid bho aniu,ool chirlr'
ol P.ndn Vlrna, Thc Ilbeig, Cl,lirclel
u,irh odo i Si{.r!,ne.U.trb-

122. 104lA Bslory or ch naootur
skras rhor N aropo
Arshas N.nrrlr sivls n.1ic4 oi or h'sa ,chne r ro chJdtah-
srcm,whi.h has rlshrly b€an ldo by Ba s c D3s Bahddur w rh
'l '{i
chkhsoiq. hlssilsd in thissou,cs 1Er rhes.earmoik rholar
-shotrly bero,c $ Lho lo, Tib:ihad Lo r,ro.*d ,o, coisec,arn!
some rdisiotrs obF s rlE eiinen e ,eiL! or is kinq .2
Afr rre d.wrfall ol Mrqidha ar rre ra)d or LGTurks, r ny
soholaGand prcichqs llsd rowr,d rh: ran n cor es kalled by
'50 -h'o' -rr i, ro.'d,0, -lird e i r'e-, -oi he ol lea ,nq
ii rhaso@untres. lr lssadthd Pafdir vonl Rrna Lvhh hh hdiad
companiois -vsrcd T'bd rrom chdrsaon".3
,tn larer rihes, Fqi
8abl. Sunda6 (who 6ierchedsway over ahir€sons) sait a f,umb
or PondG ro rlreSiddlra
rcfuhed wrh a lorqa numharot Ma ra work.
ro Chrrcro-.4 There ev diice. I3rd us to
was a cenve or Btrddhrsr leahifs m c ly
1'e iroia icsy{em (s,mnha o' V haG or Budd rht oru@h) tras
i sory al'oi oJ'o od.1!r
system is one or Lho rhres mo rsendal plns or rho BuddhisL
Bl'sious ?nd socal l,te, lvirhou, V'haE relteiour Buddh sm
'feor
isuntl,inkable. Tho ,ird.) .hro,.rr crplic LIy ddes ihooiEpice
ol Buddhkr nrnane G r chmqoiq, lvhrc Buddh,! icrr
5, ilso &. Br S c D.s Bahadur,
3

123. Sociaiy au.ul,uGii .eDrchilrdsons l los
qrd,ed b,/ rha moik scholare. Ths Tbaan
sour:s modoi lea one renalkrbla vhiia iamed Padir VihaE
o, Phdaviha.a 1 "tn ths cny ol carisrama o, Carlsao, rhda ws
a laes strddhii moians,y callsd
ro hold relsious .ontrove,sies wlrh rhe
Tdhlkas (Brehmmas)".2 lr se€,nslh3L wrs Lho chietllh a ii rhk
,es'oi and ram: sp€ad ld aid rv
'6
e ddh schlarcaidsalntIkcTloDada, Na,aDado ArGh DiDiik a
ot thls ramous n)onasb'y camadowi
ro !s. $r. arc equally unronriata Ln lindnso!r th6 ruinsor thh
rimous monaserv anwhor3 in rhs
renown.d Buddhisl schold' aid a nariv.ol chlIaoons cond,dcd
thc local0i ol lha
I triod ro tacs Llrs slle or Paidi' v h3,a n fiar lowi (chirla-
oons) bui wthoursucce$..rn
, ....LheG isai old tr'osqrc siru sd on an smneice. lslways
old mosqde (? Jamo Mosque) mus rhavs
b*i but n rhe early Mahamed
ruiis or rhe Pand vhah or old, bacaus3 itwas rha invarioble
pmdico ol rhe Moslen conquso
li $e y:ar 1904 on rhe hill adro nhs tha oldn mosqus, a *ona
LrB PW D spdrorent while levellins
a Diece otq,ouid lo, buildirs an oqhouse . k seens F no
Hrbry 0F6udd,r'J- d /,di, by Lama Taaiath
and Alako ch topadhyaya, p.25s
2 ,{ s 3, LXVI (13s3), 24
,
3 sdrirlo, 1314 B S (190r), P. 657

124. 106 | A Hi.io,y ol Chkrdso s
musl have oico bnhiscd ro th6 Poidir
Th6 sihoL, rrrs wanLs ro locale rh.5 G of Paidn vhra w rtn
rhs.dmpus or modom Aide*Ur, w
Chil6qoiq aid a Buddhsr bnolo w
drcd years or thu prless rorcesol nature comDlsL6d Lho d6kudoi
or rhis ramous montrE,y 1o
nor bson meirboed .hrcnicleE o,by rhc
lodisi ravelleG. h nselr s nor coirdoiL
abour rh6 loc ron ini
archEeolosEc to I iod
fioh Aide'k lla olhs l,ksly areas a,e crakGshala.Parrva. Aow{d
6 ar From each of rh6s3 ph.E
a la,se numh& oI Dudd,hr bulois ro rhe r?dh 1o ,welrt
conrurieshavs beei due ou( 'mis6
li isdilriculr ro dversd'mdo llrc v:l!c ofrhs moi Leres i ihc
clhlcl hisLory otaich lndi,. Ihamoiks held fis moioDolyo,
ls nins. rhey wdo Lhc oily lcricd
llEhre prpulaton Ihen devoron b laamiig and rh., I ele$
FolP.d suddh sm to
Drod, "o d Lr' 6 . 'orch
civllzed pcopb!. sbk rhd {he leihed Bu-
ddhisre -6ed bhold reloious conrcve,ses vJ0 tr T thilas
{B t_mJt, ' I
lndians. Thevaiouished world have b0 coivsnod b rho d nier's
b
rshiik a w Lh which h0 srurk a
s sar blow ro Buddhism and ,hus revlved Hindr 5d li ch rason{J
. r Jts. c -' ! or,.l,o'u-. i.!o.e.. c .
t,e Bud'l i Le pl!mL,c.ry,
2tsr,1s,v (eo5),a6
3 J a s s, Lxvr (1BeB), 2a

125. so.isiy trnd culLre ii .ti' chilaqoio 1107
IhE ml j,ous ron(ov06y
0roThh wrs thc iive on of Pan shva or
Paid('' crp (Pai'P:nd r rnd shva ii Tbelai'a c.p') bv ths chirla-
song P3nd Ls. Li Lho worr Pd? Sdin lm ig hole ": ,em kable
oives rho olioin or the Paishvc nojns, rhs loiq
rcliqious d spucrlon kr wr3
rald i moni$ v call.d Paid
rhe
oaon ol Bansala, i Brddhlq paidil, I'scnhs t6 dD idvh6 ol
anotl w6man, worc a cip poiiled lka a thom Flom hsvi.rorv
rha usc., rhs poinlod coiical caP sproad
RajS c Dis Brhldtr, wlr'I. commenrin(oi rtu Pdnd tt cap
rnite! : 'As rcoads rhe Ge or E
rL,e olden residen6 who rollow Brddhsm Thsv told me thal $ev
I ,! ho,,ra 1.3,0!t b , si, 3
rlY bi ciosed wirh lhe wo lly
remrk or F3ls c Das Blh:dtrr 'The namDor Pand t Vlha€ and
rho dory or d.pubrion vJih the rnLhlkat (&rhmms) sossbshow
rhar chirbqonq wis a ploce orle.mii! sixreen c0 urios aso nor
'l
s.dion 3. Evolurion of chtf.oone Ei.l.ct
i Cntrrqoi!,, orisii es rrom Masadhi
idig.iooutaid fonon words. The diahd
irspokli so hurildly bytEn lros or clrihsono
'har
becomos
rlrsBL/vl (rBeB) /a

126. 108 A Hldo,y otchnasong
dirrrculr ro boread'ly undcujood Dy Lh. DeJrt! .r or d roh 01
Bs.on r.o F, .t.mc t, . o. ,
o
il as an lll.o'ble unc.!rr diil..
accordns Lo 0rs ( chare'joa, rrt di.l6d or chruairoii erotved
nom Mas6dr pEkriror c,ne
mtoiiriotr or Masdhrn Buddisb roward
e.sEh counDie6 in.lud iq crrhloi! ti s ib:olltety non sf..al
kis3, c ,hL ,id sarrbh 1
Charala roh or.Maeadh
sLock,,esonatv idiois difrcrfr d3t4cc or
Bsns.l-.whtle Bcns:li.m weeeh Bcioat h:d ui.tarqoia qrsar
l, 377r also s K cha( re., ,A H no'y of rheAryai Splsch
hdix, c n Lx (1s36), ?35

127. soci.ly aid culru,e in Jtr. onr chiuaqoiq I 109
orh$ dhlccts or und idld .qonsal rho trica or € l/
ln io
medsval Beiqili rn rho charbsrami daLd
vocables orths ch yapadarhave beai rda ned
Thoush rh6 tuyii rpeoch s prcdomin rrc diabcr, $s roh
na
or sp.ech or earlier$nle's couidnor be.omilrely wipod out
,om rhe diall . Ihe influence of Tibero Buhsn .nd Monqolold
mc6 cai be obseru* Dr s K chatGriea verv
approp,larely ob$rucs : phoiolosv dd rynirx,
lr iotso much ii moDholooy, ch asons BensaliundobLedlv showE
a.rrcrs lntluci@ of rho sorlier l.nouase: which hava Eceded hfore
Bsioal,'.1 li a wod, chinasoiq dlakcr isdi inleb{:is li6ld
ro, rho linouGG 6id philolosisb.
1 I s a, ka-,, xv! (1sso), 331.332
^

128. 6UAPrIR lV
coxracr wllH cHrYrAGonG
ou, ttrol{llllqc aborL rhc e ly Mrlm conbcr w h Chir€'
4oiq s manlv d vcd f6d niqm
ahr-rhr nBd€vrl Lis a..otnrs.r rh6 Ahb
lcograph,s T,e Mu.lims
F,on the rimas loio
uoiet mh als aodorher
omoo'liri.s nom Sduth aid Sorrii osr As a wra or 9,oat demid
'
colntdh 3.d rhe Amb.as a scatu ns
nnon:lmoqL n,6f,ooolz;d L,G [id. bc,vJ.ei lho sourh ind souh
h.trd r[a o,iei€1, ionh Arrcr ad Erop6tr
!lzun (s!er,3 lo, cxc,aoos wlLh
mn.i.is orrrcMkldh Easr,n, ce ml Asan,
i,rh Annr an.l Eropeai cottri$. For abour oirhr ccntu,as
rhly moio.olz.'1 Lhc Eer aii wen.
'hr
chrcnrcls, vocabuhry
air th. nlrcanam.s, cLhioloiv. tavcllmo a.couiLs clea,ly indrcare
AussB roc*ht, Hi,b4 of rI.
(Loidotr . Bourl?dqo aid (eoin Paul, 1966), D.
Yakubi, 'KibhBuld.i', qrNadvi, .p .n., n
trl 49
bi Khulthdb'r, qr Totr$a nl, ip .tr, n. 49

129. E ly Mud'm co .cL wtrr chirbsois| 1|
ch tra(oiq and llr Ahb po s aso lv os rho
of rrre silreejrl cenrurli.
Fo trmhly, ,he Nosr valEble evjd.nce or rhe trde relar oi
b.tv.ei chlksois rvl supplhd hy rlre A,ah
ocosraph! s rhctrsl!cs. Thos. wcrc rhedays of rhe 46rr supremlcy
I' navlsation ard exb,nal tride Ihc Arrb seoofpheB, the,eroro,
rook upon rrrcmslves tho responsbilry of collc1ing JJcts abou(
d rlcrc pons aid coais as also cohmod [cs iva lablo n rhe
e!$ern hnds.li sd done, somcor dEm have,ere,.d ro a kiigdom
ktrownasHuhm. firshava€hewrc,o shown rhaL 'nuhm]'or tho
be ideitrred wrlr rhe kingdom orDrmapala
(c 770 s10ao), who sxer.hcd swayov sorrh aancn Bonsal l
Th3 Arb w,ir*s also nBnion a po bwn n]ned ssm da, whrch
hrs bsi rdsnr I'od by scrrolrE wlh ch16sons2
o'crd
'l'i r scEs i "rnr..hqor
ba* b6 ady a; rhe oishrh mnLuryjA D. hh lkiis
Mahlrahsrs'rdaya,'733-s10AD)'m { is ded LhiL s'vecl
Ku-la o, to,eion srips, ws3 wrcck
srllsd in vllases"3 tho A€t, nrtrds otuoi
irishbomhs cound:s, wDre rEy esiblslEd ih.msdvos tol'veii
iirlmaLo,elarions wirh lre iarive 0eople The,e are sodB ph@s
bhnga, bll, ,Diisr bhais ch 'lyins scdLeisd
Lo lG.al rad L oi, commemoraL8
ths un(o un o rhaL ,dpponod Lo (lro A.arr sa106.
'nodent
1le A.rkahde chhrn)c sNrs relsrcnc! Lo rhc ravellno ot
Musl , mysncs itr rhdl co! ry duriia Prq.n pc,lod Trc Clro"kh

130. 112 I A HGlory oi clrihasono
whils,err dd'nn krno AiswEhLa s rult {c 1o4il'
trs Lo an rnc d'i'
croTTAD)sralcs: -when lr. (an atreidinL ol trrrrc)mkPd
rlE lored ha fouid a hkn, p6s's
ths m ks or viol:ice upon h m.'
l,as Joilourd bY rhs
€nahliihnqnt tads conie!t oi
ol
countG. IleIdG6vxtle bv l4awlina Muznrn shams Balkfl rn
sulran ch yaruddii Azrm shar (13s0 ' lr10 a D) ref{ b chd@on
as, po4 r,om wiror p'lsrfls c lvins v6nl: ussd 10 eo ro the Anb
voya!aB rsrer ro llris talercre'hn
i th:r naurcal rcrEx. oia of thq
a[ rad6 co r'r
s!himitr Mah,i or fadGmau' (c.eo0AH). ln
he qives a lct ol
rtr chapkr v,
or lris L,rtor 4rF.h,rr'r lrn (Pdhednoo' hD
'ruu' rrJsons 3rd tom
dhc!$es rhc loFcs rron D ! E eeical ia,
'h
ther book on navisalioiw r
wrirlen by s iAll chclebrn1554AD Whlienar inghsN6nI,
shoals lyhs icd rhe .osr ol ahitbsoos.
1 ri" a"a ru"", p.lg
"p..it, 13 15
2./ a R 5, xln (ies6),
5l r B,v (1336), 4664tj7
^

131. I ly m oodacr w rh ahiksois I i13
'0usl
lhD commercial commun,c ioi belweei Chitrasono ad rho
a,ab coLnties is prolusly ds bod by tho Europatns asPeciallv
rhe , accounlswe.ome k.ow rhd a tively
areb 'o
pei.n.uL po''s. PsTidr
on b?i vo o
'la
pon at rho rimeof rhen comhs ro Bsnsal,
cuupo s and crithsois
The c ly Po usu6sa vh toE sawihe po ol chiraqonq c@wdod
wlh Arcbsals. Duadeds Darbosa, PyreId dc Laval and maiy
rabmerchails skylis h chira-
Edbosa (515 a o) dares rhd rh8 meF
chads or Lhs Middle rn Bengah, "pos$$
orear ships alr4 rhe rsshion or Meoca'1 Joro ds coelho aid
Joao desilveh, tho 1wo Po usuoeD commaidercvc ns chjlbsoiq
itr 1517.13 A O saw maiy Areh slrips an.honns li tho halbour,2
c!t prvlss6s frcm re ,llerc of
chkbsois ended n hilro chisllv owms
poljrcal lmrah'l Ly h rlo counnv olrei made lreAGb morchans
nroioly .l!s rous ol sainlns GriLoral power' Jodo d6 Baroi rh.
cslobrared Ponusu.se hisro,ai prodlc@ k nony or such a bold
oio hundrcd yoarc bofo6 rro Potrusues6 vslcd ch ssoD, a
ioblo Arab ai,ived (chi'Bqors) iiom Adai (Aden), brhs-
'hsrc mcf,. se6hq rhetralo ollh8
mo w h hm rwo huidred kinodom
ho basai ro lom amb LoE proFots of .onque{......8s w.t
th[rdcouir suoplBs iEdrcctoviftn@of nE aBLr conGLl
r ol llE I fts6nrh co u,y A D. Fronr
Ou re dD B Dosa, Th.8ek olDrortr! 60r, kais ML DdmBs,
rH Blochrnain, I ll3, XLll

132. ir4 l aHdoly or c,iLMqorlr
I' appe s rtrt rho Ardbs nor ooty oi e
e r:das but crc,!sed lnflleice uDotr rhs polillcal alrans in rhe
dukcL. They vroul.l evoi €o as ra, as ro make ir a brse ro, re ro rl
eas 0Milleyr.m lG: "Ths comh!cial acLiNiry or rh: rilulramma-
d6rs (!virich in ri,c au,,ors !rcw dates bick ro Lhe rr,.llrh c€nrury)
paved Lrs waY tcr [4utilman domi ion ii ihD dhtrct."]
Thc oonealosical rablrsolsom. Nl$lm ian lcs olchirosonq
srld ro be lhe d{c.3dtr s ot arilr m q anls lur sh anolhir valu-
able eviden.a or the.omns of(he Arebs3s $ 136 n chihaooig.
Fo rhescrcslosicalirlrla,2 Ganuin.d i'r rhe /v,ker fGdri by a
local po:r namad Muhammad (hdtr
s.w*. hls foGlaoer sddque ramlv ol An6a.
It h *ar.d thar r G,me ro chidasoqe uv *r, rid,.s oi (rc lrack
of a rlsh. Lik Nruhemmad Khan, abdio Nabl, inorlu loc,l pod
p,o.o,? (lrm, .ma d-,d..'nlr. or h'. . odlLo fd_ lv.r
Muhammid chuh , aLocrlpo{ i'roms usthar Munshizarar. hs
palrcq beloisod 10 rlrE holy li,iaroqor (hal la Ab! saqlsiddLquc,4
ln$iic|s or smll cs.s m1y bc clrjd in Ii,s. numhe, ftos
rh{, h$r hkro,iai Marlv Ham,.i! lah ft,n rcrrs Lo a0 iieiic.
or mediaval r.mrnunicatidi bd,xcen cr rteoos ard Acbia in ns
Iq*nJ-cl,o.san L e lvrircs:
oie alfs Hu$ur of EirldaJ,.d4smr'hr( ol iiL'nirr l(re
dallhterofth. Pophd, src
a m4crarr, who nos'$ed nuch
wealrh l ti 5laves dnl owis( routr :i shiDs, rd r.pcdre-
'
dly b.o,r rd ci,arxiri ord re trsd lltriwards to eo 10 ocisal,
dn,d. llc otso
.rix 3rd nddial, ,i.l rrrus ra5!d rru
1

133. Einy Mrdim conracr wio chilbsonq lt5
0rdva0 rn ,h. r mu
1ie i Do,s soE i law aid irve,r honou'ad
Th8 weslriy aod ,esDedabb arab m cha , des4rbed tn lirs
I ot radiiq vcasds b, which
h6 rrcque Ad rhspon o, cnfiaqoio Heoxanld a grc iiftrqcr
lpon rcyal.ou 01 G3ud. rhe hi$o ri adds
da s 'he ths Ahb mmha ar. s I liYiio in
ol
rh's Atra H!.dn he wirh Alfa chan ct Da snos,accouir
who 'drnrLrrd
hd LEer .!dcdas ai n,tu:nrjal tuslm noble ii rho royal
viz; rhe nobl. A'rhot De Bsrcs, rccount, Alh chrn3 h riresEm,
sour.s and /rttr Hrsai o1Baiidluir t(hars rorl!, ao$ lhe Arabs
(rhe ioblamrn cr De Bros a...!rr aDd A],a Hdr:ii or i jkh)
madelhedistrior rh!pjvit orrser iib Liou: temrjt ar e,oyal
Bosides, lDre s rhe idmis'nrm evidrnce ioprovs rhe Arab
c0m0mwirh ch Luoong a! eirly a
sid coh has b.en ds.ovi,Jd ii rtro iu G ,
of M.hamaLi4 nor rar
l7 b3 asumed rEi tho cotn wrs
b,ouslrLore by rheAmb rad-s rnough rha pc
of chirGsotre.
Tlrccrhiolslnal LG mJi./ of (r: Arab c.n1ad vJlh ch raeuns
s id lesr ovidenrial.
people cLimin0 ro b-. desmndinrs orsraikhs aids:ytdr warc 954,
294aid 9000 solts D!pr.:,.,ir. r,ro! or rh4 sn.caitcd Amb de3
Jid t lqlo.r i,I a s b, rxxxt(1372), 331
D.. v, Liv. lx, cap t, D. 47 i
R{o, DnohrhJ ii E4i PornE,, K ichi,
^r.I?edogkai

134. 116 ta ristory ot chl[dsoig
6ida r aB'esidin( h rlre. rv, or rh. a]a.. wi,ii tho,!lus ot
twsnly niles 0, rhs .iry. Ths rin, Mll atrd sktlv lstrr., rcund
sh6ped headwllh qlorv ns syes set on lr. bnd's h..k lL[e ]o*,
n row aid lons h@ w Lh prcssd Lrt.r
.DFo .6 dl Drohbla $mir'c orqin
The intilrmrioi ol Anhc vocdbll v in Ch traqoio dite ren
ririos ro tha .lose rchioi rh,t D,evaiLd
PedFps, rhep:oplaofno orh
A.abia. disrtur n the h'oiLhe
oiBprUdu and irs allied hisuas
rshs rh tho peorrle ol ch
and Pa6ian rlsoN A loiq llr of
'
a?Di voob.lr/ _'m h
ord wnhoul nuch dficullv tlowever, som. of rhe tuaLri. tehl_,
which do iorcommoily usDd orh rcoioi.l d rle.E or sciqal
buLn.qua ly used
'n
by rhe peopls
eramplos. IhlE the $rords lFd in chruasoisd rlrcl luch 3s qhr
(y'+! ' .omm $Ne), akkhda ()ra?! a smirl dep noLw h i
hour, iim4, hrza (!i) -wod), alo; (llil - d.") bd" u^l -esr)
r ,a,, ) ri.-- .1, , a. , i+ i
*a), (kum,rt!5 msi)'? I
rtq rhe rtrodtrdioi or slam
lo
rien P,orou^ knoul.dqa n
scleice or la, rde aid iois tude, in Jnroio_
mcalphenomena and m Lhc seosrsphy of rhs.olnurcs thcv vhtd
malo them u wlsd in nscanl16
Ac.ord is ro Allama Nadv' &a ( t., D 1, bdh Lr! Aub. tms
kho$ and khalj sisniry a'bav'
ln [hs vls of Allama Nadvl 'dp. dt, p, 4), "lLis drved rom
o-.i (qrDs) wh ch m€ans 'ro drivo nlo"'.

135. Erly l,,trr1m ro r.r wiLh chrnasono | 117
so drJp lvds {ha m k ot ftii ll!3n.. on rhB
clearly ob* vod ovln ro rhis day. Ths ED Jdns iauirl h rill used
by rhoCh(tsoi 3ns w Lla dhrhoushino a rypo ol bod. chuhb
(p'rr,. khalu,2 brl'63 a,. some oLHnames or wrEi cmrt rrmiliar
.o ad wfth chirbsdno. strch tuabic
as mrlL.4 krirbsi,s da,i (JrJ), a,. ion,a, (fr.ancho,)
'em fouid an e.sy a.cesr ro Bcisrlihnquasa iid ihrs en,iclr irs
rrc.
Some or rtu ptrc.names or rhe dktrcr whch aG emphai@Iy
lso rd c € Lro a,ab .onracr w h
iamcd by,ra Arabs ds Sh iiam,
mrai ir rr..let,tr or herverJrm ih6 AEblc nanr ol silhd Jamuia
t hi Br(rr. lsa rhewo,d !rr!
(juik) b siqiiry x bis sh'p. "Ihe
wodJuikm!ybr ccirecredwirrr (arurkrshwodr rlEo'lsiial
tu:nrs ol Junk prcbariy be ns ,3ell" (c [, (sepr. 1936),29o)
2 The wod d',es ,rom iir.c. (KLEliy ) mea ns b sqer boars or
srns(NaC , .P. ., p, sl
3 rh! lvod is i,ob:bly de,ived iiom JjJr bDi, a Pqshn tm
-1. n ' i m J'-! h,5 1 -h xadli. rp..x. p. 6. Milr lDa!
nr, crew, and malansi (minlhduH ofsalLr, (he rwo wrds
aredsved tom rlE word rnilh'irsiiis saa.
'oo1
All,i,r Narl! oives ths dervd on of the Eh as rotlows: r'Khalat
aid KhalLsi
whi.e and black
larhlr o' u(s
- . .i ld bo 1or u b''. md r "1d i u i'e women as
usuallv emplovsd Abv$indn
ho$ehold maids childrsi bonor str.h davesrls wae very
.rEn enroll.d ro, s v.a on shps ard worc calGd 'xhalati'

136. 1131^ H $o,y dr chiragono
ardir LD Lre Murlin mq.hlnr
ii m.disv:l rmes €o.db1 a,d3omeorh po uqrose h o,i6ns
nr!irion c rirhsoio i.,Biid.l
as Bandr! i; an AEbi. Per ai roh
rL i d.l i.d Ltr the r?orsn Jor-n as,a
hidino pla.e o, qtr y ia$r-Do ; r [jbdd aid rom*im6 also
h ts fornd in ma,y
e o, Edrol-BrEdir inear Anca,3'nd,Mdnrvam,33idii Deis.
saEm in Maliysa. Bar. A!(ay,. , Ea,dT r!trs, B:id Abbas,
li coss ofAEba. A sl3nce arthe
iidc or a dodem silas wrlL shcw
all,o!id rhe r!d rn occai.
nd.. curs3on n rha mecevn
bo(h rho porLof chiruqon! and fi
d s31dr qe ' ,nll
s de vrhich G fie
mlde khowr ro rhl
Brdr ror rhe medieval port town ot oatrq is n,ll nlnr Thero
isai o,hhorc Ghid ii Co{s Biar Dntr.r ktrowi as Jintna
LF-;.rj,+nsdrhq
khd. simrl4 visw is.ip.osed abJur Aiwra or rLE tand of uohr
(uoor, Aiolrroi plac. s saiaid D ('i Boalkhal u. z ), m acbic
roh m0an a0 I rsr hid. h h beleved by ft! locrl lor( thd (l s
,nis$o rlaco wherc rlE A,abs cniblshed $en rret snLlemenr
Ne rhh r llaso ther. c Lwo nouzas mm.d ssydpr aid s.ytd
ro rhe sdltenenr
Muslms. rM placcnimG suc, is Alk ,i, Sulk Bah (str k.!1-
Llrrir) oic. show rha tuab ,tlueica or the medeval ssosmphy

137. Larly Mrsl'm co ad wth Chnasois I rls
Ths p,iLrciocl cause or rhcdocl ie or rlre Arehftde and @m.
lv ol rra Po uques D Et€e, Tha
o chirBsons ii rhs r6r quancr or
rhe s,itee h cen!u'y. Thc appoaEnce oJ rhe PonusuossaiL rh8
'n
trdan o.ean hhdded rhe ftabs lrom c ryhs trad6 wirh rhs ea$em
countos. Pluods i9 was rhe nrei vrord otrhe Ponusuese trado,s
riorheArcb saili wre iE r 6t
ro Muslm mrcha msi our ol
on ono occosion aPo usule,rhorv/asdksctd
rhar ir "miohr causo thar io sh p ol Moorcs should hde 'commo-
d tss al somsspecired pLces burwnh cudomrbrhcm aidpass
r,om rhem (tha Pdrusss)"2 Horvevor, Lho supsnorry or rho PoF
rususss ov Lh! Airbs h cdG'n m8ucre cs'norbe denisd. Prof.$or
D G E Hall poinLsout: "Ln the Ea er seas rhey ($e PorusuEs)
eieued ihe Moo's inbolhf thi ns and nivigaLhs (hen ship3,.id rhe
5lr os thems.lves wo,e ii cvdy wav supc,io, 1o rhose or rhc tuabs,
wh.h '.n buh ror $rlrs oily under ravourable Fof,$oi

138. chitosons ahd srn.nd.r ot th6
TheAEb w'iros mei,loi, oo t
,(Bcc rhanorlcao(
Erer ro rh s 1ori. rio say: : F,om xaiia ro
saminda h rai raEsanss. n ca tr produced he,e. Al.e is impo cd ,o
rh'sph€ from a d{3icaor r tuaen Lr4ry diys loumy rrnouoh
pLces. From Sam3ndr b
umasrrii (uasn i! Ea r,16) rvre y farMiss.-1 Al-ldrsr,
anolhor AGb
'r
wrEr, supples morc
From Kaira ro Samatrdm h rhnry mlas. sanaidrr isi laloc
comms.ial bwn.,h*e sood pro
possss mu.h merchaidise,nd soods. Mliy comr aid so ro
th placs. k soir of rhc dependenc,es or omtrawj, rhc k iq
or rhase c hr, Tha cny.l s3ma
rlD'reachos rrnom rhe ciry orOishmtr. G6iis plenry o,
'ico
and com, arc ava'lable i rhs Aloswood s bdusL'r hd.4
'i'y.days disbn$ by a nvn or
r
wh ch tho warss
abs islaid and ,ho dcmica &tween LlrcLwo is ono day
Thrs islai'l h !vsll-p6opled aid rrc.uented by rna,chJ s nom trll
.ouilrics. Fro hcrc ro lro slaid or sadidil) it fo,I drys
doysdisrrtr.o tom strm dar is rlE c ry
of oashm, rh6 nis colebrted noughoul ida, w)ch s
und* rho rulo of oanmwl.2
lhi a kaN M I Nai'tr, ,rrd, GdsropJrsl (mr.
Khurd.dho L q1
hds. ofsourhln ,id'o, I 31
Al- fisi,qt a hns. Nan ,,P .x, D,
bE morc a hfaclory traislaror rhai l!ra10fElloL.id Dowson

139. Lrlr lruJmr cotr€cLwnir crriLEsois I 121
neqcrdiie,,is ! rv, tU,or,., J Dorsoi onlv translared fio pa$-
aJr r,om ua ore ial ruxLaid d d forso beyoid (81. Mr [vlH Nan
i Ellor's tanshion bul h6 was uiabla ro
I coa morc Probably aI Lha mouth
Dr Abdul Karm d6c6ses thesubied in detl
LhrL hads o 1 ia !orlus on rh s.m d4 is dldral w lh Ch uil
srrds k a2p e ly rhs csnees.
wi ca,s6
is drinLr,om
or Lho
Bdros map dishcrly shov/s rhe siruaoi ol
ch traqons oo rhc la,r bankof Lho ciis.s s olrtill. Abrl FazI
staid whjch s slaLed ro be
. rhe istaid ofs6idwp. lhe sccouir
cle $d S:maidar was siruded
ior oity otr or'he Garires bur also on rrrc sd .oae At-
Lhs creek
or he sLnd or saiilwipas ,vretl peo pted and
rraquenled by e,chanrs r,om all coum:.s" is .or.bohcd by rhe
sm lar aDprob oiby sele,al fora'qi r^ioll,s ot'medieval p*jod,
The dLscnce or d ricm SanDidar, .s rdcd by
lr.reil places
always raollal, rtre a.couirs or
aid Alrdrisi sEm Lo l,s rohl n siviis aborL
hftar days jounryLlY,lsnono aLn Karmur (amrd h
1 P .e.dirl: rt Lr. ?akhrr HRto4 .o4i!^k ri,n *t!oi le5ri
rr^sP. v r (rn63), 13. r,r
3
)ll,n"a"" ,lr o,,rc'r llt or

140. 122 ta Hisrory ot ah reoio
samandm (chilasono). tr my be recatted rhar bn BanuLa sives
rourc 6 io' fackl sim rarly, Lhe djsrdi.enomsandyrp ro crirb-
joureybrt,he dBBics from ch( D'q
'o ceI. rJd.o
"-.-
abour,l,epolrdl $drsor s:Daid ar Lhar rirc, at drsi
wn6 / rs oie oi the dependeic'es ot' tunoawr,lhc knq orth6e
cires"_ Hss omiawt crx ,
who h6ld ha por unds
tho mod mio a
Dh mapal,, who hctd
Kamuj srso dreided
AccodigloAI.tdik'tnariaLioi,,,sdhsndar sitaroecohmer
c6l rown wlrore sood profns arc made. rre in,abnans Fo$?$
M.iv cdmeand so b rh pla'o"
sincevery early [mes,
I for.sr iavsltere pBhe,l ch La.
sons:lnon n rh. srm. m.nn* ar ou. Arib seosaphas had do.o
betoro, 0rrhs cornnodlies ava r.ble ar sam:id Al_rdrc Mtues,
"s,ann Dlr y oJ rl.u ard .om Jrc ava hble h
ch uasons wa:r bov, or rce, w
rhal phce can bc rc?d in fic a..ou ol rho Eurcocii I avelers,
Aloe wood s nol a id y'
o,Abut Fi, w. cim! r rroi
rhal sythor r:s renown.d ror aloe word.z This aloe woid wJ5
usually c rted dorJtr
rni sa LrL.,. ri tr. n,1!q .,d,{ti(o, t,,s

141. E ly Muslr cd acr with chilhoons L1r3
D, Abdul ( mitrs rlra €rymoloolcal
'm sanaidar tls quorss lrom sblnsa$'s
c,nD nr.,,. o.r,.1 11! r Dtlrda ai lollods: , rr
"- Ji"-
)rJio& sard robs d ived ftcm s.n, tiGand aiddui {u thri) $1,'
maidari namoof a placei, u,idu:knnomwhich.lN s brousht'
Th$ theadualwotd issamaidirun meanin0lrc wiihin" Dl(*im
GrsE rd Tannath in suDDo( or h
abls rhd rhs Arab tho wodJalandhaE hh
samandar. borh eivnoloqi.ollv and li acrualseiso'

142. rpDendir rt rh€ Ar'b Priicip
The d scussidn oi the erly rJtuslm
slv. s b a problem uheths rhe w 15 chkLasons l4d
^hb.orr;L
To slvs a dlrhha r.p!y 1D thh much deb !d Eo,rt,m s undoubreolT
a diffculr rask. n!cenrly, sDme schotrrs, ,.r eiamrte Dr AH Drnr
Dr Enamul Hiq2 aid
's.'lqs . r.".d"d
ChirksoDq spcakiis
iam or oli.6 crhd
k,msulh(. So the lrr rn mus, ha!: da e.{eilhr ro i Musl n
kinq orloa Muslim doniiion. rh. r sr MuJ m conqucd ol ch (a
h h!buddii ralsh, Look placd i tha
mirdle or Lherou oeirrco u . so,rherlarei.e rorrmkn b.rom
rhe Muslim coiouedor ch (a4cno is soi r. tr,aidm.y reasoi.bly
poi otrr Lhe 3{deic4 dra Mudr oiiDlial'V rn chiho.iq b3ror
ih. rccduib .l
thr
aEbseosEphrs nor rhe natraLivls or rhr nd 3n hisrorirns lupply
evld€n.e ro conoborle i Musl,m r, iciDal y n
c4.]so do not coirrn Lre oDr Di
'E ly Mlslim coirdl vJ L, B.iorl',Ii,: &orte1ngr
Htubry CohrlE<, 1951, D
Enamul rlrq and Abdul K im, kotot Aa)5ahhol
hntq Pakk(E klon ?n ot, p.11

143. E Ly Mrlin co idwrh
ol Lhe schr &. Tllc o ly cvidal.e frr.u,.l r,a A,rb pr ncipal,y
stheMtrham ad(h. s p3disre!, rvhrs i is tded th ttahrstrrvar,
Arab ois i, sovemed chirbgois
lor some rimo.l Bur MuhamnnlK
Laics nry beanrched (o,L s L,srd oi tac rion aid rhe h*orlociLy
or Lhe nrEne can b: c:lhd
ioabilly,o 3ccept ther dp ,loi.
, doPPno Ph.e or a .ommncral
kads in rlre nelqhbou is
eas The r waalr4,
Presnse aid mrluene
rhcywc,e., erly Lidns peopl:, Lhey hcked
ntI'hry r,qri ,r vins our an iidependenr p,n.paliryr crnk-
sois rho r.i:rcica to rhe Aralr iobleman r ihe works ot Ds B rcs
id.nce or imbnious prcjacE
or rhaA,ahs,/ro
'€ so powe"ul as ro
'nshrhavesordimlsbe.omB
m,kelhsns.lvos derrousor rh! Eersal rhrJne, rtrr trs does nor
p,ove rhe orislenceol an rddpe^d
Lse (rrr e s) -. rror,

144. (JtI]lPTER
NUSLttrl COItOUEST OF CHTTTacOXG
rh! J^r ryalrbte rahrins ro Le aartiBs
Fn by rhc mid{.veir?nLr ceorrv h sLon,r sr habuddin Talish. Tho
h by!oia L nr, ..a oi $o:orLms or Blisal naned Fakhruddh
tul i .o,,ql..?.l ch oror, ard b! lr ri embaikment (at) nom
s ru ed tr ch saof wer. b! I, n
rhc (.iislir) ir G D.ovs ill
,ltri.ois by Fakhrtrddii MrtDiat<
1r:e mrmory.r rrt! Mis,mr ! Ta!sh11he
rre cdrbfubd MoD sh lDvEller rh
n rs sadkawr .
Hew res rhar
'bah[ shtrh. lbn B][ubt
dIM
rrs ida ifrcaLoi, Imryb3idiudJed 1r
01 Lhc ird_peide MLslim k nsd6rn of sji o3ir lndr iho 3bolr Lc
.oinnl o, iallidJn Mubfuk sfh.
n unds Nr!slim control rward Lh!
.!iLtrry rlht! d?s bhlr suh:i F ruz
Sriri ru1 luq,j srrort
or srhr FaktudCin [4Lb ak shai] rrcm
soia!.oi b, rlyrs ( t3b3 D ), zar,r Kran,
^

145. Musnm coiquEr or c,nhqono 1127
Fakh,uddin's son ii hw rLd by scr and rcachod Dllrivir Thd.er
The rus rive mun h,vosone ro ll
the lvluslm rulers or sensal Ths
spec'flc cvideicc o, s, habddin T3lsh,aati sld8 !y sdB wirh ihc
iid aho or Shams .Snaj Aril laads us to
slose rlEr c[ilhqoio f6r [V]uslm tule by
srlun F:kl'ruddn Mub, nk s5a).
lry Fa(nuddh Mubarak
eDio
shah s norsbred in Taltsh s ac.oriL Burad!.ori. ssrpplcdbv
lradp6:ed our or rhe ,ands ot'rk:i,uddir's dsc-droh (ro was a
.L.n{or rlrorc) hi}rovolred is sadlawatr.1d 3.trqil and maJ, lrii-
seI an ndereideni iule,. 2 NJmhmdic nd56 p,N:; thd Fa(hr:
03sa a D). Lri B. uni nirm.
anlSh6h broushl Bensal (,2L,er rr kmsdom ol s.na,gaon) aid
sadkawan und{hE co rolaLliermsrina, sr, rhe conque{ of
.sdr "v or!,"r1/Js "..i
or around 739 - !0 AH/i333 3sAD.
Fbn who chiraeois w:s
shah s n,fl cul 10 ascsihm. Boh rhe r4rrk,r.r aid rnptr,4 chdrrs
suoqes a Iiie of inqu abouL rhe conq?en or chilasorq by F.kh3
udd'n Mubrsk shah. 'y na anon orLhe codsmpoBry evenrs ii rhe
The
Irf-achre .r.suoqe$ (E( r6e auihorry of lhalrpuri ru106 misht
nor have beei erbnded upro chirL
ionrrqi chncsoig H ITffls wa
ThscB ral and solrhin chirhrons w6 probably &iig n,led h/
tuarii, lvhhh wis uradrilly losrn
,alpow inrhemddlc ofLre rrtrneenrh cea(,y. A.cordns iouE
Ai,k4d. crroii.h, afrer lte dearh ot rrreis-c' (laie 13rh cedury),

146. 123 lA NELory o' ch,(4*s
one or,D )owcrillsov-risnsor Aikrn, Lhere Jollowed flern.l
a t.i.l and trnhappy
by rr. nruolles or coiLendn! fidrois, rte
nqwlv nsen fo unc
Alauoq Plrra m Jre 8um4se emire .1 Thus Lr. ,xJ.r, pol trrt
coidirloi of kiiodom savs a sood chri- ro s!lLin Fakhruddm
'hc
or ci (.rW d r;r, qno rhe ,rh,
Br u1a, Srlrn Fakhrudd MuLr :k Sh:,
rh lhs a1r:dion orsul,,, Felhruddl
rar rh hcphsod onc ol Lhc ssh's v ceroy Sadkiwan. Thh
man wJs c,ltcd shryda (nrd fortovr)
rhs 0r€ ('E 4hs or whch
ei ed rll Talsh's Lim$), pd ourrtrr the sutlan ws nor only
a devour Muslin bnalso a prol'fic buildcr.
The Mrsl'm coiques ol chirLagono p,odlced r:r Gathis
eirec$ oilhe cou6eorl,hlo,y oi clriLusotro rr wa5ior me,elv
a pol'[c,l coiquei and re]rsLols as2e.b.
chitcsoig now cesed ro b3erclusiv.ly a coice,n or A,akai 3id
conqus', ns aselons solaroi wrs brokei.
FeiceioMard, the sansil ruhre be.ams
n rhB polical, soclal, and mo,o lmpotunr h rhe eooiomic lrisro y
ofBein.l. The coiqu.sr o1Fakhrudrlin msde rh6 dstrtr' an irreoril
p. orLre BensalsdlLii .. lollowed,
n rho Lime rhar
'heM6lim
ruls6 or Eqrx3l as an lnseP iLla Pa or
Lhor domm oi and kaco a nm I'old oi L
wirhn a ve,y slio me,
chiol Do or Bemral, aid
r
/ l s, xlr Iuac) al
^
2 Bh r.,"nt,, p i37
"p ",,

147. conqre( or chksoiq I 12s
^i6l,m
.s rhe chEr po orBenqal It rtresavenresirh osnrury, aid rh6
Do. ioi vh, r war h dlv obk',dbls d- iq.,e ppvoLs ..qF*.
r. ro'd src d o' hh1
rasut ot rhs conouo s of Fakhrudd n Mubra( shah
F,om numismaric evLde,.e LL aposare rhar Fakhruddn,s rno
rndell n 75oAN tl349aD) |
dsd by hEsoi Sutor Lhriyaruddri GhaziShah.2 rhe evdei.e
or riscoinsmares !s ktrow rh he could eiercGa rcsa, puws
only ior a sho rms Hk conssk ed ro appear h 750 A HI349
A D aid hc lisr coms, apD€ared in 753 A H
/]3s2 A D.3 r rhe same ye rhe coins or Su r.i yas shah
AUCUr K 'm, amp6 rf th. hBh ca$ ol a.|al], r. 36
/r,d, p. 33 o, A Krrn mos apLly sussens rar, sulhi
khriyai!dd i
Ghaz' shah was the
Fakhrudd i
Muhardk shah. The ground of hsassu-prion L cs
rollows: F 6r, SllEn rkh ya,uddr chazi shah besaf, ro sruc
ris coins in '750 A H/1349 A D, ii
ths sam ys.r whsn tha
.oiis ol Fakhrudd n
ii ths sahe pic!€
wheR hB predec*so, had mhred hs colns. Se.oidly, rhg
new sulrai inlrcdlcesh msetl as al sulun bi,!sulh., which
loslcally lerds ro rhe hleGn.e rhd suiian rkhriyaruddn should
b3 rhe soiofsuLai Fakhddin Lsrly, ihccoiis!fsutrin
khry.tudd n be close atrin'Ly ro rhar or SrlGi Fakhtuddn.
B coi id crad bv the laremenror
Lri B rula who inrons !s rh rho oily son of Fakhrrdd tr
ws nschsously
Brle lhesrlran wasnill alve (3har6sdl op..n., p 1s7).
as reg ds rhe avddn.o or lbn
rrre nudsrcd son ot Sulun Fakhruddin wis hor rrE only ru'

148. l3d l A rlisbry .r Chi rooio
besan ro appo4 l@m h ff,y rsason.blv 6a
oonoluded rhar sul.i rkhiiyrsddin w6 defsar€d and dahroned
by Sulrri lly"sSl-tsF, who,lrs srnEd t.contro,ou r.6Ernory
of rhe tulere or Faktuuddh Mub'dk Shahi dyiasry. Esids rhe
coiis, T,rilfi.i-Frrz lfuh,1 sh.d]ishr .nfia lare of fts ruhts
rho
ol Fakhruddii Mub ak shahl dyn.sry. A.mdms ro ir, sult i
lkhriydruddrn 6nd all orhei memb€E orlM ranilv otsulran Fakh-
rddii wsr6 pur bdmrh by rlytr shah. Th6cam6rh6.nd or
$e,ula or rhs Flkhruddin Mub:Gkshahl dyiasry overchirraeons.

149. rDp.rdir. ld.nril,Gorion ot ch,rhsons with sidk.w.r
ft66Galcr ol6ntov svamois scholsB abouL the identi-
,m.1 Ths bFdwsliddh ssedhv cdl Ylla in his monu-
menr.l wolk cd,r,ydid,,."/ ortuh€r.2 Ths schola' solecred iho
iwo ciriesot Salqaoi aid chds:on fi ho$ likslv slres ror idonliri'
c6l Ytrleii his 'MaD or Asla in rhs rn
rj'lr ot the tod ee h ce ury" his nsensd s.dkaw:n n lhs stma
heonq is located' Ha thue h'
sha,ed bv Dr N K Bha&sl3 aid orhs scholarc. col Yul6's viow
has bsei.hallenqed by M, James wise Mr B.nov cho.h and
Mr
NBRoy4 rn ods, to rom a clen opinlon, Isr us ir:mli6 '
Accordiiq b our tavs in Eensal rh wo
6 ercd sas Sadkaw.n a la
w ths Ghiar Po
chiuasons
rndonadl iho modpopulous rowds in Berqal ii medi6valp iod'
'1xws) llre main ddewrv ro rhe rova!cdpnal Gaur' All iho P' '
Sdoioi, commonlybeleved ro bs. co ud fo'n ol s'pt'qram,
i the Fre-Muslim penod, nood noii Fodem AdLaplaoiam ne
wh ch rhs Hooshli,$es aswaria
s s, l, 1OOn, Bsnoy Ghosh, P.sh.[,, sdrge' so,gsknd, pa 2, p 3O2

150. 132 1a Hkror.y or chilaqons
2 va t getsl, t,.to.t,rza
3./sntxllt (1s56),13 - 1b
5 op,.ir., p,459 shihabuddin Tatish,
a 17rh cdorury h sorho ro
whoh rhs roposmDhy of $iersson wis wsll known_ wk* :

151. r0Glm .onque{ or chtrasoiq trl
I rredisval a.d hod i (rirerr. De
.ours,s andior,yu[rave',.(uturedbEidsr like,h,r a]lah:bad.
of coonueice.( slt bur o, n-paedoi "s
r'oe who rh ik rhai rhc Ht.du. do noreo oi
B,rhh,prm, fte prdo: and orh_+ riv,r or Ein
s Arun*ai,.p .r, p. rar

152. 134 |A Hil'od d, chiiaqdhi
misreores rhe facl Vanayoolni, Laisalb0id Gll tEo !re shuded
iea, rhe coilluei.N ol or ttu Padma ard rl'6
Bhhmapurar erc a,slha pl'cessnu edoi rhNe ,lveB,whsrc rcli-
slods miided tundN in Ia€s numh, siUoo io Ihssa spoG ro balhsii
rho holy war6E. Xins Eijoy M rkya orT.ipuh (715a0-? 1573 AD)
commemoraled fio or hisbalh h rhe kkhya rold coured ol
'nEideit
tho Brahmapura) To rhe dsvoul Hhdur rhs
wherc theFiidus o, nsqhboutus arcat
b he 6nd ohserv! Blslous ts on spoc,l'c days or the y.ar.
Fe.ently,som. schdlirs erp,a$ed raludaico i call iq rhe Psdma
rhe Gaises rhen trhY should
oss b3 ladsd rrom namo 7 Pod aliol erpl-
hiily d!tes rhd hs wasbom oi thobrnk of ihs Bhaqnafti whlch we
know G no orhe, Lhsn rhe Padmi, flowins by rhs side ot Fa'rdour,
rh€ nar vs distid ot r'e poet 2 Thar tha Padma h6s boei the mah
wn ol hislory cainor bo doubrd,
elhBor medleval pe,iod will pova,har n wG tu ma i llow or rhe
cansss duriis bi B.nuGb sojoum ii Bnqal
lr is ared bv our tr.vellq thal look him oi8 donrh ii hit
jouhsy by laid ro solo Kamaru ((amruo) tom kd[awan and rinqen
days h his,eru roumey m son qaoD,3 Tho cruse ol drfabico
or rlmlnq haNe* ihesB rwo ioum6vs is, a3 has beon rshrlypomed
our byDrA( lm rhar ha hluiis
jorrey dlhe vn rcuo
'hbus
2 Alaol, tk.idc. N0d, ed. Ah rd Sha,if, Ba.sb Academy, ohaka,
PdGdhgi ot $. P6l,rt' Hisiro., cuf*.ac,1s5a

153. Musli coiq$ ol chirhsois 1135
Accordns ro the ravollsr, Fakhrudd:n rcbellod ii sadkawai aid
in Bsnsal Be placed shayda, a iaqjr in rho sdvo'noGhip ot
SadNawai.l rr appe s rha! Sadhqanwas lhe second.apibt or
Fakhruddii, .s rhc svellere,pecred ro s6 rhe sutran n Sadk,waf,.
No sourca o!, disposn elk ol rhe pqmanenr hold or Sulran
Fakhruddin ova saeaon. Accordhq to B n' Fakhruddif, otrue
plundercd sds.on
lfs qaonwas in.luded inhisdomiion .i rLE ptund iisothis
owi reri'ory d.es nota,isa From an insciprion
rh sourhcrn BDnlal hcludiDs SaLoaoi wasri rhe h:nds ot Uyas
Shah n 743 A H. remarks: -tte do iot fuow
of any vicis ruda urh ch mishr have befrllen hrm beJoE his dealh,
by wh'ch ire m sht have wrhd,avr r'omsourh Bensal. so, noLn
743 A H rill hk ded$, so h Bsnoal w n rhe hands or tlyasshah.
x could nor soro any othefs po
r Lhedarc oi bn Badurd .3 iho o
dd3 rosuircd f'om Is occasrdna] He .outd reirher set up
welllo,msd admndction nor appoml 'a.rs.h's v ceroy Sds.on.
The raveiler says thal lhe port ot sdkawan lumEhed a haval
bas. for sllbn Fakhrudd i
rennory orAI Shah.4 Saeaon could nev* bc a conwiienrpla@
'ol lJllJdon:9'lB5,luato',.dwiytro. 1,,.dp'E,, ,' *s i,
nodnsot warcrroure belweei soiarqoi aid S saoi. lt sawkw d
Id would so ro saqaon, and kom rrEE he
would had hs marne ror.es atrd
basa was m6re slEres cary advan-
l.seousfo, hlm, whem ships could bD kepr moGsarely $ri else.
wh3€in his krsdom, and nom whm hs could makepcriodlcll ciJs
rai sh'hibuddin TaL sh shles rhd
PtoG.dh$ af tdk.t n Hrctr corftt,n .,

154. 13e ta H6bry o, ihii,@.,i
sulGn Fakhruddr h€audtod charsaoi wnh boLh relisiols a d
secul hu ldiss, Healso builr a hishwrylrom chaqaon rochaid-
pur, r all rhese B.rvir ss woutd no! have been maler alizad,r ha
failed ro foh a skoiq qovemment at charsaon. As a srares s!
ha rcrlisd rhar f Son saon woutd be aracked ar aiy rim6, hs
would sscape ro chalsaon whl.h v6s qeoqraoh c,llv a convenisnr
Srholare may po is wrnL.o wrLha sm
qh'ch as,ssw,rir rhs soElliis orsdrsior chaLsaon srould
(!. )
baw.' ts ,.,ri!! r t: o' .Lrl: a , t-.."1u J,
a,o absn!in Aidbrc alphabeL.2 r s Drcbabls rhd beiig urrim I..
wirh tha naN ot rheptrce, re @vell6riiqured oflrr local people
thena eot rhepli6, wh6rc hela
n5 nhabiranrs * Sadsanw becaus a c[kEsoniai senemtty subs
riruLs 's, for 'ch. .id d. ror 1'. appearsihd lbi
rhanams in a lo,nasprcDoDed bTnre i ive people
Ihs abovs dGcu$ion may be con.llded wirh rhe rcma'k rh ,
bn BanuE'6 sadkawan
This con.lusion, rhus mrved arby such sbholsrs as SrH.nryYule,
M Les and sansuineri,3 or H Elochmani ! Mr H A n c'6b, Dr
N K Blrdasall, and D,abdulK!,im, ctsniorbs ns ed summr,ty.
TlEre hllhr be sl qhl,ndisisrency n rhe n ,arives ol our r.v6ller
bur rhis d!! quire f, ural for rr'm 6 hewbDhLo rhc mmry
siruaEd rhousnds or hlles away rrom his ndveland,
EDBmj,op.t,rLel
lri 8at,t, trais. Lco aid Saisuidt, Iomeqrat6me,p.2l2
Ir 5 B, xL| (1373), 233

155. CEAPTEII
CflIITAGOIIG trUJI'flG THE ILYAS SHAHI OYNASIV
a.ciion 1. Chl(,sono u'd.r Et,ly lI,!3 sh.hi Sullar6
SllEn kh(lyarudd n Ghaz' Srh, son .nd succe$or of suLton
Fakhirddii rrub ak Shal, wasderered and &thro cdhvShamsu_
ddin llyasshah (1s42n357AD), rhe Iretrulor ot'h6liieorkirss
n.med alror him. No con issued by lkn'yruddln al'er rs3 AH
has so r4 been aval.ble,uhercm rhe coinsor Shamsuddt llY6
Sriah madelhs app.a,aice i^ rrs miir ot' sonrsaon ln th6 simo
ya .l Tha erbnl oohe rhedrorc, coiclusvely prcva rhe end or
$e rulaof rhe lio6oof Fakhruddin Mubarakshalr ovor son saon.
As ro whar eracdy happBred (o ch kgois, E id cl*rly kiown
The lollowirs racls, howevor, Ieadue to susse rhdChnksons
saE also oc.upied hv Sulloi sitmsuddltr lY shah aloig wirh
h fto n6i placo, alrd the ovetnow of Lkh'iyatuddin Ghazi
Sh6h, his brcthermraw (sonJn lawo, Faknuddn Mubi,ak Shah)
zarar Khai, who uG holdhs an inrpo ant orlce undd hin,
flediiom Bsnsal Sultin Fnuzsth Tushluq of
Delh' whom ha Eqmsed ro n%dD acrcat shams hsnar Arif,
his sca vovaos lmm chiqasono potr und*ihelhrcat nom ShaFs'
1

156. 138 I A HGrory ol chi(osono
S6oondly, rhe Frval'is Dolill.al sntra dn i Arakai also
susgrsb rh{ C,tlasorssho,ld hrrc b33n uidsrhe @ bl ol
sengalssulLan. rir,lhrdrdhorNlei0-di oisotrrem$rpowod!t
,ule6or aEkan, v/:osa br ffial ju,sdic'on
s{"rd" I ove c' ro,r _
" s 'buo,.d tr..1!l
oF.Is'ons
rh,oushotrt a lois Ihh silodlon mu$
have lorc€dArakan ro ke.p hoNt away f,om chir(aeois Thsss
cncutrdrrcsr rhtjrr5[]ly. ! oved idemseors ro lyas sh.h ro
T,ndM wi kn.w d--h te)y th Chkrisoiq oa. oid Lho
@nrrclor h3 saidsoi shah. Iha av;ilablo
sou,ces do not pDotD sugr.{ (L chitkgoio wN conquse.lerher
bysk d siah or hy Gxystrdd i A:ams.rh. so irmrv bs r{ei
to, srinrad rhar, ch rhoois !v.s conqrded by shEmsuddin llyas
Shah alois wrh sotr oaon in 1353 A D.
ihs cotumroraa D?liihis o.6n shams iSiajArit calb Shrms
uddn lly6 smi, 'shah i saiona' 'Shrh iEais.li,n', suliai i
Bans:l, SulLrn i Prngal !ai,.2 llyas shah was rh-" t6r tutc' ro
i. thlerore, com€s ro rha conclus.
lon rhar sh:msxddn rlym srEh wis lhc fnn,ul!, io uirolhe whols
ot tungal unds h'm3 thoilyaroraccom,lshinq rhs raEk rhar
"hB ulso,ously plshad oo Lh6 sourh rid tho
chitkqoig overwhrh hB h8d Ies Lm s cla'hasa suo@esorro rhs
Nolhjno wr{r . onins E krown abou{ thc coid on ol
chithsons undil sulM rlyos shalr aid hs $f, suan sikandar
2 Arir, Id'ikrr rFrrzsr!r, BibtioLheca tidtc:,
3 sog,[ rifudrr n4ie4 Apr],, 19s7